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©1985 Paul R. Brass
First published in the USA 1985 by
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Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data
Main entry under title:
Ethnic groups and the state.
Contents: Ethnic groups and the state / Paul Brass-
Ethnicity and the colonial and post-colonial state in Africa /
Crawford Young — The ethnicity problem in a multi-ethnic
anational state / Kemal Karpat — Slovak nationalism and the
Hungarian state, 1870-1910 / David W. Paul — [etc,]
1. Minorities-Political activity-Addresses, essays, lectures.
2. Ethnic groups-Political activity-Addresses, essays,
lectures. 1. Brass, Paul R.
JF1061.E82 1985 323.1T 84-15688
ISBN 0-389-20528-1
Printed and bound in Great Britain
CAIIFORIIA STATE DIVERSITY. HAYWAJtt
LIBRARY
CONTENTS
List of Tables and Figures
Notes on Contributors
Preface
ETHNIC GROUPS AND THE STATE 1
Paul R. Brass
ETHNICITY AND THE COLONIAL AND POST¬
COLONIAL STATE IN AFRICA 57
Crawford Young
THE ETHNICITY PROBLEM IN A MULTI-ETHNIC
ANATIONAL STATE: CONTINUITY AND RE¬
CASTING OF ETHNIC IDENTITY IN THE
OTTOMAN STATE 94
Kemal Karpat
SLOVAK NATIONALISM AND THE HUNGARIAN
STATE 1870-1910 115
David W. Paul
THE INSTITUTIONAL MANAGEMENT OF CULTURAL
DIVERSITY: AN ANALYSIS OF THE YUGOSLAV
EXPERIENCE 160
Paul V. Warwick and Lenard J. Cohen
CASTILIANS, BASQUES, AND ANDALUSIANS: AN
HISTORICAL COMPARISON OF NATIONALISM,
"TRUE" ETHNICITY, AND "FALSE" ETHNICITY 202
Davydd J. Greenwood
ETHNIC CONFLICT, REPRESENTATION AND THE
STATE IN BELGIUM 228
Maureen Covell
LEGITIMACY AND THE INSTITUTIONALIZATION
OF ETHNICITY: COMPARING SOUTH AFRICA 262
Heribert Adam
RECENT GOVERNMENT ATTITUDES TOWARD
INDIAN TRIBAL AUTONOMY AND SEPARATISM IN
THE UNITED STATES 303
Alvin J. Ziontz
INDEX 337
Tables
4.1 Number of Slovak-Language Elementary
Schools in Hungary 130
4.2 Civil Servants, Attorneys, and.Teachers
in Fifteen Counties of Northern Hungary 134
4.3 Civil Servants in Fifteen Counties of
Northern Hungary, 1900-1910, According
to Mother Tongue 135
4.4 Attorneys in Fifteen Counties of North¬
ern Hungary, 1900-1910, According to
Mother Tongue 135
4.5 Schoolteachers in Fifteen Counties of
Northern Hungary, 1900-1910, According
to Mother Tongue 135
5.1 Inter-Election Correlations Among Reg¬
ional Invalidation Levels, Federal
Elections of 1950 to 1969 175
5.2 Change in Ballot Invalidation by Year of
1965/67 Election 177
5.3 Multiple Regression of Invalidation
Levels per Region (1950-1969) on Demog¬
raphic Variables 183
5.4 Relative Effects of Ethnic, Economic and
Political Factors on Regional Invalida¬
tion Levels, Elections of 1950 to 1969 185
5.5 Regression Analysis of Regional Invali¬
dation Levels, 1963 to 1965/67 and 1965/
67 to 1969 188
5.6 Invalidation per Constituency by Region,
Number of Candidates and Turnout, Federal
Elections of 1953, 1958, 1965/67, and
1969 191
6.1 Partial Balance of Payment Account for
1978 in Millions of Dollars 207
7.1 Community Parties' Share of Regional Vote
(Percent), 1961-1978 250
7.2 Belgian Political Parties 251
Figures
1.1 Patterns of Elite Competition/Collabo¬
ration, State Action, and Ethnic
Mobilization/Assimilation in Pre-
Industrial Societies 34
1.2 Patterns of Elite Competition/Collabo¬
ration, State Action, and Ethnic
Mobilization/Assimilation in Modernizing
and Post-Industrial Societies 39
1.3 Patterns of Elite Competition/Collabo¬
ration, State Action, and Ethnic Mobili¬
zation/Assimilation: Variants Identified
or Discussed in This Volume 44
5.1 Ballot Invalidation Levels by Republic,
Federal Elections of 1946-1978 172
NOTES ON CONTRIBUTORS
Paul R. Brass is Professor of Political Science
and South Asian Studies at' the University of
Washington, Seattle. He is the author of Factional
Politics in an Indian State; The Congress Party in
Uttar Pradesh (University of California Press,
1965), Radical Politics in South Asia (with M. F.
Franda; M.I.T. Press, 1973), Language, Religion, and
Politics in North India (Cambridge University Press,
1974), and Science, Politics, and the Agricultural
Revolution in Asia (with R. S. Anderson al. ;
Westview Press, 1982) . He has also contributed
numerous articles and chapters on Indian politics
and on ethnicity and nationality in various journals
and books.
Heribert Adam is Professor of Sociology at
Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia.
His previous books include; Modernizing Racial
Domination; The Dynamics of South African Politics
(University of California Press, 1971) and Ethnic
Power Mobilized; Can South Africa Change? (with H.
Giliomee; Yale University Press, 1979). He has also
published many articles on the present problems and
future prospects of the South African state.
Lenard Cohen is Associate Professor in the
Department of Political Science at Simon Fraser
University, Burnaby, British Columbia. He is co¬
editor of Communist Systems in Comparative Perspec¬
tive (Doubleday, 1974) , co-author of Political
Cohesion in a Fragile Mosaic; The Yugoslav Experi¬
ence (Westview Press, 1983), and is currently
completing a book on Yugoslav elite development,
1918-1984.
Maureen Covell is Assistant Professor of
Political Science at Simon Fraser University,
Burnaby, British Columbia. She is currently engaged
in a larger study of the process of regionalization
in Belgium. She has contributed articles related to
this project in West European Politics and the
Canadian Journal of Political Science.
Davydd J. Greenwood is the John S. Knight
Professor of International Studies and Director for
the Center of International Studies at Cornell
University. His major research publications include
Unrewarding Wealth; Commercialization and the Col¬
lapse of Agriculture in a Spanish Basque Town (Camb-
