EU COST C13 Glass and In Building Envelopes - Final Report: Volume 1 Research in Architectural Engineering Series (Research in Architectural Engineering)

312 Pages·2007·1.34 MB·English

by  M. Crisinel

EU COST C13 FINAL REPORT
GLASS & INTERACTIVE BUILDING ENVELOPES
Research in Architectural Engineering Series
Volume 1
ISSN 1873-6033
EU COST C13 FINAL REPORT
GLASS & INTERACTIVE BUILDING ENVELOPES
Edited by Michel Crisinel, Mick Eekhout, Matthias Haldimann, Ronald Visser
IOS PRESS
© 2007 IOS Press and the authors. All rights reserved
All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval
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ISBN
978-1-58603-709-3
Editors
Michel Crisinel, Mick Eekhout, Matthias Haldimann, Ronald Visser
Review Committee
Lambis Baniotopoulos (GR)
Jan Belis (BE)
Michel Crisinel (CH)
Laurent Daudeville (FR)
Martina Eliásova (CK)
Wolfgang Gollner (AT)
Matthias Haldimann (CH)
Ruth Kasper (DE)
Alexander Kott (CH)
Ulrich Knaack (DE)
Stephen Ledbetter (UK)
Andreas Luible (CH)
Jørgen Munch-Andersen (DK)
Jürgen Neugebauer (AT)
Frank Schneider (DE)
Jens Schneider (DE)
Sini Uuttu (FIN)
Frank Wellershoff (DE)
Ture Wester (DK)
Contents
Mick Eekhout, Ulrich Knaack, Ronald Visser, Michel Crisinel, Matthias Haldimann
Foreword 3
Michel Crisinel
Scientific Report 5
WORKINGGROUP 1 – ARCHITECTURE AND DESIGNINTEGRATION
Mick Eekhout
‘Zappi’ Structures And Constructions In ‘Blob’ Architecture 19
Michael Wigginton
Glass Architecture and the Interactive Building Envelope: Principles and Precedent 27
WORKINGGROUP 2 – QUALITY OF INTERIORSPACE
Marcelo Blasco
Acoustical Performances of Ventilated Double Glass Façades 33
Henk De Bleecker, Marc Zobec, Alberto Franceschet
From Energy Rating towards a more Holistic Approach for the Selection of the most Suitable Advanced
Façade System 41
Jan Hensen, Martin Bartak, Frantisek Drkal
Modeling and Simulation of a Double-Skin Façade System 49
Aleš Krainer, Živa Kristl
Harmonization of Optical and Thermal Behaviour of Buildings 57
Aleš Krainer, Jože Peternelj, Živa Kristl, Vito Lampret
Luminous Efficacy Based on Fuzzy Controlled Roller Blind Positioning 67
A. Simonella, A. Franceschet, H. De Bleecker, M. Zobec
Carbon Emissions Calculation for Non-Residential Buildings: Integration of Daylighting Analysis in Dy-
namic Energy Simulation Software 75
Annemie Wyckmans, Øyvind Aschehoug, Anne Grete Hestnes
Intelligent Building Envelopes – Application in the Field of Daylighting 85
WORKINGGROUP 3 – STRUCTURAL ASPECTS OF GLASS
Fabrice Bernard, Laurent Daudeville
Is Prestressing Control Possible for Tempered Glass Structures? 95
Martina Eliášová, Sébastien Floury, František Wald
Glass in Contact with Different Inserts 101
Matthias Haldimann
Design of Glass Members – A Critical Review of the Present Knowledge 109
Alexander Kott, Thomas Vogel
Structural Behaviour of Broken Laminated Safety Glass 123
Jørgen Munch-Andersen, Randi Kruse Vestergaard
Proposal for a code calibration procedure 133
Jürgen Neugebauer
To Increase the Residual Bearing Capacity of Glass with a Local Reinforcement 141
Frank Schneider, J.-D. Wörner
Inelastic Material Behaviour of Soda-Lime-Silica Glass 149
Jens Schneider
Glass Strength in the Borehole Area of Annealed Float Glass and Tempered Float Glass 157
Jan Belis, Rudy Van Impe
Buckling-related problems of glass beams 169
Ruth Kasper, Gerhard Sedlacek
Stability of Laminated Glass Beams 177
Klaus Kreher
Contribution to the Use of Reinforced Glass Loaded on its Strong Axis 189
Andreas Luible, Michel Crisinel
Stability of Load Carrying Elements of Glass 195
Peter Hof, Jens Schneider
Fastening of Glass Panes with Undercut Anchors – FEA and Experimental Investigations 209
Ruth Kasper, Gerhard Sedlacek
Point Bearing Elements – Research Investigations 215
Jürgen Neugebauer
Pre-design of Discretely Supported Glass under Uniform Loading with the Help of Interpolation 221
Frank Wellershoff, Gerhard Sedlacek
Glued Joints in Glass Structures 229
Charalambos C. Baniotopoulos, Konstantinos T. Chatzinikos
Glass Façades of Mid-rise Steel Buildings under Seismic Excitation 239
Mick Eekhout
Design, Engineering, Production & Realisation of Glass Structures for ‘Free-Form’ Architecture 247
Rudolf Hess
Glass Canopy for the Office Center of the DZ Bank in Berlin 255
Wilfried Laufs
All-Glass Staircase, Notting Hill, London 265
Hans Schober, Hannes Gerber, Jens Schneider
Glass House Badenweiler 271
Olavi Tenhunen, Sini Uuttu, Aki Vuolio
Designing Double Glazed Façade Constructions 277
Ture Wester
Shaping Glass Plate Structures 287
Philip Wilson
Construction Practice in Glass Structures 295
APPENDIX
Working Group 3 Activity Report 303
EU COST C13 Glass and Interactive Building Envelopes. M. Crisinel, et al. (Eds.). IOS Press, 2007.
© 2007 IOS Press and the Authors. All rights reserved.
Foreword
The main objective of the COST Action C13 was to increase the knowledge of properties and
possibilities of glazing in order to increase the performance of building envelopes, to reduce
the energy consumption and to improve the quality of life with respect to interior space, im-
pact on the environment and human welfare.
This collection of papers presented at meetings and workshops of the COST C13 working
groups 1 (Architectural Aspects and Design Integration), 2 (Quality of Interior Space) and 3
(Structural Aspects of Glass) are the result of 5 years of exchange of ideas, experiences and
know-how between members, delegates and experts. It represents the body of knowledge
from a restricted but representative group of professionals in Europe on the subject of glass
building envelopes.
The Steel Structures Laboratory at Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (CH) and the
research group ‘Façades’ of the faculty of Architecture at Delft University of Technology
(NL) have taken the initiative to publish these COST C13 papers in order to disseminate the
knowledge to the world of glass façade professionals and to contribute to the development of
a new generation of high-performance glass building envelopes.
One of the main conclusions of COST Action C13 is that the three worlds of Architecture,
Building Physics and Structural Engineering are today by far not sufficiently integrated. Ad-
ditional efforts are clearly required to align these three worlds into a holistic entity that is able
to design building envelopes that are optimised with regard to all three points of view.
The reader is encouraged to read the separate articles, to reflect on the content and to contrib-
ute to the future development of innovative building envelopes by writing novel contributions
in the field. Preferably these contributions are interdisciplinary and try to integrate all facets
of the subject, from fundamental research topics via technology development issues through
to the application in architecture. All of these domains are supposed to stimulate each other
rather than living apart together.
Delft, August 2006 Prof. Dr. Mick Eekhout, Prof. Dr. Ulrich Knaack, Ronald Visser
Delft University of Technology, the Netherlands
Lausanne, August 2006 Michel Crisinel, Matthias Haldimann
Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Switzerland
3

EU COST C13 Glass and Interactive Building Envelopes. M. Crisinel, et al. (Eds.). IOS Press, 2007.
© 2007 IOS Press and the Authors. All rights reserved.
Scientific Report
Michel Crisinel, Chairman COST C13 WG3
Ecole polytechnique fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL)
Steel Structures Laboratory (ICOM) CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
I. WORKINGGROUP 1 gain experience and to analyse the possibilities
ARCHITECTURE AND DESIGNINTEGRATION thoroughly. Consequently, there is a need to es-
tablish a databank of examples of glass buildings
The main activity of Working Group 1 of
COST Action C13 was dedicated to consid- – individual buildings or galleries and atriums
eration of the design processes involved in in- covering public or semi public urban spaces,
teractive building envelopes made of glass, in glass walls as protection against noise, wind, etc.
the functional design of the facade as well as – to evaluate and discuss their architectural qual-
the overall architectural implications of
ity and their visual impact on the surroundings.
glazed facades on the local environment.
Modern glass buildings may stand individually
Presentations were made during the work-
or as parts of existing urban environments. Of-
ing group meetings by members, delegates
ten these buildings are located in old, sometimes
and experts on topics that can be classified in
three categories: design methodology, case even historical urban areas where the urban ar-
studies and smart materials. This report com- chitecture is vulnerable to the special architec-
prises the original programme of the working tural properties of glass buildings. Typical areas
group as described in the Technical Annex of of cities where glass buildings are located should
the Memorandum of Understanding for
be studied and recorded, and criteria for the dif-
Working Group 1 and the list of the papers
ferent kinds of settings and the architectural ex-
reflecting the work of the group during the
pression of different types of glass buildings
action period.
should be established. The purpose of this is to
The programme described in the technical an-
establish architectural guidelines for the use and
nex of the Memorandum of Understanding for
design of glass buildings, to develop appropriate
the Working Group 1 was very ambitious and
methods of architectural evaluation and to dis-
consequently not followed strictly. Here are
seminate the experience gathered concerning
some extracts from the programme.
glass building envelopes for new applications. »
(...) « It can be said safely that the rapid devel-
opment of glass has not allowed architects to
TABLE1:
FINAL REPORT PAPERS WG1
Mick Eekhout
‘Zappi’ Structures And Constructions In ‘Blob’ Architecture
Michael Wigginton
Glass Architecture and the Interactive Building Envelope: Principles and Precedent
5
II. WORKINGGROUP 2 These developments will result in the formula-
QUALITY OF INTERIORSPACE tion of theoretical models that integrate notions
of energy and building automation, as well as
The main activity of Working Group 2 of
COST Action C13 was dedicated to give an- space, comfort and environmental impact, while
swers concerning building performance and permitting the conception and analysis of a basic
comfort aspects in buildings with glass fa- "interactive" building envelope.
cades The foreseeable technological advances is fur-
Presentations were made during the work-
ther improvement of the thermal insulation of
ing group meetings by members, delegates
glass, smart glazing with adjustable transmissiv-
and experts on topics that can be classified in
ity, and integration of solar cells in the glass en-
the two above mentioned categories: building
velope. Also transparent insulation material will
performance and comfort aspects. This report
comprises the original programme of the become available soon. These new technologies
working group as described in the Technical will greatly improve the possibilities to create
Annex of the Memorandum of Understanding glazed building envelopes with low environ-
for Working Group 2 and the list of the pa- mental impact and high comfort, contributing
pers reflecting the work of the group during
significantly to the possibilities of ensuring good
the action period.
quality of life.
The programme described in the technical an-
Mechanical solar shading will presumably still
nex of the Memorandum of Understanding for
be one of the major issues when attempting to
the Working Group 2 was very ambitious and
reduce the need for cooling. The development of
consequently not followed strictly. Here are
simple but effective systems will therefore be of
some extracts from the programme.
great importance.
(...) « In order to improve the comfort of the
Research is needed both to improve the tech-
occupants by an increase in the quality of interior
nologies on their own but especially in develop-
space and optimisation of natural resources, it is
ing concepts for building envelopes where the
necessary to conceive of a building with an "in-
properties of glass are used in the optimal way,
teractive" envelope. The control over these natu-
with respect to both economy and environmental
ral resources is dependent upon building usage
impact on a life cycle basis. Future develop-
and results in a minimisation of the resources
ments must not increase the life cycle energy
used for construction, maintenance and demol-
consumption, and neutral waste products with
ishing. This can be done by means of the tools
respect to environmental impacts must be en-
for Life Cycle Analysis that is presently dealt
sured. The concept of double skin envelopes is
with all over the world. The term "interactive"
already being used, but the potentials need to be
building implies an "interactive" building enve-
further investigated, together with other con-
lope. There must be numerous further develop-
cepts, perhaps not yet invented.
ments in order to establish the "interactive" enve-
Promotion of daylight conscious building de-
lope concept:
sign has large energy saving potentials through
– definition of spatial, social and environ-
greater utilisation of natural light. Such fenestra-
mental problems,
tion systems should seek to cover visual, archi-
– definition of the type of construction (reno-
tectural and environmental aspects. Utilisation
vation or new construction),
of daylight in new and exciting buildings can ag-
– definition of physics and energy problems,
gregate large electric saving potentials in all
– definition of building automation, which in-
types of buildings and thereby reduce the need
cludes the "interactive" envelope.
6