Table Of ContentLeideInnd o-European Etymological DiocfGt rieoenka ry
EtymologDiiccatli onSaerryi es
By
Editbeyd RoberBte ekes
AlexandLeurb otsky
Witthha es sisotfa nce
Lucien van Beek
VOLUME1 0/1
VOLUME ONE
BRILL
LEIDENB OSTON
•
2010
Thipsu blicahtaisbo ene mna dep ossibbylt eh efi nancisaulp poorftt heN etherlands
OrganizaftoiSroc ni entRiefsieca r(cNhW O).
Thisb ooki sp rintoenda cid-fpraepee r.
LibraorfCy o ngreCsast aloging-in-PDuabtlai cation
TABLEO FC ONTENTS
BeekeRs.S, . P. (RobeSrtte phPeanu l)
Etymologdiiccatli onoafGr rye e/kb yR obert Be;we iktethsh ea ssistoafn ce
Lucievna nB eek.
VOLUMEO NE
p.c m.- (LeidIennd o-Euroepteyamno logdiiccatli onsaerriy;ev s.1 011-2)
Includes bibliographaincdai ln derxe.f erences
Preface vii
ISBN9 78-90-04-17(4h1a8r-d4b ackp:a paelr1k)..G reelka nguagEet-ymology ...................................................................................................................................
Dictiona1r.Bi eeesk.L, u cievna nn.. T itle.
PA42B2.44201O Pre-Glroeaenkw ionGr rdes..e. ..k.... ................................................................xv. ...............
482.03-dc22
2009036652 Abbreviaantsdiy omnb.os..l ..s.. .............................................x...l...v... ............ ......................
ThGer eeetky moldoigcitciaAo-l An . .a...r...y.... ......................................................1.. ........
VOLUME TWO
ThGer eeetky moldoigcitciaMol-n O'.a.. .r....y... ...........................................................8. 87
Biblio..g....r...a...p....h...y.... ............................................................................................1..6. 87
Indi....c...e...s.... ..........................................................................................................1... 7..4...7
ISSN1:5 74-3586
ISBNS et9:7 8900 4174148
ISBNV olumOen e:9 789 00 41 74270
Copyrig2h0t0 b9 yK oninklBirjikNleV,l LeideThne, N etherlands.
KoninklBirjikNleVl incorportahteie msp rinBtrsi Hlolt,e Piu blishing,
mc PublishMearrst,i nNuisj hoPffu blishaenrdVs S P.
Alrli ghrtess ervNeod p.a rotft hipsu blicamtaiyob ner eprodutcreadn,s lastteodri,en d
ar etriseyvsatle omrt, r ansmiitnta endyf ormo rb ya nym eanse,l ectromneicch,a nical,
photocopyriencgo,r doirno gt herwiwsiet,h opurti owrr ittpeenr missfiroonmt hep ublisher.
Authorizattopi hoont ocoiptye mfso irn teronrap le rsounsaeil s g rantbeydK oninklBirjikNleVl
providtehdat th ea pproprfieaetaser ep aiddi recttoThl ey CopyrigChlte araCnecnet er,
222R osewooDdr ivSeu,i t9e1 0D,a nverMsA, 0 1923, USA.
Feeasr es ubjetcoct h ange.
PRINTEDI N THE NETHERLANDS
PREFACE
Whoevteark etsh teua pos fkw ritain negwe tymoldoigcitciaoolfGn raerehyka t,so
depafrrtot mh eex isdtiicntgi oTnhaperr ieesdsei.nc tt itoonooaw,re yasg, r edaeta l
top revwiooruiksnt hfei eelsdp,e ctiota helexl cye dlilcetnito onfHa jraileFmsra irs k
anPdi eCrhraen traine.
Apafrrto cmo mpitlhifienr gsc to mpreheetnysmiovledo igcitciaoolfGn raereyk
int hEen glliasnhg uaangiden corpotrhmaeot sirtne gc esncth ollairtleyro ant ure
Greeetky moltohgeyr,e an wuemrbeoe fro threera swohnyas n ewd ictionary
seemteobd e d eas ideIrnta htpeur me.ft aohc idesi ctiForniaesrxkyp ,r edsosuebdt s
ont hrpeoei n1tt.hs l:ea ryntgheeaolrM yy;c enaaena3dnt. ;h P ee lastghieaoonnr y
2.
thGer eseukb stlraantgeuI argoen.i ictias pl rleyc,io snte hleyts her peoei ntthsa t
substparnotgihraaelbss e sem na dient hlea dsetc asdote hswa,et c anno wb em uch
morceo nfiidnte hneatsr ee as.
1F.r ifsekul nte aasbyot uhtle a rynIgnte hapelrs e.f (apvc.ieh ) ew ro"tFeu:dr i e
griechEitsycmhoelf oaglsiloetw ideisLeoa ryngal(.t ).hn .ei ocrshicteh wienrs
GewicIhh atv"be.e eanc quawiinttthhep edr obloeftm hlsea ryntgheeasolir nytc hee
staorfmt y a cadecmairce( esrem ey d isserBteaetki1eo9sn6 ,9a )n,dI v ividly
rememhboewtr h ceh aostpiecc torftu hme oarnihdey sp otdhiessceosu mraangye d
peoipnlt ehb ee ginning.
Sintche1e 9 80t'hsSei, t uahtacisho ann dgreadm atWihceaBnla lmym.e sberger's
DiLea nrgyalthaepopreia(erB eadm mesb(eerd1g.9e)8r t8 h)e,hr aead l rebaedeyn
genecroanls eonnts humesa irnu loefds e veloopftm helena tr ynignGe raelaesnk d
ino thIenrd o-EulraonpgeuaIanitg as eb ss.o lculteneaolrwty h tahtde e veloopfm ent
thel arynigsee aslsse nftoiuran ld erstGarnedeieknt gy molCohgayn.t raine's
Dictionentmayoilroeg idqelu ael angguree cq(uDeE LGo)ft edno enso tg ive
reconstwriutclhta iroynnesgi etahalesasr c ;o nseqmuaennoycft e h,ee t ymologies
stdielfle nidnhe idds i ctiaornceal reyau rnltye nwaibtlhteih fner ameowfot rhke
laryntgheeaoIlrmt yu .sb tea dmithtoewde,vt ehmraa,tn oyft hedseefi ciehnacviee s
beerne mediinte hdSe u pple(mDeEnLStGu ppw.h)i,oc fht ceonn tvaeirhnyes l pful
contributions.
2T.h set uodfMy y cenaheabasynn owb ecoamnie n tepgarroaftGl r esetku dies.
ThMey cenameaatnew raiasal lr eaacdcye bpytC ehda ntraaniidnn ceo rpionrtaot ed
DELGI.h avter iteodi nclauldMley cenadeaatwnai tah r easoncaebrltya in
interpretatitohnat,th edpsareto hava ivade eb de aroinnt gh eet ymological
interproefct laatsiGsorinec ePakel.r sonnaamlea srg ee nereaxlcllyuf dreotdmh e
discuassts hieoiinnr,t erprioesft tatetonuio no cne rttoba aisanen c yo ncluosni.o ns
Thtea osfki ncorpoMryacteinnadegaa twnaan so tto doi fficsuilntwc,ehe a vteh e
exceDlilcecnito Mniacrein(oi1 c9o8 5b-y1A 9u9rJ3ao) r artoo u dri spAolstahlo.u gh
viii PREFACE PREFACE ix
thMey cenaeani slm iamtieitriteiso da fg,l r eiamtp ortaannsdch eo ualldw abyes Ther igoerdoiutsoi ftn hgee t ymolsoegcitcoiaftol hn desi ctiwoandsao rnbyey
takietnao c coTuhnete .x aacttt estoaftt hiMeoy ncse naweoarnad rsue s uanlolty LuciveanBn e eHke.i ntegmryao twenvd i ewwist thr adiettiyomnoallao ngdi es
citaestd h,ec yae na sbietl rya icnAe udr Jao rrdoi'cst ionary. reciennsti Ignht thsoc.sa esw ehse arw eo rcda nno wb ep rovteobn eo fP re-Greek
origpianro,tft hoel rde asohnaissno gm etbiemeernse taiinon reddte oir l lustrate
3.I ti sn owc letahrat thP ee lastghieaownrh yi,sc tha rftreotdmh aes sumption thfel aiwnts h ter adiatpipornoaaalcc cho,r tdowi hnigpc rha cteivceawrloylr iyds
thatth ewraesa nI ndo-EursoupbesatinrnG a rteee hka,sb eean c ompletely
boutnodh avaenI ndo-Euertoypmeoalno gy.
unfruaintwdfr uolan pgp roAalcthh.oF urgidhso ku btthetidhs e ohreny e,v ertheless
conSisrteefnettrolPr yee lda stghiraonu gthhdoeiu ctt iTohniaisrasp y i.tb ye,c ause
Structoufrt eh ee ntry
thteh eohrayysi elndope ods irteisvuCelh tasn.t roafitunesene t dh vea gtueer ms
'achoer'e mne'd iterwriatnhceoleuentia' dr,el nyt Girfyeisenukgb stworraidtntse h is Afttehrle e mmgar,a mmaitnifcoarlm iasgt iivobenen t wseqeuna brrea ckfeotrs ,
way. insta8nUcpeO,[fl va'.Lt] lo a mebnetw,a oirl£ 'Y,K U[TnU. 'piln.t]e sItfii tin se s'.
Int hper esdeinctt inoonr aerfye,rt eotn hPceee l astghieaoinmrs ay d aen ymore. unkno(wfnio nrs tiannag c leo,ts hsmi)as,yb ei ndicwaittaqeh ud e ry.
InstIeh aadve,ex tenussievFdeu lryn 1e9e7'b2so owkh,om eticusltouudstilheyed Thger ammatical fionlfloborywmt eahmdtee i aonnoi fnti ghsw e o rFdo.mr o st
substrataen cdmo antcelrtuihdawaeletda rdee alwiintlgho anwforrodamss i ngle oft hgel osasnEe nsg,l tirsahn shlaabste ieopnnr oviAdletdh.ot uhgiihsas m ajor
non-Indo-European lantghuiwasog rhek.a b se Uennnfe ogrlteoucrnt aetde ly, brewaiktt hr adiintC iloansS stiucdaIilc e osn,si ittdob e erc onvefnoisrep netc ialists
rejebcytm eodss tc howliatrhsdo uueat r gumenItnao tridotenore. x pltahien ino thIenrd o-Eulraonpgeuatanhg aGenrs e eOkf. coiunmr asnecy,a saeg sl ocsasn
princoifFp ulrense weo'raskn dt op resheincsto ncluassiw oenlaslsm, y o wn bea mbigubouIuth s o,pt eoh avbee esnu ffipCriuednietntnl htyte r anslations.
findfirnogrmse cyeenatIr h sa,vw er itats epne ciinatlr odtuoPc rtei-oGn(r aeIse k Att heen odf t hfier spta ragIrg aipvtheh,o e r iogfit nhw eo r(di anb breviated
catlhlse u bstlraantgeu saegpeep )x.,i iiT-hxrloiuig.th hodeui tc tiomnuacrhy , forbme)t wteweaonr rowhTehaaedb sb.r evmiuastbtieu o nndse rsatsfo ooldl ows:
attenitspi aoitndo t hPer e-Gmraeteekra inadol n,eo fm ym aigno awlasst o
<!{IE� Theriesa gooIdn do-Eur(oIpEee)ta ynm olTohgeIy E.r ooits
genearc aotlel eocfst uibosntw roartwdehs i wcohu bleda sc omplaespt oes sIi ble.
reconstarnuidcn mt oesdct,a saelsst ohf eo rmarteiporne sbeytn htee d
intetnopd u blais sehp awroartckeo, n taailnclie nrgto arpi rno baPbrlee- Greek
Greeetky mIotfnh .e arrene o c ognabtuteths Ge,r eweokr ldo oIknsd o
etymiant, hc eo miynega rs.
Europaer aenc,o nsthraussco tmieotbnie mepenrs o potsoeod.,
<!{I?E� AnI ndo-Euertoypmeoaelnxo igfsyott rsh e en tcroyn cebruniteit dns ,o t
Thdei ctioonfFa rriaisnekCds h antraardiein fef ienrt ehneotir ri entWahteiroena.s
enticroenlvyi ncing.
Chantriasmi onroeer ietnotweadtr hdpesh ilolsotguiodcfyGa rle (eakfs o llows
<!{GR� Thew orwda sc oinientd h meo rree ce(nptr e)hoifGs rteoerakyn, d
frotmh seu btHiitsltedo eimsro et sF)r,if sokc uosnet shI en do-Eusriodopefe an
consoifso tnseo rm or(ep OSSiinbhleyr)ei lteemdeh notwse;vt ehre,
Greeetky molIonfg ayci.tmt ,a yb ef atiors atyh aFtr itsosk o meex tternitte od
formaatsaiw ohnow laes cenrotitan ihnelrfyir toIemEd .
prodnuocaten e tymoldoigcitciaoolfnG arreyeo kn lbyu,ot f G reeakn dI ndo
<!{PG� Thew orcde rtabienllotyno gt shP er e-Gsruebeskt lraantgeuT ahgee .
Europaetta hnse a mtei mTeh.em aifno coufst hper esdeinctt iiosna alrsyo
reasfootnrh diesc imsaiyob nei ndicwaitt(ehVd )w ,h imceha ntsh at
etymorlaotgthyhe,apr nh ilology.
thearrefe o rmvaalr iaonrwt ist,(h S i)ft hweo rcdo ntaai snusf fix
Is tarwtoerdk oinnt gh per ojien2c 0t0 A2t.fi rstth,ie d ewaa tso p rodaunc e
characftoePrrr ies-tGirce ek.
updatEendg ltirsahn sloafFt riioisnnkt hfer amewooftr hkIe n do-European
<!{PG?� Thweo rmda yb eP re-G(rseaeebeko ovne( Va)n (dS )).
EtmyologDiiccatli opnraorjWyeh citll.ae r gmealiyn tatihnpeih nigl olpoagroitfc al
<!{LW� A loanwTohrdedo .n loarn giuisan gdei cianat bebdr evfioaretm.e,gd .
theen trIim eosd,e rnoilzrdee dc onstraudcdtneiedowo n nsef,sr otmh lei terature,
<!{LWS em.a�l oanwforroSdme mitic.
=
andr ejeocltdeeedtr y moliontg hileei sgo hftt h seu bsttrhaetoFeru yr.t hermore,
<!{EUR� A loanwforrod(m o noef t)h Eeu ropseuabns tlraantgeu aSguec(hs ).
mannye ewn trhiaevbsee einn corpmoorsaottft e hdeg,ml osbsyHe ess ycwhhiiucsh,
woradrsne o rte constfrouPrcI tEbi,ubs tlh eas riem ilwairtiwhto iredss
wergel eafnreodDm E LGf,r oFmu rnbeoeo'aksn fdr otmh nee w2 00e5d itoifo n
froomt hEeurr opleaanng ufaagmei( lGieersm aIntiacl,o -BCaellttoic,
Hesyc(hpiaIurlsIItl - ,L: ).
Slavtihmcau)ts bted uteos ubsitnrfaltuee nce.
GraduIah lalvcyeo, m teot hceo ncltuhsaaimt ou nc mho rrei goarpopurso ach
<!{ONOM�A no nomatowpooredi.c
wanse cestshaerirysse: i mptloymo u cihr relaenvdda anttle idt erianFt ruirsek 's
<!{?� Nog ooedt ymoelxoigosyrtt hsee,t ymoiluson gkyn own.
dictiaonnmdaa rnyoy,fh ipsr e-Iarryencgoenasltiarsrutnec o twui soenlsAe lssso.,
reseianrtcehir nIe nsdto -Eusrtoupdheiaasesnhs i fctoends idoevretarhbc elo yu rse
Thep hiloliongfiocramlia sst uibodni viindtseoed c tiinoo nrsd teorm akteh e
ofd ecadIetws a.st heredfeocrietd oec do mplerteeolryg tahneeit zyem ological
presenmtoartteri aonns parent:
treatomfte henent t ries.
't
x PREFACE PREFACE xi
VAR Inflecftoiraomnnspda h lo nolvoagriic.aa nlt s (-LTBT]0<;6)h,a1r 9d4(t2- £Fur<;a)e,1n 9k1e(0la gneonutn Bse)n,v e1n9i4s(8ta eg ent
•
.DIALD ialefcotramlMs y.c enaiesam no stgliyv einnt he(a pproximate) anadc tnioounn asn)dm,,o rree cently1,9 9(L4se uu-ffIknxal -r<;at,<; ).
phonoltorgaincsaclr iption. Furtherrmeofreert,eot n hcdeei sc tioonfia nrdiievsli adnugaulha agvleeas r gely
.COMPC ompoun(dosn ltyh em ostc ommoonr e tymologrieclaelvlayn t beeonm ittMeodsr.te ferteonW caelsd e-Hof(fLmaatVnianns )m,(e Rru ssian),
compouanrgdeis v en). Frae(nLkietlh ueatnacir.ase nu )p,e rfilnauG oruesee tky moldoigcitciaIolitn s a ry.
DER Deriv.a tives understthotaohtrde e awdheorw anttoks n omwo raeb otuhtce o gniantag e isv en
•
ETYME tymoldoigsiccua.sl s ion branwcihfil nld h iwsa yt ot hree ledviacntti oRneafreiretesonM. ca eysr hofer's
•
KEWAh avbee erne taiinsn oemdie n stabnecceaisuot,sf etc eonn tmaoirndese tails
thatnhE eW AiTah.Le I Vh2ap sr ovteobn e vae riym porwtoarnoktfr eferfeonrc e
TheP rotIon-do-Europreeacno nstructions
alvle rrboaolet vsei,nIf v eroyf tdeins awgirtdehee t oafit lhsea inra lysis.
Ther econstriuntc htibisoo onfkso llsoowmc eo nvenwthiiocdnhes v ifartoem
ReferteoSn tcreosm bPejlragn'zsen naanFmdie snc hnhaamvbeeen e mna intained,
commouns aLgeemt.e m enttihomeno sitm porotnaenst:
asw elalst oT hompsGolno'ssso afGr rye feiks hUensf.o rtuinhtaa tnseo lbtye ,e n
a)P IhEa ndo p hone*maWe.h ene*vaae prp eianar r se consttrhusect taoigfoe n , posstioab dljeau lsrlte ferceonncceesrG nrierneegkl itgori eocnwe onrtsk usc ahs
langsuhaogueal ldw baeyu sn dersatspo oosPdtI -E. Burk1e9r8t5 .
Regartdhieenp gi graphinco s myastteercmihaaethlcia,kcbs e emna doef t he
b)I nl Er econstrvuocctailoionzfrsa e,ts ioonnaa nnldta sr ynigsae saa r lusln eo t
SEG.
indicsaitntechdece, o nsonaannvdto aclaa llilco pwheornneeo spt h onoloigni zed
thper oto-laTnhguusfa,ogt reh P.eI Ep re-foof�ra (mwv , wIr i*tgeW m-ie!o-.
Acknowledgements
Whenevvoecra liizisan tdiiocina. *tege.wd 1jl,- iteh!iiouss-n ,d ersttobo eao p do st
PIdEe velopment. A newe tymoldoigcitciaoolfan l aarnyg ulaiGgkreee ceakn nboewt r ititnae f ne w
yeabryjs u osntpe e rswoint,h tohuhete lopfo theMrasn.py e ophleel pmeeod n
c)I follKoowr tlatnhdetoo'rfsBy a lto-aSclcaevnitcua antdai doonp,th eids
varisotuaosgf te hspe r oject.
reconstorf(u pcr)tegi-loont talizefdoP rIc (Eos nefseooi,rnn asnttoasnn£ cKea,T OV
Firosfat lI la ,mg reaitnldye bttoLe udc iveanBn e efkoe rd itcionrgr,e acntdi ng
anTtd£ VT�KOVTa).
proofrtehawedh ionvlgoe l ucmoen taaibnoi7un5tg0 e0n troiveetsrh c eo urosfe
d)I ts houblend o ttehdat tht ee r'mp rotvhoewteiilsuc' s eidnt hdiisc titoon ary more thyaena Srteswv.oe o rtahlea rsss ihsitmie ndt his swaocrrki,mfi acniyn g
inditchaveto ew( emlo sat-tl)hy ma atyo rm ayn obtep resienPn rte -Gsruebeskt rate weeokfts h esiprat riemA el:w Kilno ekhGouruKssrt o,o nMeinc,hP aeeylrT oitj,m en
wordIsni. n herwiotredadsf ,a culptraottihvveoetw iiecsnl o rte constarnuyc ted Pronakn,de specMiiaclhldiyeeV la anN.e edlteoss asyi ,ti sI w hor emain
morsei niccteo ntrtahdleia crtysnt gheeaolr y. respofnosarilv blil eeew xsp reisnts hedidis c tiaonnfdao raryn m,yi stianik te.s
Ia mv ergyr atteoAf luelx aLnudbeort wshkopy r,o ofarl eaardpg aero tft he
dictiaonndas rpeyan,l t o otft imaen de ffionrf to rmatthtmeia nngu scDrri.p t.
Bibliograprheifceeanrlc es VeliSzaadro vsky h(aVbsie eesnnokn iant)do w rimtaen mya crfoosgr e nerating
Withtihlnei miatmeoduo nftt i maev aifloatrbh lpiers o jieptcr to,vi emdp ostsoi ble indiacnedbs i blioagnrdta opp hryo ofsroemapeda rotfts h mea nuscIra imp t.
modernailrzlee f eraenndct eocs h eacklr le ferweonrckIest w. a sn ecessary, indetboDt reT.dh omOalsa n(dCeorp enhfaosgroe lnvv)ia nrgif ooupnsrt o blems.
theretfomo arkece,e rtsatirna ctheogiiIcctwe asds.e citdoce odn cenotntr haet e Iw oullidtk ote h atnhkse t udoefon utdrse part-Kmreinstdt eJe ons eMpahr,i jn
etymolorgeilceapvlualbnylt i caanttdio ao dnjstu hspeth iloltorgeiactoamftle h net vaPnu ttSeinm,oM nu ldaenrAd l aCionr b-efaoutr e chnaiscsailsK trainscdteee. n
mateornilsaypl o radically. Josefpuhr tchoepry -etdhimeta endu scMrairpivtja.nPn u ttaennSd i moMnu lder
Thes ecoenddi toifro enfse rweonrcksesu ,ca hsL ejeuPnheo'nest hiiqsuteo rique helpceodm piilliibeni gb liography.
(19)a7 n2dR iscWho'rst bil(1d9u)7nh 4ga vbee esny stemactoincsauIllh ltayev de.
genermaalilnyt arienfeedrt eoCn hcaenst rFaorimnaet aisto hnbi,os o cko ntaa ins
vercyo ncainspder ecoivseer voifte hwde i ffseurffIexnnetod m ifnoarlm aitni ons
Greek.
Inc onttroFa rsit sdki'cst iroenfaerryte,own ocreoksns s pecmiofircp hological
tophiacvbsee elneo ftu Fto.ir n stfaonarcd ee,r ivian-t mJivoFT]nr, i osfktr eenf teor s
Wyss1'9s5b 4oo k. Otwhoerrkt sos ,u wcthhhi rece ha cdaernre ferR,e daa1rr9ed4: 9
PRE-GREELKO ANWORDSI NG REEK
Contents:
A.In troduction
B.P honology
1T.h peh onesmyiscot feP mr e.-Greek
2aC.h aracstoeurniodsrsst o iugcnr do u1pa. us2;:.� ;3 �.O ;4 .y o5;y. v ;6 .o v;7 .K T;8 .K X9;fl Y1;0 D.U;
11m.p ;1 2p.O 1;3 p.K ;V1 4p.v( pVoo,;) 1 5a.;1 6a.� ;1 7a.y; 1 8O.K a,T ;1 9a.TA ;2 0T.e 2; 1<pe.; 2 2.X fl,
Xv2;3 '1'.- 2;4 w·; 25g.e minates
2bH.o wt or ecogwnoirazdses -GPrreeek?
3P.r othveotwiecl
4s.- mobile
5C.o nsonant variation
5.V1o.i ceIv loeisIcsa e sdp isrtaot5pe.;Pd2 r .e nasa5li.Nz3aa.st ailoin5z;.a L4ta.ib osinta;olI mp Is 1J
(a.�T,<pI fl,I; b T.I�,,<p (IF )c;.fl I ( F)5).S5;t. o ipnst ercwhiat0n(0hg), iw nigts ht +o oph o rw ita h
+ sto5p.;V6 e.l Ial ra bIdi eanlst taollp asb-v:ie ol5a.rD7se.;n tIla ilqsu 5i.dS8si.;m Ipg leem in5a.t9e.;
0-Iz er5o.;1K -0,T. -I z er5o.;V1 -1A,.-I z er5o.;1M 2e.t atshheisofifats s ,p ir5a.tS1ie3oc.no ;n dary
phondeetviecl op5m.e1On4tt.hsve ;ar r iation.
6V.o wvealr iation
6.S1i.n vgolwee tlism,b 6r.eL2;o. n Igs hor6t.;S3 i.n Igd liep hth6o.nR4gi.;s diinpgh thongs?
6.S5e.c onvdoawr(eyols rsy ncope).
C.M orphology
1R.e duplication
2S. uffIxes
2.I1n.t rod2u.cS2tu.ir ovoneft;y h s eu ffIxe2s.;T3 h.me a te-r�ai-a0(-l -):a, y --a,y y--aoo---,a, e -o-,
-mIE-(L)-m-(F,)o --,- m�o--,- me--m,v --m,p o-oC)-,a K--Aa,(A) o--,- fla�o--,- aflv--aofl--,-o a-v,- o-,
-av--a,v -oa-v,o p(--aov)e--ha,-v ,v (--ao�)--a-TI,-,O -o,a -pa,p --a,a -a-/aoa-a,-- aoT---,a, u p-a/o-,
-ax--a,'l' --y,o --y,p --e,o --e,� --eaP-L,O --,e A-a-/eoA-A,- -ae/flo---O,e- fl,v --(eov-v)--,ea p,- a/o-,
-eT--Ow-p-,-W ,T- ,-T] �-ao/--,T] e-(-T]oKX--/)-,,AT] - o-,T]v ,--T]v --T],P -T], P-,a (a-)-T]ao-/,T] T--(O--T]H)-,,
-T]'I'-o-,-e o--,- ep-a/o-,- L,�- L-yXy-/,-K L/o--L,o -vLae,-- L,e- -L,K- -L,K- -L,A-- L,A- -L,A A--aL/flov--,a /o-,
-Lv--aL/vo---(,Lo V--O)L-,V, e --(LO�---L),TI, -- OL-a,- -aL/ao-K-,-L OT--,-a L/Xo---K,,V- -fl,- -OV---,�, -- O,TI -,
-op--o,a a--TOaT-,a- o,uA -O--o,pu- ,- oau(a) -a,- TIV--TI,T_ -p,-o p,y --p,o- -p,v- -a,K- -0-,0- ,0 0--, aT-,
-aTp-oTv-,-O TT--,-,u� -,- uy-yu-o,-- u,o v-uae-,,- UL--UKa,--, U K--u,A- -flu,-, - flu�--u'fl -vu-v,-- U,V O-,
-uve-hU-V,-V u-�,--U TI,--, up--u,p- -u,a- -TU,- -, uX-<p-e,-- <p,- o,-- WK--wA,-, - wfl-,- WV--W,TI --wp,- ,
-0000)-- W.T -
3W.o redn d
3.i1nv. o w(ea-l.;a b .-L -�,L; C. - ,u- Ud�.-; W �;e .- w,- W�3).i;2n- .p ( ao.a pb;.-P L;c .- op;d .-w p;)
3.i3-n.� - ,'I'( a-.;�b .-'1') ;3. i4-n.;v 3 .i5n-.�a .
D.T heu nitoyfP re-Greek
E.P re-Greiesnk o n-Indo-European
A.I ntroduction
The sulbasntgrouafatG gere ew eikbl elc al'lPerde -Girnte hdeiiksc' t itohniiaassr y;
transolfat thGieeo rnm taenn;n ' dVaosr griecNhowi rsicthtteee'xen.tx sii sntt h is
langubauigtite ks ,n owfnr oacm o nsidneurmabboelflreo anwionGr rdese k.
xiv PRE-GRLEOEAKN WORIDNGS R EEK PRE-GRLEOEAKN WORIDNGS R EEK xv
Thset uodfPy r e-Ghraehsea kad n u nforthuinsatItonter h ype.a csetn tiuwtra ys, Sevesrcahlow learbreas f fblyFe udr npereo'pso asnahdle snr ceej etchtweeh do le
cal'lPeedl aasngcdio anns'i add eiraelodef Ic ntd o-EurTohpiiesda efnaa. s cinated booakl togHeitmshe etrh.ho odw,e vweacrso, r raencIdht a voen lfiyl teoruettdh e
schoalnardre ss,e caorncche notnrt ahptiresod p oBsutathl we.h oildeew aac sl early improbsaubglgee sItnmi aonncysa .s oefcs o,u rwsece a,n nboeat b solcuetretlayi n,
wronagn,bd y n owi,it gs e neraaglrletyeht adht se u bstwarnsao tne- Indo-European. butth ciasn nboeat no bjecEtxicoefnpo.atr v ersym anlulm boefcr a sFeusr,n ee's
Theretfhotere er,'m P elacsagnnio al no'n gbeeur s eFdr.i aslkr ehaaddsy t rong matedroieacslo nsoifPs rte -GwroeredkHs i.is n dceoxn ta4i4n0ws0o rdasn,d
doubatbso utthP ee lastghieaonbr uytn, e verthheeo lfetsmesen,n tiotnheed takiinngta oc cotuhnamtta noyft hewsoer cdosn cdeerrni vaantvdia vreisaa sn ts,
propoosfia talsds h erSeinntacslew.l o rfko llotwhilinisghn aets u rnoeutdto b e welalsa f eIwn do-EuwroorpdIees as,nt itmhaFatuter nbeoeo'dksi scussosmees
uselIde escsi,td ome adk neom entoifto hnte h eory iannt yhdemi ocrtei onary. 100P0r e-Gerteyemka .2
WhenF ricsokm plheitdsei dc tiionn1 a9r7Fy2u ,r nebeo'o'skD iwei chtigsten Ing eneIrh aalv,ge i voennl yf eapw e rsonnaamlea sn dt oponaynmdsn ,o
konsonanEtrisscchheeindn euVsno gregnr iechwihsicwchahehs ni d'si, s sertation mateorfit ahlki isn fdr oomu tsidea nGAdrs eiMeaic neo Trh.ec omparison with
writutnednet rh seu pervoifFs .iBoK.nuJ i.p heardj, u satp peaIrtwe ads.a n BasqourCe a ucasian halnsao nbtge uecanog nessi idnet rhdeiidsc tiaostn haiirssy ,
elaboroafKt uiiopn1e 9r5's6st uodnyG reseukb stwroartdwesh ,i ocphe naen de w nomty c ompetieitnls ci ekt;eh ltayht e arrese u ccho nnecbtuittoh nmisus,s b tel eft
chapitnte hrre e seoafrt chfihee lFdu.r nreeej etchtPeee dl asgiatno (ots heeeo ry, too thsecrh olars.
especoipca.il ptlp.4y. 0- 55). Mys uggersetceodn starruneco tetis osnesnO tniema alyi. g notrheea mn jdu st
Furnbeoeo'mkse wti tfihe rccrei taincdi slwmaa rsgn eelgyl eIcnmt yev di.et wh,i s consitdhevera riaittisoTenhl ef.sv ea riaarnoetf st eexnp laaisni endc idental
wasam ajmoirs tianGk er eseckh olaTrrsuhseio,pm o.ef h iisd entifaircea tions phenom(eansas imiinlflauteionfooc nte,hw eorr dest,ca .n)sd,u cehx planmaatyi ons
improbaanbdhl iers,e peactleadti hma cte rtfaoirnmw se reex prelsesaidvse bes ometciomrersbe ucittwf ,e k notwh asto mvea rifarnetqsu oecnctwuleryw , i ll
nowheWrhea.rt e maihnosw,e viestr h,ah tes tudaig erden autm boefrr elevant havteoc onsPirdee-rG orreiegEkix ni.se ttiynmgo ldoigcitciaoolnf atsreeineet mso
foramnsdd r eowb vicoounsc lufsriotomhn esPm r.e -Gwroereodkfts e snh oawt ype avotihdce o nclutshiaaotw n o ridsa substerlaetmeeI ntit sr. e marktahbalte
ofv ariawthiiocinhsn ofto unidni nherwiotredIdsti . ss elf-etvhiatdthe inst Chantwraaqsiu nieat wea orfte h per obilne mFh oirsm atbiuiotnn , d hiicst ihoen ary
variamtuisbotesn t udainetddh ,ii wssh aFtu rndeieId ht.a tsu rnoeu(dta Ksu iper oftewni thdhrieesaw r elviaelru (awthiiiocnnmh y v iewwa cso rrIetlc oto)ak.sis f
haadl resahdoywt nh)ta htvi asr iasthioocwnes r traeicnu rpraetntaten rcdna sbn e substerlaetmweeen rtnesow te lctohmeer e.
usetdor ecogPnriez-eGe rleeemk.e nts Three latiwointAshnh aitpol lainagnui aassg eepsa prraotbelA e Gmr.ew eokr ids
.F urnbeoeo'iksns o eta styou seev:e froyri mds i scuastts heroder fe o uprl aces, oftecna lal eldfo raonam nA natollainagnuw ahgiielmt,ea yj uasswt e blelb orrowed
eacthi miena d iffceornetnsetotx htia,mtt a yb ed iffitcofiu nlodtu wth ahtip so int frotmhP er e-GreekI itsgs ue bnsetraracalctleeypo. tn te hdbe,a soifts o pontyhmast,
reailslO.yn t hoet hhearn hdi,ts r eatimsve enrctya reafnudtl h,e hraer dalnyy thewraeas l anguwahgiewc ahos n csep okbeonti hnG reeacneid n w estAesrina
obvimoiusst aIkf eosu.ann du mboefrc aswehsi hcehh ando rte cogn(iez.egd. MinoIrnm. o3s cta sheosw,e vietirs i, m postsoid bilset inbgeutiwsseuheb ns trate
mwX6bc;u)tt,h diosen soc th antghfeea tchtha itbs o owka tsh bee csotl leacttth ieo n woradnsld o afnrsoA ms iMai n(otrlh aet atrfeerr o aml atdeartA ew )o.r mda yh ave
time. Furnoeni eft o twrwo ernkteyd yeevaenrnos wi, it ts ah ned hoannldy- book beeand opttehdr oucgomhm eracsoe ft,e hna ppebnest wetewnon eighboring
ont hseu bjecsth.oo rvTteh revw iheifwcoh l lboewlsob wa sioesnFd u rnmeaet'esr ial countorrsi teasr,ft riotnmhgt e i mweh eGnr eeskest tinlA esdiM ai noprr,o baabsl y
anodn m yo wnr eseoafmr ocrhte h atnh iyretayr s.' earltyh1 ea5 cste hn tFurroyam.m ethodoplooigonifvtc i aeIlwt ,h iinitkbs e tttoe r
Furnweeena ts tirnta wyro e spFeicrthssect. o, n siadlemroaesldvtl a riattobi eo n consisduecwrho rdassP re-Graenedtk od, e finteh eams l oanwforrodamsn
ofa ne xprecshsairvawech tieicrcsh,e rtwarionnligyit :es v idtehntathtv e a riation Anatollainagnuo anglweyh etnh eirrsee astoodn os oS.t iilitlcs ,l etahrwa etm ay
fouinsdd u teo t haed aptoaftw ioorn(do srp honemoefas f )o reliagnng utaog e oftmeank mei stahkeerAse c .a sienp oiinsTt O AU'TtcTjlb eawol,flw oorle afdoyr
GreeWke. s haslelbe e ltohwa mta nvya ricaanbnte su ndersitnto hoiwdsa y. spinnTihnewg o'r.id sc learrellyat toLe udw iaannHd i ttta.l up'plaulimc-pl,o d'.
SeconFdulryn,we aess ometiomveesr zeianlh oiussse arfcohir n ner-Greek TheG reewko ridst ypiocfPa rle -Gwroeredkts h:se t rucCtauCr-ue(p w-iat h
correspoMnadneoynfF c uersn.de ies'cso avreberr iiels(l sisea.en8v t0P.U KVLfoOrV appeaars0i b negf uo)ra ent dh aeb seonfac nIe n do-Euertoypmeoa(lnMo eglyc hert
ane xampbluest)o ,m ethiemw eesnt tof oa nro:et v earlyt ernatiopno innetcse ssarily Orph8e(u 1s9 9487)-i:5ns 1o cto nvinicmipntlghy)ta htwe o ridPs r e-GorrPe reek
toP re-GorreiegTkih nea. u thcoahrna rdbleby l amfeohdri esn thusHiewa assm . AnatoOlnit ahnoe.t hhearn 'dc,l iesnw o'at w ortdh aitse asbirloyu fgrhotm
explonreigwnr go uanndid,ct a onn lbyee xpetchthaeetds ometoivmeersp hliasy ed oversiietasa n se ;v erywdoartydh tahtse p eaokfGe rresae nkAd n atomluishatan v e
hand.
,N otteh aFtur noefeta ednd unceewms a't etrhiaiatsnl o mte ntiionnt ehcdeu rreetnytm ological
dictiomnoasrgtilleoyssf ,sr oeHisen s ychius.
1 SinKcuei pweamrsy s uperavswi esIlow lra, as c quawiinttthheb edo ofkr otmhv ee breyg in(nsieneg 3A p oifnoftru rtshteuirdts yo e stahbolwfi astrhot heea ssutcr he lantaemcdea sbn ef ouIntid ms.y
myr eviinLei wn g3u6a1, 9 )7.5 impretshstaihtoe nnsa em ceasbn ef ouansfd a sro uatsh Cilicia.
xvi PRE-GRLEOEAKN WORIND GSR EEK PRE-GRLEOEAKN WORIDNGS R EEK xvii
pickuepnd o fta frr ohmo mIec .o mplaegtrewelieytF hu rnienet'esr pr(e3t53a3t)i on m
thatthw eo rwda sb routgohG tr eebcyse e ttflreoArmns a towlhiosa p otkhee n
languagef,r owamhn ioctphhe,er rs pewcetc iavPlerl,e -GrIenoe tkh.we orr ds,
TOAUiTsaI T]l oafnr oamn A natolian bultta hngi(uspa rgoebn,ao bnl-yI ndo Ofc ourisiteps ,o sstihboalnteoe r m oroeft hpeo siptheodn edmiendso otc ciunr
Europleaanng)u waagsael ssop okienln a rpgaer otfGs r eebceef otrhGeer eeks Pre-G(ree.megYki . as,r asroeu inntd h lea nguoaftg hweeos r ld).
(speaaknIi nndEgou -ropleaanng uaargreit)vh eedr e. Wec anno wu steh iinss iigneh xtp latihnseiu nrgf aGcrienfegok r mTsh.u s,
Iites s setnort eiaatllhi sazuteb swtorraadtrseae f reqpuheennto meOnnoemn a.y McpvT]1 l5 auxvc(aunn)o -wb ee xplafirnoaemP d r e-Gfroere*mkd akwInnt- h.e6
regtrhei(tsf oirn stafnrcotemh, Ie n do-EurpoopieonafVtn i ieswtb) u,tt h iiss formfeorrt mh,le a bioyvieelalla darsb s itaocplp.I nt hlea tititers re ,n debry-e udX -,
irreltehveeax nits;t ePnrcee- Gworofer eidksss i mpafl aytc htha atts ob ea ccepted. witahn ticiopfta hlteai bofinea altw uhritelh,ele a biotvuerulnpaas rsa v elpaors,s ib
Tom ei,ti s f ascitnhaaittnit nhgwi asyw ec alne asronm etahbiontught oe l dest lyb yd issimfirloaumtk ilAoVgn•a inno,tt eh aats piriasnt oiptoh no neimnPi rCe
langoufaE guer o(pien clAundaitnooglf wi hai)wc,eho therhwaivnseoee v idence. GreeIiktvs. e riym porttona onttteh w aetc annporte dhiocwaPt r e-Gfroerwemik l l
Th'eP elatshgeiohaarndsy'o nmeu chha ramn,d i tsii tmt eof origtTe.ht le a test surfianGc ree esko:m etais mteotspu runpsa sa na spisroamteet,ai smav e osi ced
attewmapHste ube'cMki'nso isch-(MdyiksecnbuiysFs sucerhdn'5 e 5e- 6w6h)e,r e sto(pe a.ig.TI uuc;cp as1pe ,Be 5 .b1e.l oAwsa) c .o nseqiumtea nyhc aep,p tehnta hte re
thmea tewrairsae ld utcoes do mtee wno rdtsht;eh eohrabysy n owb eetna citly iasl arnguem boefvr a ribaunittmt sa ,ya lbseot htahte arrneeo v ariaatan ltls.
abandoned. Asa s ecoenxda mpwleme a,ya lsuond ersatuaxn1�L dve subfl.CP fT]rvo amp re
for*ma nkwTehnle.a tftoerirmds i reucntdleyr stwaintdcpfha r boltemhl, ea biovelar.
B.P honology Thfier st wfeontrthm r o*uagnhw okre* na wngkievnai,un xgw� ivtl hoo sfts h nea sal
(ad evelokpnmoewfnnrt o Amr meniPaenr)h.aas pcse,n *aarkiw>oea nu xi�asvl so
1.T hep honemiscy steomfP re-Greek possiwbiltaeh p, r enasfaolri*mza endk w(e>nu flCPT]bve)s i*daek lVeSnu.c7h
Voicevloeiscasen,add s pirsattomepadsyi ntercihnPa rneg-eG wroeredwksi ,t hout interprmeatyba ewt riooinnngis n divciadsubeaustlt,h iinsso r easnootntot rOyn.
anayp parceonntd itfiaocntiTonhrgifs sa. sc hto twhsav to iacnead s pirwaetrieo n thoet her vhaarnidat,th iiassott n r afnrgoaemne xcluIsnidvoe-lEyu prooiponefta n
nodti stifnecattiiuvnreP e rse -GrOenet kh.oe4t hhearn tdh,Le i neBa sri gns viebwe coumnedse rstiannt dhawiabsyl s,et aratswi end gof roaml imisteoetfd
(graphfeomrrej rsoj),aa n tdj sah otwh paatl atalpirzoabtawibaoldsnyi stinctive. assumptions.
Thiiscs o nfibrymt ehsdei pgtn(e e .ignr. a -ptJeh-rraep wtiettrhhea esg le snutffi x Thee xistoefpn aclea tpahloinzeeimdnPe rse -Gmraeyee xkp laan iunm boefr
-terw-h)i,cm hu sgto b actkoa ne arlpie.eI rnt hPer e-Greeks umcaaht erial, othdeerv elopTmheuInsa t,ss s.ut mheaa g te minAaAmt aeyc ontPirneu-eG *r1>'e.e k
phonemmaeyu ndeerxlaimepl li8ekCset TOInTemU a.yw ondwehre tKhpeora a6cp80v Wek notwh laEt*y lg avAeAi nG reebkui,taf v ariwaintsthi nAgc loee xwiesa trse,
poitnpot sp> t w,h iwcahrs e alwiiztaehsd p irFautritothnhes.eri ,gt nwsot ,w ed,w o, warnFeoder.x amptlhneea, m Ae. XLAhAaEasvU aC;r iAa.nXtL wAiEtUohC;n A e. A nd
dwen,w as,w as,w pi,o itnolta bialaisazd aitsitoinfn ecattiiu.vtreeWe. to, W, de W,od ,W e, althotuhlgeah t otneloryc cuirnHs o metrh,fi aspc oti tnotP sr e-GorreiegTkih ne.
nWas,W saW,Ni o.t teh paat laatnaldla bfioarlom fsg raphaermfeeo su bnodt whi th variwaanpstr esebrevceadiu wtsa ems e triccoanlvleyni itwe annsto c,tr eaftoerd
resonaannsdtt sow phsi,ic ashp henomaelniotenoIn n dEou-ropleaanng uTahgee s. metrpiucraploO sfce osu.r sfea,tc httta hhtee w raems o rvea riaattai neo anr dlaiteer
existoefln acbei oivsec loanrfsi brymq ead- si-r�ea-O"luA EeUtC;(c,s. e fuer ther iwsh awtee xpeAcsft a.ar st hoet hpearl atraelsiozneaadrcn eot nsc earnnmYea dy,
=
BeeGkleost7 t3(a 1 99512/f6W.)e):m ayt hupso stihfteo llOsWyisntge ms: havgei vaetnav r,mY a yh avgei vaeln(p o arl EsLow pi tcho loorfit nhvgeo wesle,e
.
sectCi2bo enl oonwt hseu ffIxeestW)ce,.h av-ea L-pa-L,bV u-nto * -aiLnAP -re
Greweokr dTsh.ii scs o nfibrymt ehfdea tchtga etm inAaAit vsee rfyr eq(uFeunrt.
P
t 387w)h,e rgeeamsi npapvt,vae n fldfl a rmeu clhe fsrse quoeren vter,na re.
k Ina s imiflaasrh *iaosmnYa, yh avyei eledietd-h aeLroa r-- uac-fK,.Ct �aLaOC;,
s whihcahas v .KlC.t �aIanro ec;n.d esruicanhf g o rewiogrntd h,pe a latamlaiyz ation
r havbee erne presaeton ntteei dma en,md a yh avbee enne gleactat neodt Thheirs.
6A lthoIau sgshut mheva oti wcaens o dti stiinnPc rtei-vGIerd eowe rkid,t-i ent hciassb ee,c aounsley
4O fc ouricstoe u,bl edd u teot hfea tchtaa d ti ffdeirsetnitwn acpstr ieosinenP n rte -G(rleifekoker/ t is 8-surfianGc reesWe ekm .u satv oliods iinnfgo rmatiiontn h Gerp erfeeoskre Tmnhstu. ms y,n otaotfi on
lenfiosu,in nmd o sAtn atollainagnu baugnteo os b)v,i doiusst ripbouitniitnoti nhnd igis r ecctabine o n Pre-Greeiksh efuortrimoascs t e irctd aeignra enend,o a tl wacyosn siwsitttehhnp eth onesmyisctI e m
disceirntn hmeead t erial. tentarteicvoenlhsyet rreu.c t
5N otteh Iad ti stibnegtuwipesaehln ao tfPa rles- Gorreiewgkhi inac,r hie n dicbayat s eudp erys cript 7O np renasasleiBe5z .ab2te.il oAonswa, .na lterannIa ntdiov-eE,u ertoypmeoaslnto agrwyti ittnhhg e
(ek.>,ga).n, pd a latoovfeIlnEadurors-o poeraing in. ro*oth ,e'mtttoi- e, bceabtneor foftehsr'ete,ehd d e;i ctionarIyp r(etafhleetr h aognuiagvlhhey ensr ies) .
xviii PRE-GLROEAENKW OIRNGD RSE EK PRE-GLROEAENKW OIRNGD RSE EK xix
phenomewnaostn h em ain coafuv saer iatiPornGe r-eiefnkro msT.h e mayh avbee e-nu y(-aPa r e-Gyrm eaeyhk a vhea ad deirfedfnetv elofpormmye in nt
interpriesft ruatthiceoornn firbymt ehdep aradlelveell opomfle anbti alized inherwiotredIdsnt ) h.se a mwea y, m-aaydl ear fiorvmeP G* -ya-wai thv arai ant
consonTahnutIsss ,.u pptohsaaetr r We suilnt- ead( u()spet-ehse e ctointo hne -ElcfaI.,1 T)vEAPOercrEhltaahpy.esd ,i sappiensa ormceead s geisv,yi anlga byeas ide
suffIxeIsnt) h.wi asy w,em ayu ndersKtaaApnaodub' e\slKi OdAeO pfOor�mOa pV r e (sbeeel oonwt hseu ffr-xa IL- -E(I)-).
fromk alapr-Aw.n- oothfroemrw hicshh otwshr ee marlkeia nbtercah/aainusg e Iniwt-iwaaolsf tleon(s atv ab�uw)ta, m -ay ahalvsbeoe erne ndbeyro eada- si, n
apaoxIua Ouepx<;ou aH<;e.r oenm ei gahsts uapm ree o-rfm* awraskN-oattteh- a.t the 'Oa�boe<;s CirdeeFt a.� Toh<;e. samfero 'O hloAulE<;wd,hs i hcahs cboenesni tdoe red
labeilaelm weonutal ttd h sea mtei meex pla0i ans v taahr eio afani tnb otcha sAe s. be identtihcreao loo tf'w IiA.toW h<;e fi) ndu a(-whibcehc aumae-i )nU UKIV90<;,
simimleacrh anmiussbmtea t btahseoi fts h eet ymaoAno a�iJ,A adl�A,aE �U,A aKCt, CreFtU.K lvF9u0r3<;.7.a 7 s suamp erso thue-itnti hcle a tterb uwttoh rsides,e ms
whiichsho pefloremsa snI ndo-Euprooiponefvta i neI wa .s sutmheaa tlf lro ms go improbtaomb elA.en otehxearm mpalybe eu a/£TAhode<;i .eff renacrepesr obably
bacoknP re-G*raelewkI- tga ikva-eU.sA atKh-rougha tainaotAnio,ctK ih-prough duteot hdea taetw hitchhwe o rwda bso rroawneddde peonnwd h etthheGerr eek
colorIintn hgwi.as y t,hfi er tswtfo ro msw,h iacrhbe e satts tteeadrd,ei reccltelayr . dialceocntc esrtnhiealdadl aFtt hatti mAen.o tthreera tcmaebnne t u fnoid n the
Furtahue/rw,il nwt ercfherqaunegnewt hliyc,h edlxApala�an EidUn Asu OKAaO;K - is worfdro ' trluefff'ow,rh iwcehfi nOdU ITOOlVO,V( OaVl- swo-U )8,v(o avl -swo-o )r,
noptr obleemiattahisec r ,b otwhe rcleoa l/o'trso[e 0db] y lthaeb iarleisazonentd. hovT.h easrepe r obaablrlley n deorf*i nwgi(stF -u1.r8 .a4g aaisns uamp erso thetic
Onltyh Heo mearciccu sdlahtaii vse hoipitets lh eoesn slf:ryo m t hhaatns o v owel vowePlTI,-O pTw-h,i dcohe nsos te etmo tbhreei gshotl ution. He further assumes
betwAea ennKd , tahnedr emfaoyr debu ete o some oaftc htceri addeinTtthi iiossn . av aria*twiiIowt nu- tw-h,iac lhss eoe immsp robambelt,he o uttgohvh ea riaIt iIo n
ap robtlhehamat ns o t been solved yet. ui s attReastthuee-idras.,f ) ro mo fO Lw-i,t h- 0tc-hhea nugneddie nrf luoeftn hcee
Id on ot kwnhoewt ahd eirp htihasol nlgo iwnse udffr xoefts h set rucVtCuc,rf e. -1-(cf. L1e9j71e27ua:4nn ,end o tteh Garte ekn odatil dl- oUwbI e-fcoorne snotnosaf;
d
thfero misn - aLFSot<;ru.c tounrceao lultlyhd,i o nf_k a yowr_ ,e- vaYewn-b ,ust u ch course, U0 1Bi onb eeiocaitannmt eh3 er c.B Cv;a ria0t1Ii ioUsfn uo ndi nm ore
sounadrrsea trhaerrie nt hlea nguoaftg heweso rlAdni. n stoafn- cadeLu -teo a Pre-GwroeredTksh )ic.sa nsiec ely svhaorwisai tnti hoParnrte e we-okGr iddssu teo
palatcaolniszoeindesa � natl Icpe v�Ta)r<;Ic a lcpvvT)(w<;ab rilcloimabnitn bayFt uiro.n diefrfernetn deorfti hsneog u nodfafs ro eilgann guaangtdeh ,e rehfaosr ett aok ebne
15e8t,cw .h)i,mc uhs cto nt-aaip(nt- phael atawlaiiszg antoiironten hd le a fsrotm ). serliyo�.up suKapAoorvc·a( AHo.p)vr obaabtltyae stdse vel*owprm>ae� knp-ta K
Compartaotb hldeee veloipnme e�natri cKslV vWTI'\I)K <;I VWrcf£orTmOk Vl,wn i-th (aFsu. 1r 4r7e maornkK sa Aau"pD0il'ea\l n:d lEatuyfimgoel <ocgonineec tpinegrc>w
I
representing pBaeleak2te0as0Ll 8ii.kzie aswtIeai ,so snu,tm hecam ftv. u Tboe<;s ide ..is.wt o hl woehinteae urfegzseu bena.o"p)orc.aa ·A LOduOpoo'<;usb o-prapl(eH'. )
rcVUTpOo<;i tnot*s p n-uP.te rhwaepm su,si tn teraptrwercatus* w s -Yboepcaoufs e conti*nsuoe(rscwL f-a.st o.r Fbrus.so ,r bFuire.r ,2 30).
EuawrAnci lnat.e rceasstAei lnfigls £l Avf9lEIf<;roV·w 9 hEi<;Ic,a h s su*mJYemb -eside Iste etmhsta hte wraens o i niatsipailr ianPt riGeor-ne eFku.r nheaesf eaww o rds
*alwYimt-h prao( tsBhe3eeb t eilco w porno tthvheoetw .ei lc) wita-h,e -(onoert wwoi t1h-n; o nwei t6h-� ,- w,- S)e.v eorfta hlea srede o utubfl;
Ap alatcaolniszoecndoa uncltod la ot roe A.g ooedx amipKsll>TC ea poK<;U,rc aLP0<;, beisastl flaCY(laul fOlnoeml i)g.ch otn cltuhadtel atnhgeuh aangdoe h T.h iwso uld
,
buatl Ksuorc EKpl>TCO£<;L,p O<;w,e h wahvaeelpr loe sb slviea ridauntetot s h pea latalized agrweiett hhf eca tt haats piriast iando oints tifnaecttuiirnvte eh e sHtoowpesv.e r,
consoCnoamnpta.frru teh Keur� apnveoxtlto KU�L£iLkipesOweLh,.a vw(eea KEhl<; thciosn cliuss iroenm faor�rkp awb"<;lE,eAv A ET)a<;n "dH cpaLwahTiowc<;eh,e xpteoc t
next( EtKoE 'hKlO<;A OKwUhVeTrtaehLi e'n ,t erchanagftee (rf oo rcmce uarrsl ier beP rGer-eweokr (dbsu nto tteh aMty.c a p-at-iid--ojeons oh ta vae2 O-f)c .o urse,
palatfYa.8lL icpzgebedep sa8i Ld'\Ieu mpaay hhaav-dep - fY£;A (An)e0xt'toa\l A (uA�)T)<; aspirationb emeaandy d sehedanc vdoea riinl yG rienie nkd ivciadsuceafstl.,h e
goebsa ctko* apJY-wa,i tthhc eo mmvoanr iaat 0ib /oe nf aol raeb Ai aclle.ex aarm ple variaitnai cpo9Inaa cp9aan edA EoIwe vAT)E OwwvhTi)ic,hsav arioafOn EtA EOWVT).
iAsa atwTiot<;nh e,xt toi tA,E ataTnOAd<;U aTAaULa,Tp aoUI<;mt.a y ibnet eraprse ted HowevPerroR,fu .i jpgohi notuettdom et haMty cenaheaadn tyomps(o an2-ra-tu
represPeGn* tlia.ns gY t- waa)n pde rsnoanma(elsa 2-jkouw)-i tmhi -hin-ii;attl iosacolc i unri sn l(apuit- a2-1a,
KuipLeigrnu 2a1 ( 1)9:26 689-p2o7i7not uettdh ats utbhsetl raantgeuh aagde ko-rai--naCa2£fu)- r;dt her 2(e /-Hmear-m'aaHhearsmle s').
labiovHeeel sapresc.pi oailntltoy9e aduA Kpn0e<;xt toe 9uAV9'\IUaA,rcI Wa .d dae d OrigiInt ahloluytg,hh att G rPeroeenk-l hya tdh ree avo,iwu ,e.T lh seG: r eek
ferwe marBkese kiGenls o 7t3(t 1a9 )9:5 /F1r62ofMm.y cenaweeha anv,ae - to-ro-qo worcdosn ceorftneehnda vEea n0d,b utth wiosu nlodb tes urpraists hitenh gr,e e
(av9pwarncdqo e<;-()trc oI 9M0o<;-)q,o( -Mos'o\ qliop-<;es)-(i,te- hd eu aolf� lcpo<;). vowelsa hwaipvdheeo nreatniagCne td,h peh onelmamela yh avseo unldie[kdee ]
Furtthheerir Ase - ii--jt(og-eqno. Ai910rwciott<;hh) e, voaOcprK9iTaaaAnAftAlsOo <;<; or[ 0i]nm aneyn vironTmhemena tirsne. a sfroom ne t oa ssutmhesi ism ptlher ee
anodm IA(A)oc<;a,n nwboheeti x lcpahi fnoremdI ndo-EuIrnospteoeafan d.� lcpo<;, vowel wsaytssh tfeeca mtt htahtse y stoefsm u ffrxheasas , biu,nt o etu,o ,W. e h ave
wew oupledr haps* *e'\Ix1pScpeotoc h<;tde. e velopamrleean rtgset lhyoo sfGae rs e ek, -ay--I,y- -u,yp -r;e nas-aalyiy-z-Ie,dy- yu-y,ly i-k;ie sw-ea 9--91,-- ,u 9a-n;d
but cnoomtp letely. prenas-aalvi-9zl-ev,d-9 u-v,b9 u-nt,o f romswi t-hE y(-yo)y-(e,yt )c.-o ,nT lhye
Pre-Gprreoebkah baladIy y aln adI w/I.n iytaip-arle sumoafbtleyni tlso syt- , casIen so tiacre'edP �aKoavn9do0. A<; o v(9b0u<;at s a voafor Aiuavn9ta0 n<;d) ,
buitt msaoym etbiemr eesp resbeyin ata-esd '( ianf l'a�Iaow<;vT,.h ee ndi-nugl a flT)AAOOVw9iTta)vh a riflaT)noAtA( ) u.v9T)
PRE-GLROEAENKW OIRNGD RSE EK PRE-GLROEAENKW OIRNGD RSE EK xxi
xx
Recently, Im ohraievn ec ltbioena cesodsm uaem es ystetmhu esw uiatlh five 1.a u:O fc ourusude o,eo sc ciunPr I wEo rdbsu,t wohnelinydt e rifovrme*s h 2eu
voweblesc,at uhsesere ee tmos abd ei stibnecttwiieolentin we o varUiI £a a tnido ns (mositnli yn itpiotasilio onr)e h2Eux.ap mlePsA:U UOP£PUC:;UK,U yC:;p,UU KUAUC:;,
UI 0 ,o nt hoen hea nadn,ad stnaobitln et,e rchua,on ng itonhtgeh T ehriw.so uld KUVUpUOaKVLU,O pUUUL,PU U�uAvuup;p uuv06c:;.
poitnoats ystweimta he,a nodO. n t hoet hhearn idt,d iiffIsc tuoel xtp lwahiytn h e 2�.: Awse lkinlso w*nbw,a rsa irneP IE. Irne ewPkor redi-sstG,e etmoos c cur
sufifxdeosn osth otwhs ea mvea riatthwiaeotf n i nd inv otwheel sr.o ot relatoifvteEelxnya.p m leasp:A upaOplu,p PTjaApOpC:;ua,AL Tju,p puPKULPOPC:;l,A OC:;,
Iites s setnhttaihtape la lataanlldia zbeidac loinzsneotdncs ao loarnae jdda cUe nt 80uppoKc:;l,P UIAtiO sfC:;er .q uenfuotnldwy o rdt-iianOliflc yo.u rpsm ea,ya lsgoo
toa n£0d r, e sipveecOltnyt .he effe cotfpsa ladtc aolniszoesneaBneet esk2 e0s04 86:- bactkoP rae -Glraebeiko( viel.laeab.ri avleil:zae er.Pd)gU .0 1AM£yUcq.C:;a ,- si-re-u.
55F.u 3r4.h 0a asr uUl> e0 b ef0orw,e, U( eK.UgAP.UO IC:;K OAUPtOhC:;i)sn; o cwba en 3.p �T:h e clpuosstesirinP b IilwEseo rdsi,it rs ba u(rtse oe nep s u2b. a.b ove)
undersatsto hooed-i lkree aloinzo aft ibleafloh riegr ho undveodw eltsh ei n Exalmpeasp:o £AaApoovTj,ap puo,Tj C:;, ,(poTjC:;,K lUPUOLTjOKA-UOKPC:;UU,PP OOUUA; OC:;,
flolowing( ss1ey.35el-2) l.a ble KOf.LpolAl1nu.
Soe,a n0d o rigiwnearvleal ryi oaftn htpesh onelmaIe/it .ds i ffictuoel stt ablish 4.y &C fF.u r3.1 8T5h.e rneo tihsi ng PaIg*Eag ibdnu,its t t is iOnffr equent.
whetthheehrya a dl readyf lubpleh coonmeeim nPe rsGe r-eegko. oidAl lustration of courtshgeer, o iursp e miniosfpc oeE.nx ta mlpeasy:o uac:;f.L,u yOYCtOAOTjU,1t( cEfW.
thcea sitesh nea moefA polIlnHo i.t tAipptael,i ruennadAsep rosl (lsoBenee-e kes KLU1'(tyEoWKTj)Pl,,Y OUAVUOyVO,Tj .
JANE3R2, 0)0.W3 ek notwh aGtr eoerki gihnaaAdl1t l£yAw Ai-t-,h£ a -risfoirmn g 5.y vE:x amlpei:y v(uic:;K VOUnXc:; v,)<p .vs ,et ehs ee ctointo hnse u ffIxes.
-ab-eftohrpeea latPaT.lh i-ez0 ed-de voepleodn llya teGrr eiebnuk It,a ssutmhea t 6.� vT:h e seiqsu eirnnac rweIeo E r dEsx.apm leasK:l ovoc:;O,v OaaC:;pAX,uUl 1toUvU,
thHei ttfroimts et sihloltw hs-e a T-h.Pe r e-Gfrroemwe aks PAupna-. A£1tU(OAVUOO-lC:;)1t ,U O'VAOPC:;l;U OVTj.
Ih avleo ndgo ub(taendsd t diolulbw th)e tthheerwr aeps h onevmoiwcle eln gth 7.K LT:h ger oiurspe guilnPa IrbE u,it nP re-Girtef euoikns wd i tvha rtissa;ne e
inP rGer-eeGkr.e ek swuobrsqdtusri aottfeeto ennlh ya vafe ro mw italh o ng vowel. B5.Ex5a.pm leasp:l uKLoVO,Kl LPUU.K Lat,
Vacilliasst oimoentf iuomnedas,s i n8 plVUbKeTjs 8iidpveu (�s Bee 6 .2a)n,ndo te 8.K XT:h e gcraonu ph baer dolofyr iIgbEiu itnit ,ns o fter quennott.Pe UdIKU Xp,
6Pplbf.LeOsC:;iP dpel f.LPOlpf.Lc:;Tj,Q. u iatd ei efrfeanrtg umiestn htfel o lowaixnpugo:v ACtKXOUU,KU XPO,U KXBUUC:;K;X B0plC:;U,OK C:;XB,U KXTlhC:;ge.r o-uKpiX ts-h gee minoaft e
an1tdl LUbPoOtmVhe a'nc haiftft ;hi esr epfroorbeai bltlieaht ec yo nttahisena me XC.f o.n1t <p, L8.
sufifx- upbu-it;nt hfier wsotr tdh uei s swhhoirilittels , o nign stehceo nd. 9.� v:T heg roiuspc ertapionslsiyin bP lIweEo rdbsu,it ti sa lsferoq ueinnt
Notteh aTjot ft erne preas( eynat8su IAy ATjl8C:;a-n )ad,s o ukrn owloedftg hee PrGer-eeEkx.a mpalf.Les<pE:lA -£Kf.LVFOOVl,f. L,(VuOf.LC:;vp,oU c:;O,U f.LVlKUpLTjTjf.LC:;V,O c:;,
reledviaanltie rsca ttlshi emri wteoe ftde,sn i mply kdnoow whn eottTjh r eerp resents AUf.LVAUW,p Uf.Lf.LvEolpvf.L,VpU o,o uf.LOvloyc:;U,f.LO VlOlOVf.Lp,VA OLVU;f.L VlOC:;.
ano ldaeo rre I.wf e h ando hta Ddo ro.l oawpeow c:;o,u nlod t khnaovwetn h aitt 10.o u:T hdei phtihpsore nfge cItEbl,uy it it fs uo nsde vetriamilenP s r Ger-eek. I
contaanio nlasdA. l sAo�,f. Lrveopc:;r eAsaef.LnvtToshc:; e.r ew ealrle- kPnroewe-neG kr don otth itnhkaP trG er-eeka hdaidp h-tohubou-nit,gmt a yh avaer ifsoremne .g.
worwdistTj h< * el,i0k 1te� AatOV. -awr-w,h icohft esnu arcfeass- ouEpx-a.m pOl£eVsO:O OUKKlTjO,U opLOpC:;o,u 80c:;,
Ia ssutmwedo i phhotngasia,n ad uI.tf h eren owe ae nr0de,w ed on oetx pect LUOYXUpLoOc:;U,<P <pOuC:;v,o o<puOpUoOc:;XK,AOO UC:;V,Tj C:;.
othdeirp hthAod nigpsh.tw h iorsna g(r Feu 3r5A.3n m5.I; f uonsdo m1e2i n stances 111t. <PT: hger ocuaphn a rdbley P oIfoE r igbiuintit, rs a irneP re-Gwroeredks ,
int he wohfFo ulren meaet'esr iiitan lt)e;r cwhiatUnhUgF .eu sr .A n3m3.)9c a2l£lls toLoi.k et hciean s eK Xio,tf t higese minoaf<pt oEe x ampalpeXsl:� U(?1t)L:<P;UTj 1tC:;<p w
"(mienh reFraelnln euner)i nNee beonrfmv ona tA"l.s Ooli, sr atrhaerrae n,wd e (\{IU1t<PW).
may fionumd o re ofteni,n tbeurtc hwmaiontsoghtti lhvnyeog rw e(lsste here e mark 12.p &O na morpbhoeudmnaer tyh,ge r oiupsp os siibnPl IeEE .xa pmlfeorsm
ont hseu ffI-xo uSpe-fe)ru .t hseerc tBi6oo.nn1v owvealir ation. PrGer-eeaky:E pKoUu1t,U POK£UUpOOaUtf.L,U ATj.
Regartdhiaenc gc entIun aottiveoadnc ,i llaatpipouInf.L- lf.LiC:;lUn ic:;:y; W IA- llOOC:;C:; ; 13.p KVA: r arger oup, tpheerirhseea v pensno r eastoosn p eoafka group.
axpuoc:;- oaIc:;x ;w Ipa x pwK;O pUIOK OoC:;p uK0O6Pc:;U;O IUK AOOPC:;UA AOOUf.LC:;E;O lIf.L VOC:; Exampalpeusp:KP v£uP,K Vlc:;.
f.L£Olf.LOVlOKc:;UI0;O l C:;K UUOlpC:;O;XI OU C:;pl OONOoc:;t.ae l tshoae l moisdte nftroimcsa l 14.p v( varipaovn,ot E)sx: a pmleKsl:0 1(p-VvlaoC:;X- E)p,(o -uv OuK)U,p1t OEUS.e e
sucahsA UKU\jIIAO UC:;K O\jTlhOidC:;so. en so itm plyt htleha antg uhaagnde oc lear thsee ctointo hnse u ffIxes.
strtehsGesr :e ewkhsoa dopatw eodr cdo uslidm phlayv e ubneceenra tbaoiunt it. 15A. ° occubrostw ho rd-inaintdi ableltyw een vowdeilssa,p pwehaerreed it has
Thep henomenohno wmeavbyeei,r m ,p ortant hseuucvrhai rsitaitciaolnl yi:s very inm ositn herwiotreddIs n.i tOiUaplU:H OUUY,U PlOOUVV,U 1tOLUlVVO,U AOV,
rairne inhweorridtse.d ouppiuv<pO,8£ £KO0UlUp,u vTj, IOnltyeUrf.LvVaoOycVuua.oAl AialcyC:;:x, o u(oeuy x-),
u'io8uo(uoi)f.Luu,U0 '(1OuU,aK AO£C:;l,oo poovo,Ao fc:;t.ree rs onaaAnotoP:c:;U ,A OUf.LOV,
2aC.h aractersiosutnidacsn ds oungdr oups
Y£AOyOEVV,0 1f.Lf.uLp1O01tC:;1t(,o- c:;U 1t1toc:;).
In Prew-oGrrdweseef, ki nsdo me sooru ncdlstu hsaatrtere ra sri neP IwEo rdIsn.
bracIkg eittvshe,ve a rtisa.n
