Ethiopia: Afforestation, Reforestation and Agroforestry NAMA

57 Pages·2016·1.88 MB·English

by  Ab Fab

ETHIOPIA

Ministry of Environment and Forest
ETHIOPIA
NAMA PROPOSAL
AFFORESTATION, REFORESTATION
AND AGROFORESTRY NAMA
Facilitating Implementation and Readiness for Mitigation (FIRM)
PROJECT –ETHIOPIA
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This publication may be reproduced in Ethiopia
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
source.
The project Facilitating Implementation and
No use of this publication may be made for
Readiness for Mitigation (FIRM) has been
resale or for any other commercial purpose
implemented with the support of a grant
whatsoever without prior permission in
from the Danish International Development
writing from the UNEP DTU Partnership.
Agency (DANIDA) of the Ministry of Foreign
Affairs of Denmark.
DISCLAIMER
This publication is an output of the Graphic design : Fabrice Belaire Infographie
Facilitating Implementation and Readiness

for Mitigation project (FIRM), funded by
DANIDA of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of For any inquiries or questions please contact:
Denmark and implemented by the United
UNEP DTU PARTNERSHIP
Nations Environment Programme (UNEP)
and the UNEP DTU Partnership (UDP). The UN City, Copenhagen
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SECTION 1 ...............................................................................................................................................5
1. Basic information ............................................................................................................................5
2. Overview of NAMA ..........................................................................................................................6
2.1 Brief description of the objectives of the proposed NAMA and summary of measures to be included in
the NAMA ............................................................................................................................................................................................... 6
2.2 Relevance to the national sustainable development plan(s) or national strategies and/or to the
sectoral mitigation goals .................................................................................................................................................................. 7
2.3 Brief description of relevant existing mitigation initiatives and their synergies with the proposed
NAMA ....................................................................................................................................................................................................... 8
2.4 Brief description of the transformational impact, including its sustainability................................................... 9
SECTION 2: NAMA DETAILS ................................................................................................................... 10
1. Introduction .................................................................................................................................. 10
1.1 Description of the general context of the country, including overview of national development and
climate change policies .................................................................................................................................................................. 10
1.2 Detailed description of the current situation in the sector/sub-sector, including the relevant existing
legal, regulatory and institutional framework, where NAMA would be implemented ...................................... 12
2. Description of scope and objectives of NAMA to address the current situation ............................ 15
3. Identification of barriers and implementation options ................................................................. 17
3.1 Analysis of barriers (financial, legal, regulatory, institutional, capacity, technology, etc.) that impede
achievement of the NAMA objectives ..................................................................................................................................... 17
3.2 Identification of possible options to address the barriers and selection of preferred options (measures)
to be implemented through the NAMA.................................................................................................................................. 18
4. Description of the NAMA Action Plan ............................................................................................ 20
4.1 Description of detailed activities to implement the mitigation measures included in the NAMA ........ 20
Activities under Output 1: ..................................................................................................................... 20
Activities under Output 2: ..................................................................................................................... 20
Activities under Output 3: ..................................................................................................................... 20
Activities under Output 4: ..................................................................................................................... 20
4.2. Implementation arrangements: roles and responsibilities of different entities and stakeholders
involved in the implementation of NAMA, including institutional arrangements ............................................... 21
4.3 Work plan for the detailed activities ................................................................................................................................ 24
5. Estimate of National Sustainable Development Benefits and GHG impacts .................................. 25
5.1 Baseline Scenario: narrative description of baseline situation in absence of planned NAMA measures
25
5.2 NAMA Scenario: narrative description of situation with the implementation of NAMA measures ..... 27
5.3 Description of the benefits in terms of development (social, economic and environmental) ................ 28
5.4 Estimate of GHG emission reductions resulting from implementation of NAMA measures, including
description of methodology to estimate GHG emissions impact ................................................................................ 29
5.5 Description of the transformational impact of NAMA, including its sustainability ...................................... 31
6. Measuring, Reporting and Verification .......................................................................................... 32
6.1 Description of key parameters to assess progress of implementation of the NAMA ................................. 32
6.2 Description of key parameters to assess the national sustainable development benefits and GHG
emission impacts .............................................................................................................................................................................. 33
6.3 Measuring and Reporting Plan ............................................................................................................................................ 34
6.4 Description of verification process .................................................................................................................................... 36
7. Non-financial support required ..................................................................................................... 36
7.1 Description of the technical and the capacity-building needs .............................................................................. 36
8. Financial resources ........................................................................................................................ 37
8.1 Full cost of implementing the NAMA (Ethiopian BIRR) ............................................................................................ 37
8.2 Funding from domestic sources (public, private, investments, etc.).................................................................. 39
8.4 Description of arrangements to finance the implementation of the NAMA, including domestic finances
and international funding ............................................................................................................................................................. 40
Annex I. ................................................................................................................................................. 41
Details of NAMA coordinating Entity and NAMA Approving Entity ....................................................... 41
Annex II. ................................................................................................................................................ 42
References ............................................................................................................................................ 42
Annex III ................................................................................................................................................ 43
Detail of the estimation of the GHG emission reductions ..................................................................... 43
Annex IV ............................................................................................................................................................................................... 44
Regional Profile ................................................................................................................................................................................. 44
1. SNNP Region Overview ........................................................................................................................................................ 44
3. Amhara Region Overview ................................................................................................................................................... 46
4. Tigray Region Overview ....................................................................................................................................................... 47
Annex V ................................................................................................................................................................................................. 48
Forestry NAMA Stakeholder Meeting ..................................................................................................................................... 48
Annex VI ............................................................................................................................................................................................... 56
List of Acronyms ................................................................................................................................................................................ 56
Title of NAMA:

Afforestation, Reforestation and Agroforestry NAMA

Country:

Ethiopia

NAMA implementation coordinating entity: National NAMA approver1:

Ministry of Environment and Forest Ministry of Environment and Forest

Name of person(s)/organisation responsible for developing the NAMA proposal:

Ministry of Environment and Forest

Sector/Subsector: Forestry

Greenhouse

Gases covered by CO CH
2 X 4
the Action N O HFCs
2
(marked x): PFCs SF
6
NF
3

1 NAMA approval authority is the designated national focal point/entity for submitting NAMAs to the UNFCCC
NAMA Registry.
The general objective of the proposed NAMA is to reduce and reverse the process of land
degradation in Ethiopia, thus delivering significant benefits to local communities.

The specific objectives of the proposed NAMA are to rehabilitate and create productive forest land
through afforestation, reforestation as well as using agroforestry systems; to expand afforestation
and reforestation programs through plantation forests; to improve local livelihood by diversifying
income generation; and to reduce GHG emissions and enhance forest and soil carbon stocks.

The measures that will be implemented as part of the NAMA will include:
(a) Establishing plantation forests through afforestation and reforestation
(b) Closing areas for rehabilitation to protect and rest severely degraded land so that it can be
restored to its productive capacity.
There are two major types of area closures practiced in Ethiopia:
(1) The most common type involves closing an area to livestock and people so that natural
regeneration of the vegetation can occur.
(2) The second option comprises closing off degraded land while simultaneously implementing
additional measures such as planting of seedlings, mulching and establishing water
harvesting structures to enhance the regeneration process.
(c) Woodland management (protection, minimum grazing, shifting grazing), including national parks
(d) Value addition on timber and non-timber forest products
(e) Promotion of agroforestry systems
(f) Establishing nurseries for the production of a diverse range of tree and shrub species that can be
used as a source of food and energy, and to enhance soil fertility. This will include fruit seedlings
and multiplication of various grass and fodder species that would be used for rehabilitation of
degraded areas and also for fodder production for livestock.
The main sources of GHG emissions that would be addressed by the proposed NAMA are CO from
2
aboveground and belowground biomass and soils within the geographical boundaries of the
intervention areas.

The proposed measures in the NAMA will impact GHG emissions by applying innovative afforestation
and agroforestry technologies with a focus on highly degraded lands in four regional states of
Ethiopia: Amhara, Oromia, SNNP and Tigray. Increased tree and non-tree biomass growth will lead to
biomass and soil carbon stock enhancement under both afforestation and agroforestry and will also
contribute to reducing CO emissions by limiting pressure on natural forests.
2
Ethiopia’s development objectives are set out in the country’s national development plan, the
Growth and Transformation Plan (GTP). The overarching goal of the GTP is reducing poverty and
transforming Ethiopia into a middle-income country by 2025. The GTP has identified priorities for
making Ethiopia a middle-income country, including boosting agricultural productivity, strengthening
industries and increasing energy production. These priorities are built upon current and projected
economic and social realities of Ethiopia.

The CRGE strategy aims to support the country’s development objective of achieving middle-income
status by 2025 in a carbon-neutral and climate-resilient way by transforming development planning,
investments and outcomes. The strategy builds on the policy objectives of the NEP, the Growth and
Transformation Plan and the voluntary NAMA. The strategy is supported by two national strategies:
the Green Economy Strategy and the Climate Resilient Strategy.
Describe the sectoral context by referring to relevant existing sectoral plan/strategies.
Voluntary Nationally Appropriate Mitigation Action (NAMA): The NAMAs contain mitigation targets
across seven sectors (agriculture, building, energy, forestry, industry, waste and transport). These
action plans are identified from the Growth and Transformation Plan (GTP) and are aligned with its
overarching goal of sustaining economic growth while reducing poverty. These overall goals are
aligned with bringing co-benefits while reducing GHG emissions.

The Green Economy Strategy: A green economy strategy with four building blocks and fast-track
initiatives was put in place in 2011. The GE Strategy takes an economy-wide approach to greenhouse
gas reduction. It clearly presents and elaborates climate change mitigation actions across seven
sectors that will enable Ethiopia to realize a low emission, fast and sustainable economic growth. It
has set out initiatives for emissions abatement, budgetary requirements, institutional mechanisms
and a GE action plan.

The REDD+Strategy: The REDD+ strategy aims to reduce emissions from deforestation and forest
degradation, and enhances the role of conservation and sustainable management of forests. By
creating financial value for carbon stocks, it aims to show the value of forests. The World Bank funds
the REDD+.

One of the forestry sector mitigation goals in the GE strategy is to undertake activities that include
“afforestation (2 million ha), reforestation (1 million ha) and forest management (2 million ha of
forests, 2 million ha of woodlands) to increase carbon sequestration in forests and woodlands.” The
proposed NAMA measures for reducing emissions from the forestry sector and from abatement
through CO sequestration are consistent with the sectoral mitigation goal.
2
The proposed NAMA will support the government in attaining the main development goals
contained in the GTP. The proposed NAMA will contribute to all three key objectives of the CRGE
vision — i.e., to foster economic development and growth, to ensure abatement and avoidance of
future emissions and to improve resilience to climate change.

The proposed NAMA fits into a broader context of mitigation activities in the forestry sector. The
achievement of the implementation of the NAMA will reduce GHG emissions, enhance forest and soil
carbon stocks and contribute to bringing Ethiopia into low-carbon development.
The Bale Mountain REDD+ pilot project: FARM Africa and SOS Sahel are helping a pilot project in the
Bale eco‐region to protect 500,000 hectares of forest as part of the REDD+ scheme. The project has
already started, and around 21,000 households are now making a living from the forest resources
through activities like honey production and raffia weaving
(http://www.farmafrica.org/ethiopia/forest-management-in-bale-eco-region).
The Oromia sub-national REDD+ pilot project: This project was just initiated with support from the
World Bank and the Norwegian Government. This pilot project will seek to promote activities that
lead to reduced emissions from deforestation and forest degradation, in addition to carbon stock
enhancement, in the regional state of Oromia. The Ministry of Agriculture and the Oromia Forest and
Wildlife Enterprise lead the project design.
The Ethiopia Global Climate Change Alliance (GCCA-E) project: Coordinated by the GIZ SLM
Program, the main objective of the project is to contribute towards the construction of a carbon-
neutral and climate-resilient economy. Piloting climate-smart agricultural activities is currently
implemented in 34 districts in the areas of the SLM program (http://www.gcca.eu/national-
programmes/africa/gcca-ethiopia).

Sodo Community Managed Reforestation Project: This 476-hectare (ha) project in the highlands of
Mount Damota is being developed by local communities and World Vision Ethiopia to plant 1 million
trees sequestering 77,000t CO e.
2
REDD+ pilots are in preparatory stages in Ethiopia, and they exist in the Bale Mountain REDD+ pilot
project (500,000 ha), in the Yayu and Gedo forests (190,000 ha) and in the Baro‐ Akobo area
(7,610,300 ha), as well as in the country’s southwest (Yetebetu Moges et al, 2010).

These pilots are generally designed to feed into both PFM and protected-area programs that are
developing PFM buffer zones. They are pioneering the development of REDD+ implementation in the
country (developing carbon accounting, benefit-sharing mechanisms), and will be essential sources of
information for upscaling of REDD+ projects in the country.
The proposed NAMA will create a link with the REDD+ pilot projects to learn how communities can
make a living from the forest resources through activities like honey production. The proposed
NAMA will create a link with the Sodo Community Managed Reforestation Project to learn how local
communities can plant a large number of trees.
The Global Climate Change Alliance Ethiopia project is implementing the same kind of measures in 34
districts of five regions. The four regional states in which the NAMA activities will be taking place are
included in the ongoing mitigation activities of GCCA-E. The proposed NAMA will create a link with
the GCCA-E project to learn how to pilot climate-smart participatory forest management practices.
Most of these initiatives are insufficient to arrest land degradation in the four regions. The proposed
NAMA will be implemented in degraded lands that are not included by NGOs or governmental
agencies. The main stakeholders in each project will reach agreement and work together to affect
change and define the processes necessary to implement the proposed NAMA and ensure its
viability.
The proposed NAMA is based in the Climate Resilient Green Economy (CRGE) Strategy. The proposed
NAMA is expected to be used to pilot an inclusive green growth model to achieve social, economical
and environmental outcomes of the CRGE strategy: reducing GHG emissions, reducing societal
vulnerability to natural and anthropogenic shocks, creating more job opportunities and increasing
food security and land productivity.
The proposed NAMA will contribute to changing the behaviours of various stakeholders towards low-
carbon options. With the implementation of the proposed NAMA, the Government of Ethiopia will
be facilitating the creation of an economic alternative for owners of degraded land, which in turn will
result in a new impetus for the country’s forestry activity. The economic expectation of land owners
will thereby increase rates of afforestation and restoration.
The implementation of the proposed NAMA will strengthen the institutional and human capacity
within the Ministry of Environment and Forest to benefit from opportunities for low-carbon growth
and carbon sequestration. The capacity to estimate and monitor carbon emissions will be developed.
Such activities will enable federal, regional and district governments to establish monitoring units
and technical teams dedicated to the implementation of NAMA measures.
The proposed NAMA will help in the creation of a measurement system to track progress and
impacts of the NAMA implementation. The Ministry of Environment and Forest is currently
developing the national level MRV system for assessing implementation of actions as well as CRGE
implementation. The NAMA will contribute towards providing information required for national level
MRV system.

The NAMA will contribute towards providing information required for a national-level MRV system
through three actions: providing baseline GHG emissions from the intervention areas; providing
information on GHG reduction in the intervention areas; and providing information on lessons
learned on baseline development, GHG inventory and MRV. The implementation of the proposed
NAMA measures will enable the target regions to assess their potential for carbon-emissions
reduction and their cost-effectiveness for carbon sequestration.
a) Describe the general social, economic and environmental context of the country, as this is
relevant for the NAMA.

b) Describe the human development challenges that the country faces.

Ethiopia is Africa’s second-largest country by population, currently numbering some 90 million and
with an annual growth rate of 3.2 per cent. More than three-quarters of the population in Ethiopia
live in rural areas, and agriculture contributes more than 40 per cent of GDP, most of the country’s
food crop production, and 90 per cent of export earnings (World Bank, 2011). Ethiopia aspires to
reach a middle-income status by 2025. Ethiopia’s real GDP was projected to grow by more than 8 per
cent annually for 2010-2015 (Leulseged Yirgu et al., 2013).

Ethiopia has registered an impressive double-digit annual economic growth rate during the last
decade. The Growth and Transformation Plan estimates that this growth rate will be maintained to
elevate the country to middle-income status by the year 2025. The International Monetary Fund
(IMF) expects Ethiopia to become one of the world’s fastest-growing countries over the coming
years.

Ethiopia is currently experiencing high levels of deforestation and land degradation. The main direct
drivers of deforestation are small-scale agricultural expansion and fuelwood consumption (FDRE,
2011). The main anthropogenic causes of land degradation are diverse, including rapid depletion of
vegetation cover, poor livestock management and poor land use and management practices (World
Bank, 2013).

Pressures on forestlands from agriculture expansion and fuelwood consumption are likely to increase
in the future if population growth in Ethiopia continues the current trend of growing 2 per cent
annually, which would mean that the population would expand from 84 million to 130 million in 2030
(CRGE, 2011; World Bank, 2012). According to a 2010 World Bank study, climate change will likely
increase the frequency of both flooding and droughts in Ethiopia, posing a significant challenge to
agriculture, infrastructure and hydropower generation.

i. Describe the national development strategies and list the national priorities and objectives
relevant for the NAMA.

The Growth and Transformation Plan (GTP): Ethiopia’s development strategies are set out in the
country’s national development plan, the GTP. The overarching goal of the GTP is reducing poverty
and transforming Ethiopia into a middle-income country by 2025. The GTP has identified priorities for
making Ethiopia a middle-income country. These priorities are boosting agricultural productivity,
strengthening industries and increasing energy production. These priorities are built upon current
and projected economic and social realities of Ethiopia.