Ethnomedicinal plants used to treat human ailments in the prehistoric place of Harla and Dengego ...

17 Pages·2014·0.72 MB·English

BelaynehandBussaJournalofEthnobiologyandEthnomedicine2014,10:18
http://www.ethnobiomed.com/content/10/1/18 JOURNAL OF ETHNOBIOLOGY
AND ETHNOMEDICINE
RESEARCH Open Access
Ethnomedicinal plants used to treat human
ailments in the prehistoric place of Harla and
Dengego valleys, eastern Ethiopia
Anteneh Belayneh1* and Negussie F Bussa2
Abstract
Background: Traditional medicines remained as the mostaffordableand easily accessible source oftreatmentin
theprimary health care system among diverse communities inEthiopia. The Oromo communityliving inthe
prehistoric Harla and Dengego valleys has long history ofethnomedicinal know-how and practice against human
and livestock ailments. However, this rich ethnomedicinal knowledge had been remained unexplored hitherto.
Thisstudy focus on thecomprehensive ethnomedicinal investigation inan attemptto safeguard thedeteriorating
ethnomedicinal knowledge that can be used as a steppingstone for phytochemical and pharmacologicalanalysis.
Methods: Fifty five (44 male and 11 female) systematicallyselected informants including tentraditionalherbalists
(key informants) were participated inthe study. Semi-structured interviews,discussions and guided fieldwalk
constituted thedata collection methods. Factor ofinformant consensus (Fic),frequency ofcitation (F%),and
binomial testwere employed in data analysis. Medicinal plant specimens were collected, identified and kept at
Herbarium of Haramaya University (HHU).
Results: A total of 83 traditional medicinal plant species against human ailments in70 genera and 40 Families
were recorded.Twelve medicinal plants were marketableinopen market placesof thenearby towns. Formulations
recorded added to 140remedies for 81 human ailments. Concoction accounts50.7% of thetotal preparations
followed by fluids extraction (10.7%) and infusion (6.4%).Fifteen different plant parts were used for remedies
preparation whereinleaves accounted 46.4%, stem9.2%, fruits and roots each 7.8%.Most oftheremedies (90.7%)
were prepared from single plant specieslike, aphrodisiac fresh rhizome of Kleinia abyssinica(A. Rich.) A.Berger
chewed and swallowed few hours before sexual performance for a man having problem of erectile dysfunction.
The Fic value ranges between 1.0(gastritis and heartburn/pyrosis) and 0.77 (swollen body part). Aloe harlana
Reynolds was reported to be used for thehighest number of ailments treatingswollen body partlocally called
GOFLA, colon cleaner, snake bite,liver swelling, spleen swelling/splenomegaly, fungal infections and inflammation
ofskin.
Conclusion: Suchdocumentation of comprehensive ethnomedicinal knowledge is very valuable and needs to
be scaled-up so that it could be followed upwith phytochemical and pharmacological analyses inorder to give
scientific ground to theethnomedicinal knowledge.
Keywords: Dengego valley, Eastern Ethiopia, Ethnomedicinal knowledge, Harla, Traditional medicinalplants
*Correspondence:[email protected]
1DepartmentofBiology,CollegeofNaturalandComputationalSciences,
HaramayaUniversity,P.O.Box282,Haramaya,Ethiopia
Fulllistofauthorinformationisavailableattheendofthearticle
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Background traditional medicinal plants which are marketable in
Knowledge of the medicinal plants of Ethiopia and their Dire Dawa are coming from these study areas (Harla
uses provide wide and vital contribution to human and and Dengego valleys and the entire catchments of Dire
livestock healthcare needs throughout the country [1-5]. Dawa). In addition, given the diversity of plant species
These wide and vital uses of traditional medicine in the in the Dengego Mountains and valley complex, and the
country could be attributed to cultural diversity and ac- ancient history and civilization of the vanished Harla
ceptability, psychological comfort, economic affordability, Kingdom, the share of medicinal plants and the value
and perceived efficacy against certain type of diseases as of the associated indigenous knowledge of the current
compared to modern medicines [6,7]. In Ethiopia, about Oromo communities of the area, who might be descen-
80%ofthehumanpopulationand90%oflivestockissaid dents of the lost Harla people, is expected to be high.
to be dependent on traditional medicine for primary However, except few archaeological studies [23,37],
healthcare services and most of this comes from plants this prehistoric place and people, Dire Dawa and entire
[8,9]. That is why there are considerable number of re- Dengego mountain and valley complex are ethnobotani-
search works on the various aspects on traditional medi- cally unexplored and there is no comprehensive account
cinal plants [2,5-7,9-17] even some weredeveloped tothe of the traditional medicinal practices. Therefore, the ob-
pharmaceutical industries like, Phytolacca dodecandra jectives of this study were to (1) assess, identify and
L’Herit. [18,19]. However, many more medicinal plants of document the traditional medicinal plant species poten-
Ethiopia which are found in lesser studied areas still an- tial; (2) investigate comprehensive information on asso-
ticipatescientificstudies. ciated indigenous knowledge of medicinal plants; (3)
The reviewed literatures show that studies on medi- generate baseline ethnomedicinal information on medi-
cinal plants of Ethiopia have so far concentrated in the cinal plants for humanailments for further investigation.
south, southwest, central, north and north-western parts Thus,theoutputofthis studycan beusedasa stepping-
of the country [2,5-7,9-13,15,16,20-33]. There were little stoneforconservationofmedicinalplantspecies,preser-
data that quantitatively assess the resource potential, in- vation of ethnomedicinal knowledge, and phytochemical
digenous knowledge on the use and management of me- andpharmacological analysis.
dicinal plant species from eastern Ethiopia [34,35] as
wellasnonearethere from thepresent studyarea. Methods
The Oromo people who currently inhabit the prehis- Studyarea
toric Harla and the entire catchments might be the de- ThestudyareacoversHarlauptoBiyoAwaleandDengego
scendents of the former Harla people of the Harla Mountains and Valleys complex which is found under
kingdomwhichhadbeenruledbetween13thto16thcen- Dire Dawa administrative council. It extends 5 to 25 kms
turies (Patacini D, Berehanu K: Notes on Harla: a pre- distance SE of Dire Dawa town in eastern Ethiopia which
liminary report, Unpublished). They are expected to be is located at 515 kms east of Addis Ababa and 311kms
the guardians of valuable indigenous knowledge on the westofDjibouti.
use of traditional medicinal plants of their surroundings, This area is delimited with coordinates of 9°27′ and 9°
which they use for treating human and livestock ail- 39′N latitude and 41°38′ and 42°20′E longitude. Its ele-
ments. Scientific investigations indicated that there is an vation ranges between 950–2260 meters a.s.l. (Figure 1).
endemic plant species named after this prehistoric place The physiographic feature includes mountain ranges,
called Aloe harlana Reynolds [36] due to its availability hills, valleys, river terraces and flat plains. The geology
only in Harla locality. It has been traditionally used by of the area consists of precambrian metamorphic rocks
the Oromo people in Harla for the treatment of various (Gneisses, pegmatites and diorites), mesozoic sediment-
infectious and inflammatory diseases [17]. The latex and ary rocks (Adigrat sandstone, Hamanlei limestone and
isolatedcompoundsofA.harlanapossesspromisinganti- Amba Aradam sandstone), Tertiary volcanic (basalts)
microbial activity particularly against the Gram-negative and quaternary sediments (alluvial sediments, travertine
bacterialstrainssuchas Escherichia coli, Salmonellatyphi andriver sanddeposits)[38].
and Vibrio cholerae [17]. Unpublished documents sug- Themean annualtemperatureis about 22.8°C,ranging
gested that there are many more potential medicinal from a mean minimum of 16.2°C to mean maximum of
plants in this unique geographic setting and complex 30.4°C. May to June are the hottest months of the area;
landscapeareas. whereas, November to January are the coldest months.
Even one of the translations of the eastern port town The mean annual rainfall in the surrounding areas
of Ethiopia known as Dire Dawa is “plain of medicine” ranges from about 1,000 mm on the south to about 500
in Oromo language. Dire Dawa is only 15 kms far from to 600 mm in the north lowland. Almost all of the
Harla and this study also covers 5 to 25 kms distant catchments receive less than 900 mm year-1 of rainfall.
areas from this village believing that most of the Rainfall is bimodal, occurring from February to April
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Figure1MapofstudyareaindicatingtheprehistoricHarlawithneighbouringkebelesandDengegomountains/valleyscomplex.
(shortrainyseason)andJunetoSeptember(longrainysea- mention many references in this study except for a few
son). The mean annual runoff values estimated for differ- indicated issues that may attract field professionals for
entwatershedsrangesfrom12.4Mm3to100.13Mm3[39]. future investigations. Of course, there are certain arch-
The human population of the rural area is about 125, aeological findings collected by different social anthro-
800 (Male 63,000 and 62,800 female) in which the liveli- pologists and archaeologists that are kept for visitors in
hooddependsmainlyonsmallholderagricultureandlive- the small museum at the centre of Harla village. Arch-
stockproduction[38].Thevegetationoftheareaincludes aeological findings and collections of the site include
fewgrasslandsandwoodlands,scrublandandbushlands coins written in Arabic and Chinese, pieces of glasses,
dominated by species like Acacia brevispica Harms, A. ornaments, tools for knitting, pottery fragments and a
bussei Harms ex Sjostedt, A. etbaica Schweinf, A. seyal stone moon calendar with two geographical coordinates,
Del., Aloe megalacantha Baker, A. harlana Reynolds, etc. which are available in some homes of the residents
Balanites aegyptiaca (L.) Del. Euclea racemosa Murr., and in the small museum at the centre of Harla village
EuphorbiabergeriM.Gilbert,FicussalicifoliaVahl.Opuntia (Pers.observation).
ficus-indica(L.)Miller,andO.strictaHaworth.
Harla is probably a 13th Cvillage.As the finding ofthe Datacollectionmethods
site indicated, it has a long time commercial link with Participatory Rural Appraisal (PRA) techniques were
the middle and Far East through the port of Zeila be- employed to collect data, as recommended by Martin
tween 13th and 16th C (Patacini D, Berehanu K: Notes [40]andCunningham[41].Employingthismethodology,
on Harla: a preliminary report, Unpublished). The whole an ethnobotanical data were collected in two different
village was buried beneath the surface and covered with rounds, from October to December 2012 and May 2013
ashes and pumice. The current Harla is built on top of from six sampling sites which were identified from the
the old one. The current inhabitants use ready rectangu- study areas namely Biyo Harla, Gende Biyo, Mudi Adi,
lar stone blocks from the old village, which they have Tabiya, Menchitu and Biyo Awale. The first three sites
uncoveredwhile diggingbelow the surface,to build their were villages in Harla kebele and the other three sites
homes,fences,andfarm landterraces (Pers.Observation were purposively selected as neighbouring kebeles (the
andcommunication). smallest political administrative unit in Ethiopia) of
There are very limited written documents on the his- the prehistoric Harla to represent Dengego valley com-
tory of the Harla kingdom. Due to limitation of pub- plex. Ethnobotanical information was collected from 55
lished works on the prehistoric Harla, we are unable to informants (44 male and 11 female). Among the 55
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informants, 10 key informants (traditional healers) were with their Family and genus distribution;growth habit in
selected with the assistance of community leaders, eld- percentage; part used versus number of remedies pre-
erly people and members of the local community. Pur- pared; number of human ailments treated; methods of
posive sampling technique was used for selecting key preparation, and route of administration were all ana-
informants (all were male and above 55 age) while lyzed using both qualitative and quantitative methods
stratified random sampling was employed to select following Martin [40] and Cotton [42]. The informant
others (34 male and 11 female). Households of selected consensus factor (Fic) of each medicinal plant, the pro-
study sites were registered and stratified into three age portion of informants who independently reported its
groups. Then fifteen informants were randomly se- useagainstaparticular disease/disease category,wascal-
lected from each stratum (age group) to see how the culated using the formula: Fic=n –n/n –1 [43,44],
ur t ur
knowledge varies with age. The three age groups were where, n is the “number of use-reports” in each disease
ur
young (25–40), adult (41–60) and elderly (above 60). category and n is the “number of taxa used”. The Fic
t
Before carrying out the interviews and group discus- values range from 0 to 1, with high values (i.e. close and
sions, a traditional ceremonial and blessing of the equal to 1) indicating that relatively few plants are used
Oromo culture conducted and an oral Prior Informed by a large proportion of informants, while low values
Consent (PIC) was confirmed from every respondent. (<0.5) indicate that informants do not agree on the plant
Furthermore, participants collectively endorsed the re- species tobeusedtotreat acategory ofailments.
search by giving oral blessings in their usual traditional Frequency of citation (F) of each medicinal plant spe-
style. Semi-structured interviews with 55 informants and cies wascalculated usingtheformula:
group discussions (total of 9 groups discussed with aver-
age members of 11 per group) were administered in the F ð%Þ¼No:of informantswhocitesthespecies=
local language (Afan Oromo) to collect basic informa- TotalNo:of informants(cid:2)100:
tion on the local name(s) and traditional description of
the medicinal plant species, diseases treated or con- Binomial test was run in SPSS 18.0 to evaluate the
trolled, parts used, conditions and method of prepara- depth of knowledge with age categories in which pair
tions, routes of remedial administration, dosages used, wise age category test was considered and for compari-
major drawbacks, and locally marketable medicinal son of gender wise depth of knowledge. P-value of less
plants. Besides, practical observation sessions in prepar- than 0.05 was taken as statistically significant difference.
ation of remedies and some observation of traditional MSExcelSpreadsheet wasusedtogenerate bar graphs.
treatment given to the patients by traditional healers
were conducted. In addition, guided field walks with key Results and discussion
informants were employed to collect voucher specimens Medicinalplantspeciesrichnessandpartusedfor
of each medicinal plant species with additional notes. remedialpreparations
Photographic cameras were used for graphic documen- This study revealed that the prehistoric Harla and Den-
tation. Additional interviews with key informants were gego Mountains and Valleys complex harbour about 83
carried out in the field in order to avoid the risk of con- traditional medicinal plant species against 81 human ail-
fusing identity of plant species by repeated inquiries. ments which are distributed across 70 genera and 40
Thiswas done for at least three times with the same and Families (Table 1). About 57.8% of these traditional me-
different informants so as to confirm the validity and re- dicinal plant species belong to ten Families. Asteraceae
liability of the recorded information. Specimens were had the largest number of plant species (10, 12%),
collected and numbered on the spot, later identified followed by Fabaceae (8, 9.6%), Euphorbiaceae (6, 7.2%)
using taxonomic keys in the relevant volumes of the and Cucurbitaceae (5, 6%). Aloaceae and Lamiaceae had
Flora ofEthiopia andEritrea andthroughvisual compar- each 4 plant species, Asclepiadaceae, Boraginaceae and
isons with authenticated plant specimens kept at the Capparidaceae each has 3 species, and Apocynaceae has
HerbariumofHaramayaUniversity(HHU)wherevoucher 2 species. About 71% of these medicinal plant species
specimens of the medicinal plants were deposited. The were reported by different authors who conducted re-
authentication of identified plant species was done by a searches on traditional medicinal plants in the different
renowned plant taxonomist, Mr. Melaku Wondafrash parts of Ethiopia [4-7,9-13,15,16,21,22,24,25,27-32,34,45]
(NationalHerbariumofAddisAbabaUniversity). whereinabout44%ofthemwerereportedforsimilarail-
ments. The number of medicinal plant species reported
Dataanalysis in this study is considerable, though application of long-
The data were filled in Excel sheet in a way that makes term participant observation techniques could add more
the analysis very suitable. Total number of traditional medicinal plant species to the present list, given the flor-
medicinal plant species used for human ailments along istic richness and the strongly plant-based bio-cultural
Table1ListoftraditionalmedicinalplantspeciesusedtotreathumanailmentsintheprehistoricHarlaandDengegovalleys httpBela
VNoou.cher Scientificname Family Vernacularname Habit Diseasetreated PU Methodofpreparation&partadministered ://wwyneh
wa
AHU167 A(Hbouctihlosnt.)bAid.eRnictaht.um Malvaceae MukaAdi HA RHheaddisaecahsee LL BDoeicleodctiinonHtOaJkAenanodraslleyrvedlikeatea .ethnndBu
os
bs
Mineraldeficiencyinchildren L Infusiontakenoral ioa
mJo
AHU212 Acacianilotica(L.) Fabaceae Serkema T Badbreath/halitosis B Chewandspit ed.curna
Willd.exDel. omlo
/cfE
AHU197 FAocarslyskp.hafruticosa Euphorbiaceae Dhirii Sh KHiedanretydiisnefeacsetion/Nephropathy LL DDeeccooccttiioonniissttaakkeennoorraall ontenthnob
AHU171 Acanthospermum Asteraceae KumutuAdi HA Itchingskin Ap Concoctionisdrenched t/10/1iology
hispidumDC. /18an
d
AHU33 Acokantheraschimperi Appocynaceae Qarari Sh Tonsillitis St,L Concocted,garglingandrinsingthethroat E
th
n
(A.DC.)Schweinf. Malaria Ap Dried&smokeisusedasmosquitorepellent o
m
AHU117 *AloeharlanaReynolds Aloaceae Hargesa Sh Snakebite,liverswelling&spleen L Crushedandfiltratetakenoralinallcases ed
swelling/Splenomegaly icin
e
Coloncleaner Sa Crystallized,powderedandjuicetakenoral 2
0
1
Skinfungus,hairfungus&skin J,L Concoctedtogetherandusedasointmentand 4,
1
inflammation washthehair 0
Sa,J :1
8
AHU161 *AloemcloughliniiChris. Aloaceae Hargesa Sh Eyeinfections Sa Extractthesapanddropintheeye
AHU162 AloemegalacanthaBaker Aloaceae HargesaGuracha Sh Coloncleaner J,Sa Crystallized&Juicemade/SIBRI,takenoral
AHU160 Aloeretrospiciens Aloaceae HargesaAdi Sh Coloncleaner J,Sa Crystallized&Juicemade/SIBRI,takenoral
Reynolds&Bally
AHU153 AsparagusafricanusLam. Asparagaceae HidaSere Sh Swellingandinfectiononthehead L Crushedandputonhotplateandappliedon
(KOROKOR) theheadwhilewarm
AHU201 AsparagusracemosusWilld. Asparagaceae HidaSeroGuracha Sh Bodyburningfeelingandmentally Br Concoctedandtakenoralanddrenched
disturbed
Itchingthewholeskin R Crushedandthefiltrateisdrenched
AHU213 AzadirachtaindicaA.Juss. Meliaceae Kinina T Malaria S,L Mixtureofleafinfusionandoilextractedfrom
seedtakenoral
Intestinalparasites S,L Mixtureofleafinfusionandoilextractedfrom
seedtakenoralasanthelmintics
AHU207 BidenspilosaL. Asteraceae Xiye HA Difficultyofbloodclotting St,L Crushedandbandagedonbleedingpart
AHU112 CadabarotundifoliaForssk. Capparidaceae Delensisa Sh Extendedflowofmenstruation/ B,L ConcoctedtogetherwithWithaniasomniferaand
Menometrorrhagia acupoffiltrateistakenoral Pa
g
e
5
o
f
1
7
Table1ListoftraditionalmedicinalplantspeciesusedtotreathumanailmentsintheprehistoricHarlaandDengegovalleys(Continued) hB
ttpela
AHU178 Cadiapurpurea(Picc.)Ait. Fabaceae Cheeka Sh Gastritis N Collectfromtheflowerandtakenoral ://wyne
wh
Heartburn/Pyrosis N Suckedfromflowerandusedascarminative wa
AHU146 CapparistomentosaLam. Capparidaceae Gemora CP Nippleporesremainclosedafterbirth R,L nCiopnpcleocptioornestakenoraltofacilitateopeningof .ethnondBus
bs
AHU111 CarallumaspeciosaN.E.Br. Asclepiadaceae Ya’iiBera HP Skincyst&tumourlocallyknownas St CrushedwithGloriosasuperbaandputon iomaJo
KELEDO thetumour eu
d.crna
Gangrene St PowderedwithGloriosasuperbaandturtle ol
mo
bonethenputonthestartingpoint /cfE
Swollenbodypart-GOFLA St Crushedandbandageonswollenpart ontethno
nb
AWnotuinpdoison SSaa DSailputeexdtrsaacptetdakaenndoursaelldyasointment t/10/1iology
Itchingskin Sa Sapextractedandusedasointment /18and
E
AHU154 CarissaspinarumL. Apocynaceae Agamsa Sh Prematureejaculation F Decoctionofunripenedfruitisservedasa th
n
teaandwashthebodywiththeinfusion o
m
AHU199 CissampelosmucronataA.Rich. Menispermaceae Bal-Toke CP SuddenillnesslocallycalledDINGETEGNA R Chew&swallowtostopsuddenvomiting, ed
abdominalpainanddiscomfort icin
e
AHU204 Cocciniasp.Burger Cucurbitaceae Hanchota CH Kidneydisease Tu Infusiontakenoral 20
1
4
AHU214 CommelinastephaninianaChiov. Commelinaceae Holagebis HA Skinfungusaroundtheneckandface Sa Extractcreamysapanduseasanointment ,
1
0
AHU187 CommicarpussinuatusMeikle Nyctaginaceae Kontom HP Gonorrhoea L ConcoctionwithleafandfruitofCucumis :1
8
dipsaceusandtakenoral
Skinfungusaroundtheneckandface L Leafpastemixedwithoilandusedasointment
AHU184 CraterostigmaplantagineumHochst. Scrophulariaceae RobaEnjire HA Liverdisease R,L Concoctiontakenoral
Diarrhoea R,L Concoctiontakenoral
AHU158 CrotonmacrostachyusDel. Euphorbiaceae Bekenisa T Liverdisease/Jaundice B ConcoctedwithbarkofTerminaliabrownii
anddrinkacupofinfusion
AHU108 CucumisdipsaceusEhrenb.ex Cucurbitaceae HareGoge CH Gonorrhoea F,L ConcoctedwithCommicarpussinuatusleafand
Spach takenoral
Urinaryretention/Ischuria L Crushedandfiltratetakenoral
Skinfungus F Rubtheaffectedpartwithwarmfruit
AHU108B CucumisficifoliusA.Rich. Cucurbitaceae HareGoge CH Swellingduetopoisonousthorn F Putonhotplateandbandageontheswollen
partwhilewarm
AHU217 CucumisprophetarumL. Cucurbitaceae Hidi CA WoundandSwollenbodypart F Makeitwarmandbandageonwound/swollen
partwhilewarmth
AHU114 CynoglossumcoeruleumHochst.ex Boraginaceae MexeneTiro HA Kwashiorkor Ap ConcoctedwithVerbascumsinaiticumandtaken
A.DC. oral P
a
g
e
6
o
f
1
7
Table1ListoftraditionalmedicinalplantspeciesusedtotreathumanailmentsintheprehistoricHarlaandDengegovalleys(Continued) hB
ttpela
AHU149 DaturastramoniumL. Solanaceae Qamaxari HA Earinfections/Otitisexterna&media F,L Dried,groundtogetherandmixwithoiland ://wyne
dropintheear wh
wa
AHU159 DodonaeaangustifoliaL.f. Sapindaceae Edecha Sh WHaoirrmfusncgruesatSewdeilnlintgheantodobthurgsutimng LF DBoriieledd,paonwddpeurtedonanthdemgiuxmedawreitahoilandused .ethnondBus
onthehead(KOROKOR) asanointment biosa
mJo
Malaria F Freshfruitsareeaten eu
d.crna
Intestinalparasite L Freshleafextracttakenoralasanthelmintics ol
mo
AHU164 EchidnopsisdammannianaSpren. Asclepiadaceae MukaMesqa HA Snakebitepoison St Crushedandtieonthesnakebite /cfE
AHU209 EchinopsmacrochaetusFresen. Asteraceae QoreHare HA Toothache R Crushedandputonthepainfulteeth ontethno
nb
AHU196 EProialhnitllhemumaethiopicumWiens& Loranthaceae DigeloSerkema E Breastswelling/Mastitis St,L Concoctiontakenoral t/10/1iology
AHU192 ErucastrumarabicumFisch.&Mey. Brassicaceae RafuShimbiro HA Skinfungusaroundtheneckandface P,S Dried,powdered,mixwithoilanduseasan /18and
ointment E
th
n
AHU118 EuclearacemosaMurr.subsp. Ebenaceae Miesa Sh Snakebitepoison L CrushedwithAloesp.andfiltratetakenoral o
m
schimperi Liverswelling L CrushedwithAloesp.andfiltratetakenoral ed
ic
Spleenswelling/Splenomegaly L CrushedwithAloesp.andfiltratetakenoral ine
2
AHU163 EulophiapetersiiRchb.f Orchidaceae ShunkurtaGara, HA Swollenbodypart-GOFLA Bu Cookedbulbeaten 01
4
Ejiji ,
Abdominalpain/KURTET Bu Soupmadefrombulbtakenoral 1
0
:1
AHU110 GloriosasuperbaL. Colchicaceae HarmelKubra Sh Toothache L Crushedleafappliedonpainfulteeth 8
Epilepsy L Crushedleaffiltratetakenoral
Skincyst&tumour/KELEDO L Crushedleafisbandageontumour/cyst
Gallstone L Immersedinwaterandinfusiontakenoral
Gangrene L CrushedwithsucculentCarallumaspeciosaand
tieonthestartingpoint
AHU126 *GomphocarpuspurpurascensA. Asclepiadaceae Ari-Yuyo HA Itchingskin L Roastedandpowderedleafismixedwithoil&
Rich. usedasointment
Evileye L AcupofInfusiontakenoral&smokebathwith
dryleaf
AHU145 GossypiumhirsutumL. Malvaceae JibriBoke Sh Smallswellingwithoozingpusinthe L ConcoctedwithAcokantheraschimperiand
vagina/Vaginitis KURUNFUDandwashtheaffectedpart
AHU177 GrewiabicolorJuss. Tiliaceae Deka Sh Smallswellingwithoozingpus/skinulcer L Crushedleafinbandageonit
Epidermaldrying L Extractisappliedonskinasemollients
Badbreath(Halitosis) St Usedasatoothbrush
AHU144 HeliotropiumaegyptiacumLehm. Boraginaceae HarmaDeysa HA Leechattachedonthroat L Crushedandfiltrateisusedforgarglingthe P
a
throat g
e
7
o
f
1
7
Table1ListoftraditionalmedicinalplantspeciesusedtotreathumanailmentsintheprehistoricHarlaandDengegovalleys(Continued) hB
ttpela
AHU166 HeliotropiumsteudneriVatke Boraginaceae MukaMichii HA MICH L Crushedandfiltrateisdrenched ://wyne
wh
Skinfungus L Freshleafrubbedonaffectedpart wa
AHU169 ISnpdaigchoferaamorphoidesJaub.& Fabaceae MukaAdi HP Heartdisease Ap Decoctiontakenoral .ethnondBus
bs
AHU176 Indigoferasp. Fabaceae MukaAroo HA Herpeszoster L Dried,powdered,roastedandmixedwithoilto iomaJo
beusedasointment eu
d.crna
AHU174 *IndigoferaellenbeckiiBak.f. Fabaceae War HP Mouthinfection L Crushedleaffiltrateisusedtowashmouth ol
mo
AHU189 JasminumgrandiflorumL. Oleaceae Bilu Sh Chappedlips L Pasteoffreshleafusedasemollientonlips /cfE
Toothguminfection/Gingivitis L Crushedandappliedontheguminthemouth ontethno
nb
AAHHUU125023 JKaatlraonpchhaoecumrcaarsmLo.rataBak. CEurapshsuolrabciaecaeeae CHhamopbheiteGuMrautliuk HShP ECyoensintifpeacttiioonn SSt EDxetcraocctteeddsaanpdisoiblyoiflleudid,ctoakoelendo&radlraosplpaxeadtive t/10/1/18iologyan
Earinfections/Otitis St Sapextracted,boiled,cooled&dropped d
E
th
Swellingwithpusduetospine St,L CrushedwithRicinuscommunisseedand n
o
bandageontoremovethepusandspine m
e
d
AHU200 Kleiniaabyssinica(A.Rich.)A.Berger Asteraceae Abrasha HA Sexualdysfunction Rh Aphrodisiacfreshrhizomeiseatenfewhours ic
beforesexualperformance ine
2
AHU202 Kleiniaodora(Forssk.)DC. Asteraceae Luko HP Nervecase L Oilyextractisboiled,mixedwithCadaba 01
4
rotundifoliaandusedtomassage ,
1
0
AHU205 Kleiniapendula(Forssk.)DC. Asteraceae Afrasha HP Swollenbodypart St Decoctionoffreshsucculentisbandagedon :1
8
swollenpartwhilewarm
AHU206 KleiniasquarrosaCufod. Asteraceae Luko Sh Intestinalparasite St Crushandtakenoralasanthelmintics
Swellingongumandtoothache St Usedastoothbrush
AHU195 Lagenariasiceraria(Molina)Standl. Cucurbitaceae Buqee CA Obstructedlabour/Dystocia L Crushedandfiltratetakenoralinatraditional
assisteddelivery
AHU173 LeucasminimifoliaChiov. Lamiaceae MukaAdi Sh Eyediseases L Crushedandfiltratedroppedintheeye
Closingoftheeyeinthemorning L Crushedandfiltratedroppedintheeye
speciallychildren
AHU175 *Leucasstachydiformis(Hochst.ex Lamiaceae MukaBofta HA Mouthinfection L Decoctiontakenoral
Benth.)Briq.
Noseinfection L Decoctiontakenoral
AHU150 LawsoniainermisL. Lytheraceae Hina Sh Infectionafterhaemorrhage&skin L Crushedfreshleafisappliedexternalas
tumourremoval antiseptic
L
Fever L Crushedandwashthehead
AHU148 MaeruatriphyllaA.Rich. Capparidaceae Qanqalcha Sh StomachGOFLA L Concoctedandtakenoral
AHU127 MelhaniazavattariiCufod. Sterculiaceae Mukabira Sh Kidneyinfection F,L Concoctiontakenoral P
a
g
AHU179 OcimumbasilicumL.var. Lamiaceae Rahan HP SIRKITA L Crushedandfiltratetakenoral e
thyrsiflorum(L.)Benth. 8
o
f
1
7
Table1ListoftraditionalmedicinalplantspeciesusedtotreathumanailmentsintheprehistoricHarlaandDengegovalleys(Continued) hB
ttpela
AHU140 OcimumlamiifoliumHochst.ex Lamiaceae Rahana,Riroo Sh MICH L Crushandsqueezethesolutiontodrench ://wyne
Benth. anddrinkateaspoonofitwithteaorcoffee wh
wa
Eyeinfection L dImilumteedrseinifnuswioanterandwashtheeyewith .ethnndBu
os
AHU215 Opuntiaficus-indica(L.)Miller Cactaceae Tini Sh Hairfungus J Extractedandwashthehair biosa
mJo
AHU210 OsyrisquadripartitaDecn. Santalaceae Wato Sh Malaria R,L Reddishinfusionresultedafter24hours eu
immersionistakenoral d.crna
ol
mo
AHU105 PhyllanthusmaderaspatensisL. Euphorbiaceae HarmelXixiqaa HA Heartdisease Ap Concoctedandtakenoral /cfE
AHU147 PlumbagozeylanicaL. Plumbaginaceae Merxes HA Lowlevelswellingunderskin R,L Decoctiontakenoral ontethno
nb
AHU216 PortulacaoleraceaL.subsp.oleracea Portulacaceae MerereHaree HA CCoonugsthipation LL CCooookkeeddaannddseeartveendaassaladxeamtivuelcveengteatgabenlet t/10/1iology
AHU142 Pouzolziaparasitica(Forssk.) Urticaceae Dirba HA Infertilityinfemale R,L Concoctiontakenoraltoincreasethe /18and
Schweinf. chanceoffertility E
th
n
AHU142 Pouzolziaparasitica(Forssk.) Urticaceae Dirba HA Diarrhoea Tu,L Crushedtogetherandinfusiontakenoral o
m
Schweinf. Haemorrhage L Washingofanalopeningwiththeinfusion ed
ic
Hairfungus Tu,L Concoctedtowashthehair ine
2
AHU151 Prunuspersica(L.)Batsch Rosaceae Kuki T Snakebitepoison L Crushedandfiltratetakenoral 01
4
,
Liverswelling L Infusiontakenoral 1
0
:1
Spleenswelling/Splenomegaly L Infusiontakenoral 8
AHU208 PunicagranatumL. Lythraceae Roman(Am) T Swollenbodypart/GOFLA F Decoctionserveslikeatea
AHU172 Pupalialappacea(L.)A.Juss. Amaranthaceae Metene HA Urinaryretention/Ischuria Ap Concoctiontakenoral
AHU194 Reichardiatingitana(L.)Roth Asteraceae WacharaHaree HA Liverdisease/swollenandcreatefluidsacs L Decoctionwithsugartakenlikeatea
AHU109 *RhynchosiaerlangeriHarms Fabaceae Harmel Sh Mentalproblem L Crushedleaffiltratetakenoral
Heartdisease L Concoctedmixwithhoneyandtakenoral
AHU119 RicinuscommunisL. Euphorbiaceae Qobo T Constipation S Extractedoiltakenasorallaxative
AHU182 SennaitalicaMill. Fabaceae Tenemeki HA Coloncleaner L ConcoctedwiththefruitofTamarindus
indicaandsugarandusedaslaxative
AHU181 SteganotaeniaaraliaceaHochst.ex Apiaceae Harfetu T Bodyburningfeelingandmentally L ConcoctedwithGrewiasp.andCissampelos
A.Rich. disturbed mucronataandtakenoral
AHU183 TamarindusindicaL. Fabaceae Roka T Coloncleaner F ConcoctedwithSennaitalicaandsugarand
usedaslaxative
AHU155 Terminaliabrownii\Fresen. Combretaceae Bireysa T Liverdisease/Jaundice B ConcoctedwithbarkofCrotonmacrostachyus
anddrinkacupofinfusion
AHU157 TragiaplukenetiiA.Rodel.-Smith Euphorbiaceae Dobi HA Nippleopeningremainclosedafterbirth R,L Concoctedandfiltrateistakenoral P
a
g
AHU185 TribulusterrestrisL. Zygophyllaceae QumutuGala HA Heartdisease Ap Concoctiontakenoral e
9
o
f
1
7
Table1ListoftraditionalmedicinalplantspeciesusedtotreathumanailmentsintheprehistoricHarlaandDengegovalleys(Continued) hB
ttpela
AHU143 VerbascumsinaiticumBenth. Scrophulariaceae Mukaloni,Gura Sh Kwashiorkor Ap ConcoctedwithCynoglossumcoeruleumand ://wyne
Haree takenoral wh
wa
AAHHUU114516 WVeirtnhoanniiaaasommygndifaerlaina(LD.)eDl.un.inDC. ASostlaenraacceeaaee EHbidicihBaude TSh LEixvteernddiesdeafsloe/wJaoufnmdiecenstruation/ BB,L CImomnceorcseteidntwogateetrhaenrdwidthrinCkatdhaebainfruostuionndifolia .ethnondBus
Menometrorrhagia &acupoffiltrateistakenoral biosa
mJo
Gallstone R,L Concoctiontakenoral eu
d.crna
Evileye Br Driedandsmokebath ol
mo
AHU188 Zinniaperuviana(L.)L. Asteraceae MukaIlili HA Depigmentationofsectionofskin/Vitiligo R,L Concoctedandappliedonaffectedpart /cfE
AHU104 Ziziphusspina-christi(L.)Desf. Rhaminaceae Kurkura T Haemorrhage L Crushedandbaththeanalopening ontethno
nb
HR-aroboitt:,SFh-f-rsuhirtu,Lb-,leTa-tfr,eSe-,seCeAd-,clTimu-btuebr/earn,nPu-Paol,dC,PR-hc-lirmhibzoerm/peearenndnNia-ln,eHcAta-hr.erb/annual,HP-herb/perennial,E-EpHipeahdytaec,hCeH–creeperherb,PartUsed(PU),AP-AlLlparts,B-bCaorkn,cBor-cbtreadncahneds,uBsue-Bdutlbo,wSta-ssthemth,eSah-seaapd,J-jel, t/10/1/18iologyand
*Endemicspecies. E
th
n
o
m
e
d
ic
in
e
2
0
1
4
,
1
0
:1
8
P
a
g
e
1
0
o
f
1
7