ETHICS on the ARK (Zoo & Aquarium Biology & Conservation)

355 Pages·1996·1.46 MB·English

by  Bryan G. Norton

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Page i
Ethics on the Ark

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Page ii
Zoo and Aquarium
Biology and Conservation Series
Series Editors
Michael Hutchins, American Zoo and Aquarium Association
Terry L. Maple, Zoo Atlanta
Chris Andrews, National Aquarium at Baltimore
Published in cooperation with the American Zoo and Aquarium Association
This series aims to publish innovative studies in the field of zoo and aquarium biology and conservation. Priority will
be given to those contributions that focus on the interface between captive and field conservation and seek to merge
theory with practice. Topics appropriate for this series include but are not limited to zoo- and aquarium-based captive
breeding and reintroduction programs, animal management science, philosophy and ethics, public education,
professional training and technology transfer, and field conservation efforts.
Advisory Board: Cheryl Asa, Saint Louis Zoological Park; Bruce Carr, Saint Louis Zoological Park; Ellen
Dierenfeld, Bronx Zoo/Wildlife Conservation Park; James Dietz, University of Maryland, College Park; Fred
Koontz, Bronx Zoo/Wildlife Conservation Park; Robert Lacy, Brookfield Zoo; Donald Lindburg, Zoological Society
of San Diego; John Nightingale, Vancouver Public Aquarium; Daniel Odell, Sea World of Florida; Hugh Quinn,
Cleveland Metroparks Zoo; Anne Savage, Roger Williams Park Zoo; Steven Thompson, Lincoln Park Zoological
Gardens; Michael Wallace, Los Angeles Zoo; Christen Wemmer, National Zoological Park; Peregrine Wolff,
Minnesota Zoological Garden.

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Page iii
Ethics on the Ark
Zoos, Animal Welfare, and Wildlife Conservation
Edited by Bryan G. Norton, Michael Hutchins,
Elizabetih F. Stevens, and Terry L. Maple
with assistance from John Wuichet

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Page iv
© 1995 by the Smithsonian Institution
All rights reserved
Copy Editor: Lorraine Atherton
Production Editor: Deborah L. Sanders
Designer: Janice Wheeler
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Ethics on the ark : zoos, animal welfare, and wildlife conservation / edited
by Bryan G. Norton . . . [et al.].
p. cm.
Papers from a workshop held in Atlanta, Georgia, in March 1992.
Includes bibliographical references.
ISBN 1560985151 ISBN 1560986891
I. Captive wild animalsBreedingMoral and ethical aspects
Congresses. 2. Wildlife conservationCongresses. 3. ZoosPhilosophy
Congresses. 4. Zoo animalsCongresses. 5. Animal welfareCongresses.
I. Norton, Bryan G.
SF408.3.E84 1995
639.9'3'01dc20 9437139
British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data available
Manufactured in the United States of America
02 01 000 99 98 97 5 4 3
The paper used in this publication meets the minimum requirements of the American National Standard for
Permanence of Paper for Printed Library Materials Z39.481984.
For permission to reproduce illustrations appearing in this book, please correspond directly with the owners of the
works, as listed in the individual captions. The Smithsonian Institution Press does not retain reproduction rights for
these illustrations individually or maintain a file of addresses for photo sources.
Printed on recycled paper

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Page v
Dedicated to the memory of Robert W. Loftin
19381993
philosopher, ornithologist, conservationist, and teacher

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Page vii
CONTENTS
Contributors x
Foreward xvii
David Ehrenfeld
Preface xxi
Bryan Norton
Acknowledgments xxv
Zoo Conservation and Ethical Paradoxes 1
William Conway
Part One. The Future of Zoos
13
The Role of Zoos in the Twenty-First Century
Eugene Hargrove
20
Toward a Responsible Zoo Agenda
Terry Maple
31
Lions and Tigers and Bears, Oh No!
David Hancocks
38
Are Zoos Morally Defensible?
Tom Regan
52
Zoos Revisited
Dale Jamieson

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Page viii
Part Two. The Targets of Protection Genes or Individuals or Populations or Species or Ecosystems
69
Wildlife Conservation and Individual Animal Welfare
Dale Jamieson
74
Natural Processes, Individuals, and Units of Conservation
Robert Vrijenhoek
93
Noah's Ark II: Rescuing Species and Ecosystems
Valerius Geist
102
Caring for Nature: A Broader Look at Animal Stewardship
Bryan Norton
Part Three. Captive Breeding and Wild Populations
Procurement of Animals for Captive Breeding Programs
127
Wild Animal Acquisition Ethics for Zoo Biologists
Fred Koontz
146
To Procure or Not to Procure
Ardith Eudey
Reintroduction, Conservation, and Animal Welfare
155
Reintroduction, Zoos, Conservation, and Animal Welfare
Benjamin Beck
164
Captive Breeding of Endangered Species
Robert Loftin
181
An Introduction to Reintroduction
David Hancocks
Captive Breeding, Surplus Animals, and Population Regulation
187
Culling Surplus Animals for Population Management
Robert Lacy
195
Success Breeds a Quandary: To Cull or Not to Cull
Donald Lindburg And Linda Lindburg
209
The Should or Should Not of Captive Breeding: Whose Ethic?
Frederic Wagner

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Page ix
Part Four. Good Stewardship
Captive Care and Maintenance
219
Defining the Good Zoo: Animal Care, Maintenance, and Welfare
Terry Maple, Rita McManamon, and Elizabeth Stevens
235
Differing Conceptions of Animal Welfare
John Wuichet And Bryan Norton
The Use of Animals in Research
253
Ethical Considerations in Zoo and Aquarium Research
Michael Hutchins, Betsy Dresser, And Chris Wemmer
277
Science in Zoos: Arrogance of Knowledge Versus Humility of Ignorance
Roger Fouts
Public Relations, Fund-Raising, and Disclosure
289
Putting the Spin on Animal Ethics: Ethical Parameters for Marketing and Public Relations
Karen Allen
297
Zoos and the Public: A View from the ASPCA
Roger Caras
Appendix. Conference On Animal Welfare and Conservation: Consensus-Searching Efforts 301
Glossary 329

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