Table Of ContentEthnobotany
Ethnopharmacology to Bioactive
Compounds
Editors
José L. Martinez
Vicerrectory of Research, Development and Innovation
Universidad de Santiago de Chile
Santiago, Chile
Alfred Maroyi
Department of Botany, University of Fort Hare
Alice, South Africa
Marcelo L. Wagner
Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Universidad de Buenos Aires
Buenos Aires, Argentina
p,
p,
A SCIENCE PUBLISHERS BOOK
A SCIENCE PUBLISHERS BOOK
Cover credit:
Cover photograph reproduced by permission of Ignacio J. Agudelo, University of Buenos Aires,
Argentina.
First edition published 2023
by CRC Press
6000 Broken Sound Parkway NW, Suite 300, Boca Raton, FL 33487-2742
and by CRC Press
4 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon, OX14 4RN
© 2023 José L. Martinez, Alfred Maroyi and Marcelo L. Wagner
CRC Press is an imprint of Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
Reasonable efforts have been made to publish reliable data and information, but the author and
publisher cannot assume responsibility for the validity of all materials or the consequences of
their use. The authors and publishers have attempted to trace the copyright holders of all material
reproduced in this publication and apologize to copyright holders if permission to publish in this
form has not been obtained. If any copyright material has not been acknowledged please write and
let us know so we may rectify in any future reprint.
Except as permitted under U.S. Copyright Law, no part of this book may be reprinted, reproduced,
transmitted, or utilized in any form by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or
hereafter invented, including photocopying, microfilming, and recording, or in any information
storage or retrieval system, without written permission from the publishers.
For permission to photocopy or use material electronically from this work, access
www.copyright.com or contact the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc. (CCC), 222 Rosewood Drive,
Danvers, MA 01923, 978-750-8400. For works that are not available on CCC please contact
[email protected]
Trademark notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks and are
used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe.
Library of Congress Cataloging‑in‑Publication Data (applied for)
ISBN: 978-1-032-34814-8 (hbk)
ISBN: 978-1-032-34815-5 (pbk)
ISBN: 978-1-003-32396-9 (ebk)
DOI: 10.1201/9781003323969
Typeset in Times New Roman
by Radiant Productions
Preface
The development of natural products as pharmaceutical drugs and health products
has been established on the basis of therapeutic properties of traditional medicines.
Traditional medicines represent an important source of multi target therapeutics
involving bioactive compounds contained in plant extracts. These bioactive
compounds are responsible for biological activities associated with plant species used
as traditional medicines. The multiple bioactive compounds usually have additive,
antagonistic and synergistic effects. Currently, the screening of natural products such
as medicinal plants has become an effective method for rapid selection of bioactive
compounds with effective biological activities. Therefore, phytochemical research
based on ethnopharmacology is considered an effective approach in the discovery of
novel bioactive compounds with potential as drug leads and development process.
Plant extracts used in indigenous pharmacopoeia of many cultures for treating several
human and animal diseases represent a source of bioactive compounds required in
the pharmaceutical drug discovery process.
The therapeutic properties of bioactive compounds of medicinal plants still
continue to be the subject of many researches throughout the world. Hence, in
this book, an ethnobotanical review based on ethnopharmacology as an effective
approach in the discovery of novel bioactive compounds is presented. The chapters
are written by specialists from different countries with Chapter 1 focusing on
therapeutic and nutritional properties of some medicinal plants for use as animal feed.
Chapters 2 to 4 focus on ethnobotanical uses, health applications, mechanisms of
action, biological activities and clinical trials of resveratrol, coffee and antidiabetic
medicinal plants. Chapters 5 to 9 present the ethnobotany, phytochemistry and
pharmacological activities of crude extracts or bioactive compounds isolated from
members of the plant families Phytolaccaceae and Petiveriaceae, and species of
the genera such as Tabernaemontana, Tabernanthe, Huperzia, Alepidea and Salvia.
Chapter 10 deals with the molecular basis of the bioactive compound flavonoid from
the perspective of modern phytochemistry. This book, therefore, is an important
addition to the pharmaceutical literature as a single reference covering these essential
aspects of ethnobotany focusing on the ethnopharmacological approach and the
importance of bioactive compounds as potential pharmaceutical drug leads
José L. Martinez, Chile
Alfred Maroyi, South Africa
Marcelo L. Wagner, Argentina
Contents
Preface iii
1. Taking Advantage of the Therapeutic/Nutritional Properties of Some 1
Medicinal Plants for Use in Animal Feed
Amner Muñoz‑Acevedo, Cindy P. Guzmán, Nubellys M. Peralta,
María C. González and Martha Cervantes‑Díaz
2. Resveratrol: Perspectives from Ethnobotanical uses to 44
Health Applications
José L. Martinez, Onder Yumrutas, Maite Rodriguez, Miguel Rios,
Rao Zahid Abbas, Luisauris Jaimes and Ali Parlar
3. Coffee and Folk Medicine: Mechanisms and Activities 65
Filipe Kayodè Felisberto dos Santos, Ian Gardel Carvalho Barcellos Silva,
Arquimedes Lopes Nunes Filho and Valdir Florêncio da Veiga Júnior
4. Use of Antidiabetic Medicinal Plants with Ethnomedicinal 81
Information in Clinical Trials: Focus on Bioactive Compounds
Anuar Salazar‑Gómez, Candy Carranza‑Álvarez,
Fabiola Domínguez and Angel Josabad Alonso‑Castro
5. Phytolaccaceae and Petiveriaceae Ethnobotany and 101
Phytochemistry
Zilda Cristiani Gazim, Evellyn Claudia Wietzikoski Lovato,
Bárbara de Souza Arcanjo, Maria Graciela Iecher Faria Nunes,
Suelen Pereira Ruiz Herrig, Ana Daniela Lopes,
Carla Maria Mariano Fernandez, Giani Andrea Linde Colauto,
Nelson Barros Colauto and Juliana Silveira do Valle
6. Beyond Phytochemistry: Comparative Ethnobotany among 133
Oneirogenic Alkaloid Containing Tabernaemontana species from
Mexico and the Amazon and the African shrub Tabernanthe iboga
(Apocynaceae)
Felix Krengel, Ricardo Reyes‑Chilpa, Karla Paola García‑Cruz,
Olga Lucia Sanabria‑Diago, Willian Castillo‑Ordoñez and
Laura Cortés‑Zárraga
vi Ethnobotany: Ethnopharmacology to Bioactive Compounds
7. Phytochemistry and Bioactivity from Huperzias, used by Healers 159
from Saraguro Community, in the Southern Ecuadorian Andes
María‑Elena Cazar, Chabaco Armijos and Omar Malagón Avilés
8. The Genus Alepidea: A Review of its Medicinal Uses, 167
Phytochemistry and Pharmacological Activities
Alfred Maroyi, Ruvimbo Jessy Mapaya, Ahmad Cheikhyoussef and
Natascha Cheikhyoussef
9. Genus Salvia: Its Secondary Metabolites and Roles in the 191
Treatment of Common Cancer Types in Men and Women
Onder Yumrutas, José L. Martinez, Ali Parlar, Bernardo Morales,
Pınar Yumrutas and Luisauris Jaimes
10. Molecular Basis of Ethnobotany and the Quest for Flavonoids: 216
An Analytical Journey
Cecilia B. Dobrecky, Marcelo L. Wagner, Pablo A. Evelson
and Silvia E. Lucangioli
Index 239
Chapter 1
Taking Advantage of the
Therapeutic/Nutritional
Properties of Some
Medicinal Plants for Use in
Animal Feed
Amner Muñoz-Acevedo,1,* Cindy P. Guzmán,1 Nubellys M. Peralta,1
María C. González1 and Martha Cervantes-Díaz2
Introduction
The Farm Management and Production Economics Service of the FAO Department
of Agriculture is raising awareness of the role of wild/medicinal plants in many
developing countries in which the population bases its economy on agroforestry
practices/systems (combining agriculture and livestock, e.g., agrosilvipastoralism).
In those cases where the rural population of these countries depends to some extent on
livestock (it is considered as a source for social security and food) for their livelihood,
ca. 30–35% of losses occur in the animal husbandry sectors due to lack of good
sanitary/hygienic (diseases) and food/nutritional practices, as well as environmental
conditions (food shortage and lack of water resources) (Castañeda Sifuentes et al.
2014, Maurer and Schueckler 1999, Quansah and Makkar 2012, Russo et al. 2009).
Some of those wild plants from agropastoral farm households, in addition to
being used as medicine and food for humans, are also used as forage/fodder (growth
promoters) and medicine for animals (ethnoveterinary); and from the applications
1 Departamento de Química y Biología, Universidad del Norte, Barranquilla, Colombia.
2 Grupo Investigaciones Ambientales para el Desarrollo Sostenible, Facultad de Química Ambiental,
Universidad Santo Tomás, Bucaramanga, Colombia.
* Corresponding author: [email protected]
2 Ethnobotany: Ethnopharmacology to Bioactive Compounds
mentioned above, these have helped partly to solve the problem, reaching an
importance during the last decade, due to the discovery of some effective products
that are a cheaper, easier, and more sustainable alternative to synthetic drugs (Khan
et al. 2021, Konsala et al. 2013, Maurer and Schueckler 1999, Russo et al. 2009, Tipu
et al. 2006).
Consequently, the use of the resources and the biodiversity of the countries has
made it possible to find some plants that, based on their chemical compositions, could
be used as available/suitable sources of food (for man/animals) providing the basic
nutritional requirements, as well as being useful to alleviate/protect/prevent ailments/
diseases; these plants could act as growth and health promoters (de Medeiros et al.
2021, Hashemi and Davoodi 2011, Lachat et al. 2018).
Further than that, a variety of these herbs/spices/medicinal plants are generally
recognized as safe (GRAS) and could be suitable substitutes (natural origin)
for chemical additives (synthetic origin) in food due to the broad biological
properties (e.g., bactericidal/antifungal, antiviral, anti-inflammatory, antiparasitic,
immunostimulant, and preservative/antioxidant for food), which is advantageous for
those plants that can be used as food for both humans and animals because they
would act as nutraceuticals (Duke 2001, FDA 2020, Nieto 2020, Tipu et al. 2006,
Shikov et al. 2017).
On the other hand, medicinal food plants are defined as those food plants whose
consumed parts have therapeutic properties based on traditional medicine. In this
concept, it should be clarified that such foods not only serve to satisfy hunger and
provide essential macro-/micro-nutrients to the body, but also supply bioactive
ingredients that help reduce nutrition-related diseases and other ailments that ensure
physical well-being; the medicinal foods are consumed as part of the normal eating
pattern. Therefore, this type of food would cover both nutritional and health care
aspects, if they were used as animal feed (Awuchi 2019, Ramalingum and Fawzi
Mahomoodally 2014, Rivera et al. 2005, Xu et al. 2020).
If the review by Mayer et al. (2014) on the treatment of European organic
livestock (e.g., cattle, equine, pigs, poultry, rabbits) with medicinal plants as ethno
veterinary medicine is taken into account, the species belonging to the Asteraceae,
Fabaceae, and Lamiaceae families were the most important; some of these species
(e.g., Malva sylvestris, Urtica dioica, Olea europeae, Sambucus nigra) could be used
as antiparasitic and against gastrointestinal and dermatological disorders, as well as
immunostimulatory agents, and less consistent as treatments for illness of the genital
and respiratory tracts.
Finally, some examples of types of plants are Artocarpus altilis (fruits/leaves/
seeds), Azadirachta indica (whole plant), Manihot esculenta (leaves/roots), Prosopis
juliflora (fruits/leaves), which contained carbohydrates, proteins, fibers, and fat,
along with terpenoid, phenolic, flavonoid, and glycoside compounds; these chemical
components confer certain therapeutic properties or antinutritional factors to those
plants that would help or not to maintain the animal health.
Nutritional Benefits of Medicinal Plants Used for Animal Feed 3
Mining Text
In order to analyze and understand the scientific dynamic related to the nutritional and
therapeutic properties of some medicinal plants used for animal feed, the following
search equation was structured: (TITLE-ABS-KEY (“medicinal plant*” OR “Prosopis
juliflora” OR “Azadirachta indica” OR “Manihot esculenta” OR “Artocarpus
altilis”) AND TITLE-ABS-KEY (“Therapeutic propert*” OR “nutritional propert*”
OR “animal feed”)) AND DOCTYPE (ar) AND PUBYEAR > 2000). According to
this search 695 articles indexed in the Scopus database (Elsevier, BV, 2021) were
obtained. Then, the data were processed using VantagePoint text mining software
(academic version 12, Search Technology).
Figure 1 Displays the distribution of the number of scientific articles per year
(2000–2020 timeline) related to the subject under study. As a result, an exponential
growing trend could be seen during this period of time, where 2020 was the year with
the highest scientific activity (79 records); nonetheless, there was a drastic decrease
in the number of articles published in 2017.
Lastly, so far in 2021, 45 articles have already been listed in the Scopus database.
In addition, the data analysis by De Solla Price´s Law (De Solla Price 1963) showed
that the growth rate (percentage value per year) of publications associated to this
topic was 19.17%/year.
Additionally, the main areas of knowledge, in which the published articles on
the nutritional/therapeutic properties of medicinal plants used as animal feed fit,
were agricultural and biological sciences (339 registers), pharmacology, toxicology
and pharmaceutics (193 registers), biochemistry, genetics and molecular biology
(154 registers), medicine (132 registers) and veterinary (99 registers), among others.
If the major scientific journals of dissemination on the theme of interest are
considered, they were: Tropical Animal Health and Production (46 records), Journal
90 1000
y = 24.165e0.1764x
80 800 R² = 0.9676
600
70
400
mber of records 456000 2000 0 5 10 15 20
Nu
30
20
10
0
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020
Series1 12 15 7 6 13 14 13 10 18 24 29 40 40 44 47 48 67 32 42 58 82
Figure 1. Source: Bibliometry Unit-CRAI Library, Universidad Santo Tomás (Bucaramanga).
Calculations according to the Scopus information (Elsevier, B.V., 2021) processed with VantagePoint
software (version 12.0, Search Technology).
