Eukaryotic Gene Expression

237 Pages·1984·5.16 MB·English

by  Michael A. Keene

Eukaryotic
Gene Expression
GWUMC Department of Biochemistry
Annual Spring Symposia
Series Editors:
Allan L. Goldstein, Ajit Kumar, and George V. Vahouny
The George Washington University Medical Center
DIETARY FIBER IN HEALTH AND DISEASE
Edited by George V. Vahouny and David Kritchevsky
EUKARYOTIC GENE EXPRESSION
Edited by Ajit Kumar
Eukaryotic
Gene Expression
Edited by
Ajit Kumar
The George Washington University Medical Center
Washington, D.C.
Plenum Press New York and London
Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data
Main entry under title:
Eukaryotic gene expression.
(GWUMC Department of Biochemistry annual spring symposia)
Bibliography: p.
Includes index.
1. Gene expression. I. Kumar, Ajit. II. George Washington University. Medical
Center. Dept. of Biochemistry. III. Series. [DNLM: 1. Cytology-Congresses. 2.
Genes-Congresses. 3. Gene expression regulation-Congresses. QH 450 E856
1982]
QH450.E93 1984 574.87'322 83-24721
ISBN-13: 978-1-4684-7461-9 e-ISBN-13: 978-1-4684-7459-6
001: 10.1007/978-1-4684-7459-6
© 1 984 Plenum Press, New York
Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1s t edition 1 984
A Division of Plenum Publishing Corporation
233 Spring Street, New York, N.Y. 10013
All rights reserved
No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted
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Contributors
W. F. ANDERSON lAIN L. CARTWRIGHT
Laboratory of Molecular Hematology Department of Biology
National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute Washington University
National Institutes of Health St. Louis, Missouri 63130
Bethesda, Maryland 20205
BARBARA CHRISTY
A.BAUR
Department of Biology
Clinical Hematology Branch The Johns Hopkins University
National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute Baltimore, Maryland 21218
National Institutes of Health
Bethesda, Maryland 20205 VAL CIZEWSKI
P.BERG The Johns Hopkins University
School of Medicine
Laboratory of Molecular Hematology
Baltimore, Maryland 21205
National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute
National Institutes of Health
JOHN F. CONNAUGHTON
Bethesda, Maryland 20205
Department of Biochemistry
S. BERNSTEIN The George Washington University School
Laboratory of Molecular Hematology of Medicine
National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute Washington, D.C. 20037
National Institutes of Health
Bethesda, Maryland 20205 NANCY E. COOKE
Endocrine Section, Department of Medicine
PAUL A. BIRO
and Department of Human Genetics
Department of Human Genetics
University of Pennsylvania
Yale University School of Medicine
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
New Haven, Connecticut 06510
Present address:
HRIDAY K. DAS
Biological Laboratories
Department of Human Genetics
Harvard University
Yale University School of Medicine
Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138
New Haven, Connecticut 06510
WILLIAM M. BONNER
Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology BENOIT DE CROMBRUGGHE
Division of Cancer Treatment Laboratory of Molecular Biology
National Cancer Institute National Cancer Institute
National Institutes of Health National Institutes of Health
Bethesda, Maryland 20205 Bethesda, Maryland 20205
v
vi CONTRIBUTORS
HENRI DE GREVE LUIS HERRERA-ESTRELLA
Laboratorium voor Genetische Virologie Laboratorium voor Genetica
Vrije Universiteit Brussel Rijksuniversiteit Gent
B-I640 Sint-Genesius-Rode, Belgium B-9000 Gent, Belgium
ANN DEPICKER MARCELLE HOLSTERS
Laboratorium voor Genetica Laboratorium voor Genetica
Rijksuniversiteit Gent Rijksuniversiteit Gent
B-9000 Gent, Belgium B-9000 Gent, Belgium
J, DIPIETRO
BRUCE HOWARD
Laboratory of Molecular Hematology
Laboratory of Molecular Biology
National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute
National Cancer Institute
National Institutes of Health
National Institutes of Health
Bethesda, Maryland 20205
Bethesda, Maryland 20205
SARAH C. R. ELGIN
R. K. HUMPHRIES
Department of Biology
Clinical Hematology Branch
Washington University
National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute
St. Louis, Missouri 63130
National Institutes of Health
GERHARD FLEISCHMANN Bethesda, Maryland 20205
Department of Biology
Washington University HENKJOOS
St. Louis, Missouri 63130 Laboratorium voor Genetica
Rijksuniversiteit Gent
JON W. GORDON B-9000 Gent, Belgium
Department of Biology
Yale University MICHAEL A. KEENE
New Haven, Connecticut 06511 Department of Biology
Present address: Washington University
Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology St. Louis, Missouri 63130
Mount Sinai School of Medicine
New York, New York 10029 GEORGE KHOURY
Laboratory of Molecular Virology
CORNELIA GORMAN National Cancer Institute
Laboratory of Molecular Biology National Institutes of Health
National Cancer Institute Bethesda, Maryland 20205
National Institutes of Health
Bethesda, Maryland 20205 AJIT KUMAR
Department of Biochemistry
PETER GRUSS
The George Washington University School
Laboratory of Molecular Virology
of Medicine
National Cancer Institute
Washington, D.C. 20037
National Institutes of Health
Bethesda, Maryland 20205
LAIMOMIS LAIMONS
JEAN-PIERRE HERNALSTEENS Laboratory of Molecular Virology
Laboratorium voor Genetische Virologie National Cancer Institute
Vrije Universiteit Brussel National Institutes of Health
B-I640 Sint -Genesius-Rode, Belgium Bethesda, Maryland 20205
CONTRIBUTORS vII
RAYMOND E. LOCKARD DENNIS PEREIRA
Department of Biochemistry Department of Human Genetics
The George Washington University School Yale University School of Medicine
of Medicine New Haven, Connecticut 06510
Washington, D.C. 20037 Present address:
Microbiological Genetics
Pfizer Central Research
KY LOWEN HAUPT
Groton, Connecticut 06340
Department of Biology
Washington University VEMURI B. REDDY
St. Louis, Missouri 63130 Department of Human Genetics
Yale University School of Medicine
GLENN T. MERLINO New Haven, Connecticut 06510
Present address:
Laboratory of Molecular Biology
Integrated Genetics
National Cancer Institute
Framingham, Massachusetts 01701
National Institutes of Health
Bethesda, Maryland 20205 RONALD REEDER
Hutchinson Cancer Research Center
KATHRYN G. MILLER Seattle, Washington 98104
The Johns Hopkins University
JUDITH ROAN
School of Medicine
Hutchinson Cancer Research Center
Baltimore, Maryland 21205
Seattle, Washington 98104
MARC VAN MONTAGU FRANK H. RUDDLE
Laboratorium voor Genetica Department of Biology
Rijksuniversiteit Gent Yale University
B-9000 Gent, Belgium New Haven, Connecticut 06511
and Laboratorium voor Genetische Virologie GEORGE SCANGOS
Vrije Universiteit Brussel
Department of Biology
B-I640 Sint-Genesius-Rode, Belgium
The Johns Hopkins University
Baltimore, Maryland 21218
A. NIENHUIS
JEFF SCHELL
Clinical Hematology Branch
Laboratorium voor Genetica
National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute
Rijksuniversiteit Gent
National Institutes of Health
B-9000 Gent, Belgium
Bethesda, Maryland 20205
and Max-Planck-Institut fiir Ziichtungsforschung
D-5000 Cologne 30, Federal Republic of
JULIAN PAN Germany
Department of Human Genetics
JO SCHRODER
Yale University School of Medicine
Max-Planck-Institut fiir Ziichtungsforschung
New Haven, Connecticut 06510
D-5000 Cologne 30, Federal Republic of
Germany
IRA PASTAN
Laboratory of Molecular Biology BARBARA SOLLNER-WEBB
National Cancer Institute The Johns Hopkins University
National Institutes of Health School of Medicine
Bethesda, Maryland 20205 Baltimore, Maryland 21205
vIII CONTRIBUTORS
ASHWANI K. SOOD JoANNE KAYE WILKINSON
Department of Human Genetics The Johns Hopkins University
Yale University School of Medicine School of Medicine
New Haven, Connecticut 06510 Baltimore, Maryland 21205
ELIZABETH STEINER
LOTHAR WILLMITZER
Department of Biology
Max-Planck-Institut fUr ZUchtungsforschung
Washington University
0-5000 Cologne 30, Federal Republic of
St. Louis, Missouri 63130
Germany
JAYA SIVASWAMI TYAGI
Laboratory of Molecular Biology ROY S. WU
National Cancer Institute Biotech Research Laboratories, Inc.
National Institutes of Health Rockville, Maryland 20850
Bethesda, Maryland 20205 and Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology
Division of Cancer Treatment
SHERMAN M. WEISSMAN
National Cancer Institute
Department of Human Genetics
National Institutes of Health
Yale University School of Medicine
Bethesda, Maryland 20205
New Haven, Connecticut 06510
RON WIDES PATRICIA ZAMBRYSKI
The Johns Hopkins University Laboratorium voor Genetica
School of Medicine Rijksuniversiteit Gent
Baltimore, Maryland 21205 B-9000 Gent, Belgium
Preface
The recent surge of interest in recombinant DNA research is understandable
considering that biologists from all disciplines, using recently developed mo
lecular techniques, can now study with great precision the structure and
regulation of specific genes. As a discipline, molecular biology is no longer
a mere subspeciality of biology or biochemistry: it is the new biology. Current
approaches to the outstanding problems in virtually all the traditional disci
plines in biology are now being explored using the recombinant DNA tech
nology. In this atmosphere of rapid progress, the role of information exchange
and swift publication becomes quite crucial. Consequently, there has been an
equally rapid proliferation of symposia volumes and review articles, apart
from the explosion in popular science magazines and news media, which are
always ready to simplify and sensationalize the implications of recent dis
coveries, often before the scientific community has had the opportunity to
fully scrutinize the developments. Since many of the recent findings in this
field have practical implications, quite often the symposia in molecular biology
are sponsored by private industry and are of specialized interest and in any
case quite expensive for students to participate in. Given that George Wash
ington University is a teaching institution, our aim in sponsoring these Annual
Spring Symposia is to provide, at cost, a forum for students and experts to
discuss the latest developments in selected areas of great significance in
biology. Additionally, since the University is located in Washington, D.C.,
there is ample opportunity to draw on the input of policy makers and political
leadership, which significantly influences the support of biological research.
Eukaryotic gene expression was a logical choice as a topic, since much
ofthe scientific progress in this field directly or indirectly influences the course
of development in other areas of biomedical research. In selecting the topics
to be included in this volume, my primary concern was to avoid a narrowly
specialized set of articles that are quite often overreviewed and instead include
Ix
x PREFACE
topics that are currently of interest, including promising new technical ap
proaches. The chapters in this volume represent three main areas of interest.
In the first group, the emphasis is on selected approaches to the organization
of genetic material that have proved to be most promising-for example,
studying the organization of active sites using the nuclease sensitivity of
specific genes in chromatin (Chapter 1), the role of methylated regions in
DNA in controlling gene expression such as that of the thymidine kinase gene
(Chapter 2), and the significance of histone types synthesized in the regulation
of gene expression during the cell cycle (Chapter 3). The structure and ev
olutionary divergence of an inducible gene, the prolactin gene, is emphasized
in Chapter 4.
A second series of chapters concentrates on the expression of specific
genes, in each case emphasizing an important technical approach. In Chapter
5, the structural analysis of histocompatibility class I and class II genes cloned
by a sensitive method utilizing synthetic oligonucleotides is described by
Sood and colleagues. The next two chapters describe gene-transfer experi
ments in which the primary aim is to study the regulation of their expression
during the development of the intact organism. Chapter 6, by Gordon and
Ruddle, discusses the general rationale for producing transgenic mice with
specific reference to the expression of the herpes thymidine kinase gene and
the human leukocyte interferon gene. Chapter 7 focuses on the expression of
globin genes in the transgenic mouse.
The final series of chapters is concerned primarily with in vivo and in
vitro transcriptional studies of specific genes. In Chapter 8, Gorman and
colleagues describe a most sensitive and unique assay system in which the
expression of the gene for chloromphenicol acetyltransferase is utilized to
study the eukaryotic transcriptional enhancer elements. Chapter 9, by Schell
and colleagues, discusses a very promising approach utilizing the Ti plasmid
vector system for the regulation of plant genes. The remaining chapters focus
on the organization and the transcriptional control elements of chicken col
lagen gene (Chapter 10) and the ribosomal genes of mouse and frog (Chapter
11) and rabbit (Chapter 12).
In all, these articles represent important fields of current research in
molecular biology, and it is hoped that Eukaryotic Gene Expression will be
a useful reference volume for students and experts alike.
Ajit Kumar
Washington, D.C.