Table Of ContentETHOPHARMACOLOGY OF AGONISTIC BEHAVIOUR
IN ANIMALS AND HUMANS
TOPICS IN THE NEUROSCIENCES
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Ethopharmacology of
Agonistic Behaviour
in Animals and Humans
edited by
B. OLIVIER
Department of Pharmacology, Duphar Bo V, Weesp, The Netherlands
J. MOS
Department of Pharmacology, Duphar Bo Vo, Weesp, The Netherlands
P.F. BRAIN
Department of Zoology, University College of Swansea, Swansea, Wales, United Kingdom
1987 MARTINUS NIJHOFF PUBLISHERS II.
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Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data
Ethopharmacology of agonistic behaviour in animals
and humans.
(Topics in the neurosciences)
1. Agonistic behavior in animals. 2. Aggressiveness
(Psychology) 3. Psychopharmacology. I. Olivier,
Berend. II. Mos, J. (Jan) III. Brain, Paul F.
IV. Title: Ethopharmacology of agonistic behavior
in animals and humans. V. Series.
QL758.5.E85 1987 155.2'32 87~22089
ISBN-13: 978-94-010-8009-5 e-ISBN-13: 978-94-009-3359-0
DOT: 10.1007/978-94-009-3359-0
Copyright
© 1987 by Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, Dordrecht.
Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1s t edition 1987
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a
retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, mechanical,
photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior written permission of
the publishers,
Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, P.O. Box 163, 3300 AD Dordrecht,
The Netherlands.
v
Preface
. Aggression research is in a rapid state of development. The accelerating
knowledge of neurotransmitter systems in the brain, their behavioural functions
and the development of drugs which may specifically affect systems related to
attack and defence is fruitfully combined with studies in which basic ethological
observation and quantification techniques are used more routinely.
Moreover, much of the experimental effort has finally applied some order to
the initial chaos which afflicted the various experimental aggression models used in
pharmacological, physiological and ethological research. This highly desirable trend
not only leads to a better understanding of the phenomena studied and the
terminologies employed, but it increases our awareness of the multiplicity of
factors that are important, making it difficult to allow over hasty and simple
generalizations.
This book is a compilation of studies presented at the International Society for
Research on Aggression meeting in Chicago 1986, in which leading investigators
were invited to cover aspects of ethopharmacological aggression research in a wide
variety of species, including studies on humans. The level to which ethological
techniques have been incorporated into the various areas of research differs, as
well as the knowledge and understanding of the neurotransmitter and experimental
drug action on brain functioning in mammalian species. This naturally results in
data which are not always easy to compare or to extrapolate between species but
useful indicators are starting to emerge.
In this book the emphasis in the different chapters either lies on developments
in behavioural studies or on pharmacological actions, as these basis, sciences are
cornerstones to breakthroughs in the multidisciplinary assessment of aggression and
its physiological bases. Developments in behavioural studies focus around
experimental aggression models in humans and the importance of factors such as
social status and cooperation. Other aspects emphasize the influence of
frustration, flight and defense strategies and adaptive reactions to novelty or
defeat to our understanding of conflict behaviour.
Intriguing pharmacological aspects dealt with include the renewed interest in
the effects of alcohol on aggression - in relation to hormones, degree of
domestication and perinatal effects. The conflicting data on the benzodiazepines is
also presented which clearly outlines the strength of the ethological approach.
Interactions by recently-discovered drugs with serotonin receptors, and animal
studies with clinically-used drugs point to an urgent need for integration between
animal and human data.
The above distinction between emphases on behavioural and/or pharmacological
topics does not imply a sparcity of attempts to integrate animal and human
findings and delineate future areas of research. One can perhaps maintain that this
volume strongly suggests that consideration should be given to the way in which we
apply ethological considerations to the analysis of laboratory situations. This book
suggests that interesting areas will emerge at interfaces between neuroscience and
behaviour which need careful ethopharmacological study to gain an understanding
of adaptive aggression as well as to control pathological aggression.
The organization of the symposium and the preparation of this book were
greatly aided by contributions in funds and time from Duphar B.V. (Weesp, The
Netherlands).
The efficient help of Mrs. Marijke Mulder was invaluable in giving this book its
present typographical layout. We are also greatly indebted to Dr.Paul Bevan for
providing us with the means to produce this volume.
Berend Olivier, Jan Mos, Paul F.Brain.
VII
TABLE OF CONTENTS
EXPERIMENTAL MODELS OF SOCIAL AND AGGRESSIVE BEHAVIOUR
Frustration, aggression and drugs
R.Dantzer
Pharmacological aspects of social cooperation
B.D.Berger and R.Schuster 14
Ethopharmacology of hypothalamic aggression in the rat
M.R.Kruk, A.M. Van der Poel, J.H.C.M.Lammers, Th.Hagg, A.M.D.M. De Hey and
S.Oostwegel 33
FLIGHT, DEFENCE AND ADAPTIVE STRATEGIES
Ethopharmacology of flight behaviour
A.K.Dixon and H.P.Kaesermann 46
Situational-dependence and differential mediation of analgesic reactions to
conspecific attack in mice
R.J.Rodgers and J.I.Randall 80
ETHOPHARMACOLOGICAL STUDIES OF AGGRESSION IN MICE
Studies contrasting drug effects on reproduction induced agonistic behaviour in
male and female mice
H. Yoshimura 94
The utility of ethological assessments of murine agonistic interactions in
behavioural teratology: the foetal alcohol syndrome
P.F.Brain, J.S.Ajarem and V.V.Petkov 110
Ethopharmacological and neuropharmacological analyses of agonistic behaviour
V.P.Poshivalov 122
ETHOPHARMACOLOGICAL STUDIES OF AGGRESSION IN RATS
Psychopharmacology of social play
J.Panksepp, L.Normansell, J.F.Cox, L.J.Crepeau and D.S.Sacks 132
The relationship between ethanol and aggression: studies using ethological models
R.J.Blanchard and D.C.Blanchard 145
Serotonergic modulation of agonistic behaviour
B.Olivier, J .Mos, J. v .d.Heyden, J .Schipper, M. Tulp, B.Berkelmans
and Paul Bevan 162
Pro-aggressive actions of benzodiazepines
J.Mos and B.Olivier 187
VIII
ETHOPHARMACOLOGICAL STUDIES OF AGGRESSION AND DOMINANCE IN
MONKEYS
Serotonin, social behaviour, and aggression in vervet monkeys
M.T.McGuire and M.J.Raleigh 207
Alcohol effects on the aggressive behaviour of squirrel monkeys and mice are
modulated by testosterone
J.T.Winslow, J.F.DeBold and K.A.Miczek 223
PSYCHOPHARMACOLOGICAL STUDIES OF HUMAN AGGRESSION
Psychopharmacology of human aggression: laboratory studies
D.R.Cherek and J.L.Steinberg 245
Psychopharmacology of aggression in humans
M.H.Sheard 257
Index 267
IX
CONTRIBUTORS
Berger, Barry D.
Department of Psychology, University of Haifa, Haifa 31999, Israel
Co-author: Richard Schuster
Blanchard, Robert J.
Department of Psychology, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, HI 96844,
U.S.A.
Co-author: D. Caroline Blanchard
Brain, Paul F.
Biomedical and Physiological Research Group, Biological Sciences,
University College of Swansea, Swansea, SA2 8PP, United Kingdom
Co-authors: Jamaan S. Ajarem and Vesselin V. Petkov
Cherek, Don R.
Department of Psychiatry, Louisiana State University, School of
Medicine, Shreveport, LA 71115, U.S.A.
Co-author: Joel L. Steinberg
Dantzer, Robert
INRA-INSERM U259, Rue Camille St.Saens, 33077 Bordeaux Cedex, France
Dixon, A. Keith
Sandoz Research Institute Berne Ltd., Postbox 2173, 3001 Berne,
Switzerland
Co-author: Hans-Peter Kaesermann
Kruk, M.R.
Ethopharmacology Group, Dept. of Pharmacology, Sylvius Laboratories,
Leiden University, Wassenaarseweg 72, 2333 AL Leiden, The Netherlands
Co-authors: A.M. Van der Poel, J.H.C.M. Lammers, Th. Hagg,
A.M.D.M. De Hey and S. Oostwegel
McGuire, Michael T.
Department of Psychiatry-Biobehavioral Sciences School of Medicine,
University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90024, U.S.A.
Co-author: Michael J. Raleigh
Mos, Jan
Dept. of Pharmacology, Duphar B.V., P.O. Box 2, 1380 AA Weesp, The
Netherlands
Co-author: Berend Olivier
Olivier, Berend
Dept. of Pharmacology, Duphar B.V., P.O. Box 2, 1380 AA Weesp, The
Netherlands
Co-authors: Jan Mos, Jan van der Heyden, Jacques Schipper, Martin Tulp,
Bas Berkelmans and Paul Bevan
x
Panksepp, Jaak
Department of Psychology, Bowling Green State University, Bowling
Green, OH 43403, U.S.A.
Co-authors: Larry Normansell, James F. Cox, Loring J. Crepeau and
David S. Sacks
Poshivalov, Vladimir P.
Division of Pharmacology, Pavlov Medical Institute, Leningrad 197089,
U.S.S.R.
"Rodgers, R. John
Pharmacoethology Laboratory, School of Psychology, University of
Bradford, Bradford BD7 IDP, United Kingdom
Co-author: Jill I. Randall
Sheard, Michael H.
Department of Psychiatry, Yale University Medical School, New Haven, C1
06508, U.S.A.
Winslow, James T.
Department of Psychology, Tufts University, Medford, MA 02155, U.S.A.
Co-authors: Joseph F. DeBold and Klaus A. Miczek
Yoshimura, H.
Department of Pharmacology, Ehime University School of Medicine, Ehime
791-802, Japan
FRUSTRATION, AGGRESSION AND DRUGS
Robert Dantzer. INRA~INSERM U259, Rue Camille St-Saens, 33077 Bordeaux
Cedex, France.
INTRODUCTION
Frustration is a hypothetical central state elicited by the om1SS10n of an
expected reward or an inability to reach a desired goal because of some physical or
psychological obstacle in the environment. It is generally believed that frustration
leads to violence. For example, if my dog tries to bite me when I attempt to
remove its food, one may assume that it is frustrated. In the same manner, a
common theme in the media is that the present rebellion in South Africa townships
finds its roots in frustration engendered by many years of apartheid.
The concept of a causal relationship between frustration and aggression was
formalized in a very influential book written by Dollard, Doob, Miller, Mowrer and
Sears in 1939. This concept inspired an extensive series of studies conducted mainly
during the sixties and the early seventies and aimed at assessing aggressive
responses toward conspecifics or inanimate objects in animals placed in frustrating
situations. The lack at the time of accurate and objective measurement of
aggressive behaviour and the apparent ease with which aggression could be elicited
and quantified in frustrated animals prompted the use of frustration-induced
aggression as a baseline for studying the effects of drugs on aggression.
Most of the findings obtained in studies of frustration-induced aggression
appear g priori to support the concept of a causal relationship between frustration
and aggression. However, the question of the specificity of the aggressive response
observed in frustrated animals and the mechanisms by which frustration leads to
aggression have rarely been addressed. Nor has there been an attempt to
systematically assess the mechanisms by which drugs affect frustration-induced
aggression. In particular, it is unknown whether drugs that modify
frustration-induced aggression do so because of their effects on frustration, on
aggression or on other processes involved in the appearance and development of
frustration-induced aggression.
The aim of the present paper rather than reviewing the literature on the many
different facets of frustration-induced aggression in animals and human beings, is
to determine the extent to which aggression is elicited by frustration and to
critically examine how the effects of drugs on frustration-induced aggression can
be interpreted.
FRUSTRATION AND AGGRESSION
Methodological aSpects
There are several ways of inducing frustration. A common technique is -to
subject animals, previously trained to obtain food by giving an appropriate response
(e.g., pressing a lever in a Skinner box or running down an alley), to an extinction
session during which the food reward is not presented. Another technique is to use
schedules of food reinforcement requiring many responses including periods of
non-reinforcement for responding (time-out procedures), intermittent schedules of
Description:. Aggression research is in a rapid state of development. The accelerating knowledge of neurotransmitter systems in the brain, their behavioural functions and the development of drugs which may specifically affect systems related to attack and defence is fruitfully combined with studies in which bas
