Ethnicity and Causal Mechanisms (The Jacobs Foundation Series on Adolescence)

399 Pages·2005·1.68 MB·English

by  Marta Tienda

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EthnicityandCausalMechanisms
Research clearly indicates that ethnic groups differ significantly on
levelsofmentalandphysicalhealth,antisocialbehavior,andeduca-
tionalattainment.Thisbookexplainsthesevariationsamongethnic
groupswithrespecttotheirpsychologicalandsocialfunctioningand
testscompetinghypothesesaboutthemechanismsthatmightcause
thefunctioningtobebetter,worse,ordifferentinpatternfromother
groups. Attention is paid to educational attainments, antisocial be-
havior,schizophrenia,andsuicide,andtothecomplexandchanging
patternsofethnicidentity.Thebookalsofocusesonevidenceofrisk
andprotectivefactorsthatisusedsystematicallytoaskwhethersuch
factorsmightaccountforthedifferencesinbothmigrationhistories
and ethnic mixture. It concludes with a discussion of the multiple
meaningsofethnicity,themajorvariationsamongethnicgroups,and
thepolicyimplicationsofthefindingsdiscussedinthebook.
MichaelRutterisProfessorofDevelopmentalPsychopathologyatthe
InstituteofPsychiatry,King’sCollege,London.Hisresearchhasin-
cludedthegeneticsofautism,theeffectofearlyseveredeprivationon
RomanianorphansadoptedintoBritain,andthestudyofbothschool
and environmental influences on children’s behavior. He has pub-
lishedmorethan400scientificpapersandhaswrittenoreditednearly
40 books. These include Education, Health and Behaviour, Maternal
DeprivationReassessed,DevelopingMinds,andFifteenThousandHours:
SecondarySchoolsandTheirEffectsonChildren.
Marta Tienda is Maurice P. During ’22 Professor in Demographic
Studies and Professor of Sociology and Public Affairs at Princeton
University.Shehaswrittenandeditednumerouspapersandseveral
books about the demography of U.S. minority populations includ-
ingTheHispanicPopulationoftheUnitedStates,DividedOpportunities,
Hispanics and the U.S. Economy, and The Color of Opportunity. She is
pastpresidentofthePopulationAssociationofAmerica.
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TheJacobsFoundationSeriesonAdolescence
SeriesEditor:MichaelRutter
TheJacobsFoundationSeriesonAdolescenceaddressesthequestionofwhatcan
bedonetopromotehealthydevelopmentaroundtheworld.Itviewsthisimportant
questionfromdifferentdisciplinesinthesocialsciences.Economistsandsociol-
ogists may consider how we can promote human capital over time, specifically
an individual’s ability to become educated and to develop earning power; de-
mographersandsociologistsmayanalyzedevelopmentpatternsovergenerations;
psychiatrists and psychologists may tackle the problem of how much change is
possibleinpsychologicalhealthduringthelifecourseandovergenerations.
Drawing from these different domains of inquiry into human development,
the Jacobs Foundation Series on Adolescence examines the potential for change
across generations and during the life course in three areas: (1) human capital,
(2)partnershipbehavior,and(3)psychologicalhealthandtherearingofchildren.
ThepurposeoftheseriesistofurtherthegoalsoftheJacobsFoundation–tocon-
tributetothewelfareandsocialproductivityofthecurrentandfuturegenerations
ofyoungpeople.
P.LindsayChase-Lansdale,KathleenKiernan,andRuthJ.Friedman(Eds.),
HumanDevelopmentacrossLivesandGenerations:ThePotentialforChange.
Anne-NellyPerret-Clermontetal.(Eds.),JoiningSociety:SocialInteractionand
LearninginAdolescenceandYouth.
MartaTiendaandWilliamJuliusWilson(Eds.),YouthinCities:ACross-National
Perspective.
RolandVandenbergheandMichaelHuberman(Eds.),Understandingand
PreventingTeacherBurnout:ASourcebookofInternationalResearchandPractice.
RubyTakanishiandDavidHamburg(Eds.),PreparingAdolescentsforthe
Twenty-FirstCentury.
MichaelRutter(Ed.),PsychosocialDisturbancesinYoungPeople:Challengesfor
Prevention.
AlbertBandura(Ed.),Self-EfficacyinChangingSocieties.
AnnePetersenandJeylanMortimer(Eds.),YouthUnemploymentandSociety.
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Ethnicity and Causal Mechanisms
MICHAEL RUTTER
InstituteofPsychiatry
King’sCollegeLondon
MARTA TIENDA
OfficeofPopulationResearch,
DepartmentofSociologyand
WoodrowWilsonSchoolof
PublicandInternationalAffairs
PrincetonUniversity,Princeton
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cambridgeuniversitypress
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CambridgeUniversityPress
40West20thStreet,NewYork,ny10011-4211,usa
www.cambridge.org
Informationonthistitle:www.cambridge.org/9780521849937
(cid:1)C CambridgeUniversityPress2005
Thispublicationisincopyright.Subjecttostatutoryexception
andtotheprovisionsofrelevantcollectivelicensingagreements,
noreproductionofanypartmaytakeplacewithout
thewrittenpermissionofCambridgeUniversityPress.
Firstpublished2005
PrintedintheUnitedStatesofAmerica
AcatalogrecordforthispublicationisavailablefromtheBritishLibrary.
LibraryofCongressCataloginginPublicationData
Ethnicityandcausalmechanisms/editedbyMichaelRutter,MartaTienda.
p. cm.–(TheJacobsFoundationseriesonadolescence)
Includesbibliographicalreferencesandindex.
isbn0-521-84993-4(hardcover)–isbn0-521-61510-0(pbk.)
1.Minorityteenagers–Research. 2.Minorityteenagers–UnitedStates. 3.Minority
teenagers–GreatBritain. 4.Ethnicity–UnitedStates–Psychologicalaspects.
5.Ethnicity–GreatBritain–Psychologicalaspects. 6.Ethnopsychology.
I.Rutter,Michael,1933– II.Tienda,Marta. III.Series.
hq796.e73 2005
(cid:2)
305.235089–dc22 2004030540
isbn-13 978-0-521-84993-7hardback
isbn-10 0-521-84993-4hardback
isbn-13 978-0-521-61510-5paperback
isbn-10 0-521-61510-0paperback
CambridgeUniversityPresshasnoresponsibilityfor
thepersistenceoraccuracyofurlsforexternalor
third-partyInternetWebsitesreferredtointhispublication
anddoesnotguaranteethatanycontentonsuch
Websitesis,orwillremain,accurateorappropriate.
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Contents
ListofContributors pageix
Foreword xi
Preface xiii
1 NaturalExperiments,CausalInfluences,andPolicy
Development 1
MichaelRutter
2 GrowingUpEthnicintheUnitedKingdomandtheUnited
States:ComparativeContextsforYouthDevelopment 21
MartaTienda
3 TheMultipleFacetsofEthnicity 50
MichaelRutterandMartaTienda
4 EducationalAttainments:EthnicDifferencesin
theUnitedKingdom 80
BarbaraMaughan
5 RaceandEthnicInequalityinEducationalAttainmentinthe
UnitedStates 107
CharlesHirschmanandJenniferC.Lee
6 RacialandEthnicDisparitiesinCrimeandDelinquencyin
theUnitedStates 139
JeffreyD.Morenoff
7 ExplainingEthnicVariationsinCrimeandAntisocial
BehaviorintheUnitedKingdom 174
DavidJ.Smith
8 CulturalDifferencesintheEffectsofPhysicalPunishment 204
KirbyDeater-Deckard,KennethA.Dodge,andEmmaSorbring
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viii Contents
9 EthnicityandMentalHealth:TheExampleofSchizophrenia
intheAfrican-CaribbeanPopulationinEurope 227
PeterB.JonesandWaiLunAlanFung
10 EthnicVariationsinYouthSuicide 262
JewelleTaylorGibbs
11 EthnicityandIntergenerationalIdentitiesandAdaptationsin
Britain:TheSocio-PoliticalContext 281
TariqModood
12 Assimilation,Dissimilation,andEthnicIdentities:The
ExperienceofChildrenofImmigrantsintheUnitedStates 301
Rube´nG.Rumbaut
13 DecipheringEthnicity:ReflectionsonResearchOpportunities 335
MartaTiendaandMichaelRutter
AuthorIndex 351
SubjectIndex 364
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Contributors
Kirby Deater-Deckard, Associate Professor of Psychology, University of
Oregon,Eugene,OR(U.S.A.).
KennethA.Dodge,WilliamMcDougallProfessorofPublicPolicyStudies
intheTerrySanfordInstituteofPublicPolicy,DukeUniversity,Durham,
NC(U.S.A.).
W. L. Alan Fung, University of Toronto Faculty of Medicine, Toronto,
Ontario,Canada.
JewelleTaylorGibbs,ZellerbachFamilyFundProfessorEmerita,Schoolof
SocialWelfare,UniversityofCaliforniaatBerkeley,Berkeley,CA(U.S.A.).
Charles Hirschman, Boeing International Professor, Department of Soci-
ology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA (U.S.A.), and Fellow of the
American Academy of Arts and Sciences and the American Association
fortheAdvancementofSciences.
PeterB.Jones,ProfessorofPsychiatryandHeadofDepartment,University
ofCambridge(UK),ConsultantPsychiatristatAddenbrooke’sNHSTrust.
JenniferC.Lee,AssistantProfessor,DepartmentofSociology,University
ofCalifornia,Irvine,CA(U.S.A.),andFellowattheCenterforAdvanced
StudyintheBehavioralSciences.
Barbara Maughan, Reader in Developmental Psychopathology, Institute
ofPsychiatry,King’sCollegeLondon(UK),andmemberoftheUKMedical
ResearchCouncil’sExternalScientificStaff.
TariqModood,ProfessorofSociology,PoliticsandPublicPolicy,Founding
DirectoroftheCentrefortheStudyofEthnicityandCitizenship,University
ofBristol,Bristol(UK).
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