Table Of ContentPhilosophical Studies Series
Luciano Floridi Editor
Ethics,
Governance,
and Policies
in Artificial
Intelligence
Philosophical Studies Series
Volume 144
Editor-in-Chief
MariarosariaTaddeo,OxfordInternetInstitute,UniversityofOxford,Oxford,UK
EditorialBoardMember
PatrickAllo,VrijeUniversiteitBrussel,Brussel,Belgium
AdvisoryEditors
LynneBaker,DepartmentofPhilosophy,UniversityofMassachusetts,
Amherst,USA
StewartCohen,ArizonaStateUniversity,Tempe,AZ,USA
RaduBogdan,DepartmentofPhilosophy,TulaneUniversity,NewOrleans,
LA,USA
MarianDavid,Karl-Franzens-Universität,Graz,Austria
JohnFischer,UniversityofCalifornia,Riverside,Riverside,CA,USA
KeithLehrer,UniversityOfArizona,Tucson,AZ,USA
DeniseMeyerson,MacquarieUniversity,Sydney,Australia
FrancoisRecanati,EcoleNormaleSupérieure,InstitutJeanNicod,Paris,France
MarkSainsbury,UniversityofTexasatAustin,Austin,TX,USA
BarrySmith,StateUniversityofNewYorkatBuffalo,Buffalo,NY,USA
NicholasSmith,DepartmentofPhilosophy,LewisandClarkCollege,
Portland,OR,USA
LindaZagzebski,DepartmentofPhilosophy,UniversityofOklahoma,
Norman,OK,USA
PhilosophicalStudiesSeriesaimstoprovideaforumforthebestcurrentresearchin
contemporary philosophy broadly conceived, its methodologies, and applications.
Since Wilfrid Sellars and Keith Lehrer founded the series in 1974, the book series
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(cid:129) Ethics
(cid:129) Epistemology
(cid:129) Logic
(cid:129) Philosophyoflanguage
(cid:129) Philosophyoflogic
(cid:129) Philosophyofmind
(cid:129) Philosophyofreligion
(cid:129) Philosophyofscience
Specialattentionispaidtostudiesthatfocuson:
(cid:129) theinterplayofempiricalandphilosophicalviewpoints
(cid:129) theimplicationsandconsequencesofconceptualphenomenaforresearchaswell
asforsociety
(cid:129) philosophies of specific sciences, such as philosophy of biology, philosophy of
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Likewise, the applications of conceptual and methodological investigations to
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Philosophical Studies Series welcomes historically informed research, but priv-
ileges philosophical theories and thediscussion ofcontemporary issuesratherthan
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completedbyextensivebibliographies.
The series discourages the submission of manuscripts that contain reprints of
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Forinquiriesandsubmissionofproposalsauthorscancontacttheeditor-in-chief
MariarosariaTaddeovia:[email protected]
Moreinformationaboutthisseriesathttp://www.springer.com/series/6459
Luciano Floridi
Editor
Ethics, Governance, and
fi
Policies in Arti cial
Intelligence
Editor
LucianoFloridi
OxfordInternetInstitute
UniversityofOxford
Oxford,UK
ISSN0921-8599 ISSN2542-8349 (electronic)
PhilosophicalStudiesSeries
ISBN978-3-030-81906-4 ISBN978-3-030-81907-1 (eBook)
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-81907-1
©TheEditor(s)(ifapplicable)andTheAuthor(s),underexclusivelicensetoSpringerNatureSwitzerland
AG2021
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Acknowledgements
Ishallnotrepeatheretheacknowledgementsthatcanbefoundineachchapterand
corresponding article, but rather thank all the people who have made this book
possible.Firstofall,DanutaFarah,mypersonalassistant.Shecarefullyandpatiently
edited the original articles and skilfully managed the production process. Without
hercontributionandorganisationalsupport,thisbookwouldhavebeenimpossible.
Next,mycolleagueandco-directoroftheDigitalEthicsLab,MariarosariaTaddeo,
for her many ideas and suggestions in the past that led to this book, and her
encouragement to pursue the project of a unified anthology of “the best of” in the
ethics of AI by the DELab. And finally, all the authors whose brilliant intellectual
work is showcased in this volume: Nikita Aggarwal, Monica Beltrametti, Christo-
pherBurr,RajaChatila,PatriceChazerand,JoshCowls,AlexanderDenev,Virginia
Dignum,AnatElhalal,RobertGorwa,IndraJoshi,ThomasC.King,LibbyKinsey,
MichelleSengAhLee,ChristophLuetge,CaioC.V.Machado,TomMcCutcheon,
RobertMadelin,JessicaMorley,CarlOhman,UgoPagallo,HuwRoberts,Francesca
Rossi, Burkhard Schafer, MariarosariaTaddeo, Andreas Tsamados,Peggy Valcke,
EffyVayena,VincentWang,andDavidS.Watson.
v
Contents
1 Introduction–TheImportanceofanEthics-FirstApproach
totheDevelopmentofAI. . .. . . . . .. . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . .. . 1
LucianoFloridi
2 AUnifiedFrameworkofFivePrinciplesforAIinSociety. . . . . . . . 5
LucianoFloridiandJoshCowls
3 AnEthicalFrameworkforaGoodAISociety:Opportunities,
Risks,Principles,andRecommendations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
LucianoFloridi,JoshCowls,MonicaBeltrametti,RajaChatila,
PatriceChazerand,VirginiaDignum,ChristophLuetge,
RobertMadelin,UgoPagallo,FrancescaRossi,BurkhardSchafer,
PeggyValcke,andEffyVayena
4 EstablishingtheRulesforBuildingTrustworthyAI. . . . . . . . . . . . 41
LucianoFloridi
5 TheChineseApproachtoArtificialIntelligence:AnAnalysis
ofPolicy,Ethics,andRegulation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
HuwRoberts,JoshCowls,JessicaMorley,MariarosariaTaddeo,
VincentWang,andLucianoFloridi
6 TranslatingPrinciplesintoPracticesofDigitalEthics:
FiveRisksofBeingUnethical. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81
LucianoFloridi
7 HowAICanBeaForceforGood–AnEthicalFramework
toHarnessthePotentialofAIWhileKeepingHumans
inControl. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91
MariarosariaTaddeoandLucianoFloridi
vii
viii Contents
8 TheEthicsofAlgorithms:KeyProblemsandSolutions. . . . . . . . . 97
AndreasTsamados,NikitaAggarwal,JoshCowls,JessicaMorley,
HuwRoberts,MariarosariaTaddeo,andLucianoFloridi
9 HowtoDesignAIforSocialGood:SevenEssentialFactors. . . . . . 125
LucianoFloridi,JoshCowls,ThomasC.King,
andMariarosariaTaddeo
10 FromWhattoHow:AnInitialReviewofPubliclyAvailable
AIEthicsTools,MethodsandResearchtoTranslatePrinciples
intoPractices. . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . 153
JessicaMorley,LucianoFloridi,LibbyKinsey,andAnatElhalal
11 TheExplanationGame:AFormalFramework
forInterpretableMachineLearning. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185
DavidS.WatsonandLucianoFloridi
12 ArtificialAgentsandTheirMoralNature. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 221
LucianoFloridi
13 ArtificialIntelligenceCrime:AnInterdisciplinaryAnalysis
ofForeseeableThreatsandSolutions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 251
ThomasC.King,NikitaAggarwal,MariarosariaTaddeo,
andLucianoFloridi
14 RegulateArtificialIntelligencetoAvertCyberArmsRace. . . . . . . 283
MariarosariaTaddeoandLucianoFloridi
15 TrustingArtificialIntelligenceinCybersecurity
IsaDouble-EdgedSword. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 289
MariarosariaTaddeo,TomMcCutcheon,andLucianoFloridi
16 Prayer-BotsandReligiousWorshiponTwitter:
ACallforaWiderResearchAgenda. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 299
CarlÖhman,RobertGorwa,andLucianoFloridi
17 ArtificialIntelligence,DeepfakesandaFutureofEctypes. . . . . . . . 307
LucianoFloridi
18 TheEthicsofAIinHealthCare:AMappingReview. . . . . . . . . . . 313
JessicaMorley,CaioC.V.Machado,ChristopherBurr,JoshCowls,
IndraJoshi,MariarosariaTaddeo,andLucianoFloridi
19 AutonomousVehicles:FromWhetherandWhentoWhere
andHow. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 347
LucianoFloridi
Contents ix
20 InnovatingwithConfidence:EmbeddingAIGovernanceand
FairnessinaFinancialServicesRiskManagementFramework. . . 353
MichelleSengAh.Lee,LucianoFloridi,andAlexanderDenev
21 Robots,Jobs,Taxes,andResponsibilities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 373
LucianoFloridi
22 WhattheNearFutureofArtificialIntelligenceCouldBe. . . . . . . . 379
LucianoFloridi
Contributors
NikitaAggarwal FacultyofLaw,OxfordInternetInstitute,UniversityofOxford,
Oxford,UK
MonicaBeltrametti NaverCorporation,Grenoble,France
ChristopherBurr AlanTuringInstitute,London,UK
RajaChatila FrenchNationalCenterofScientificResearch,Paris,France
InstituteofIntelligentSystemsandRoboticsatPierre,MarieCurieUniversity,Paris,
France
PatriceChazerand DigitalEurope,Brussels,Belgium
JoshCowls OxfordInternetInstitute,UniversityofOxford,Oxford,UK
AlanTuringInstitute,London,UK
AlexanderDenev Deloitte,London,UK
VirginiaDignum DepartmentofComputingScience,UniversityofUmeå,Umeå,
Sweden
Delft Design for Values Institute, Delft University of Technology, Delft, the
Netherlands
AnatElhalal DigitalCatapult,London,UK
LucianoFloridi OxfordInternetInstitute,UniversityofOxford,Oxford,UK
RobertGorwa DepartmentofPoliticsandInternationalRelations,SaintAnthony’s
College,UniversityofOxford,Oxford,UK
IndraJoshi NHSX,London,UK
xi
