Estuarine Ecology, Second Edition

554 Pages·2012·13.5 MB·English

ESTUARINE ECOLOGY
Companion Website
This book is accompanied by a companion website:
www.wiley.com/go/day/estuarineecology
The website includes:
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• Supplementary text material for Chapter 17
• Chapters 1, 10, and 20
ESTUARINE ECOLOGY
Second Edition
Edited by
JOHN W. DAY JR.
LouisianaStateUniversity
BatonRouge,Louisiana
BYRON C. CRUMP
UniversityofMaryland
Cambridge,Maryland
W. MICHAEL KEMP
UniversityofMaryland
Cambridge,Maryland
´ ˜
ALEJANDRO YANEZ-ARANCIBIA
InstituteofEcology,A.C.
Xalapa,Mexico
A John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Publication
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LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData:
Estuarineecology/editors,JohnW.Day...[etal.].–2nded.
p.cm.
Includesindex.
ISBN978-0-471-75567-8(hardback)
1.Estuarineecology.I.Day,JohnW.,1945-
QH541.5.E8E8492012
577.7(cid:1)86–dc23
2012015249
PrintedinSingapore
10987654321
Thisbookisdedicatedtoourstudentsandtoallothersaroundtheworldwho
areinterestedinunderstanding,using,managing,andprotectingestuarine
ecosystemsinasustainablemannerforfuturegenerations.
InmemoryofDr.ScottW.Nixonforhisimportantcontributions
tothefieldofestuarineecology.
CONTENTS
Preface, ix
CHAPTERSEVEN
Acknowledgments, xi
MangroveWetlands 165
Contributors, xiii
RobertR.TwilleyandJohnW.DayJr.
CHAPTERONE
CHAPTEREIGHT
IntroductiontoEstuarineEcology 1
EstuarineBenthicAlgae 203
JohnW.DayJr.,AlejandroYa´n˜ez-Arancibia,
KarenJ.McGlathery,KristinaSundba¨ck,
W.MichaelKemp,andByronC.Crump
andPeggyFong
CHAPTERTWO
CHAPTERNINE
EstuarineGeomorphologyandCoastal
Hydrology 19 EstuarineMicrobialEcology 235
GreggA.Snedden,JayeE.Cable,andBjo¨rn LindaK.BlumandAaronL.Mills
Kjerfve
CHAPTERTEN
CHAPTERTHREE
EstuarineMicrobialFoodWebs 263
EstuarineChemistry 39
ByronC.Crump,HughW.Ducklow,
ThomasS.Bianchi andJohnE.Hobbie
CHAPTERFOUR
CHAPTERELEVEN
EstuarinePhytoplankton 85
EstuarineZooplankton 285
HansW.PaerlandDubravkoJustic´
MarkC.Benfield
CHAPTERFIVE
SeagrassandRelatedSubmersedVascular CHAPTERTWELVE
Plants 111 EstuarineBenthos 303
JensBorum,ReneeK.Gruber,and JamesG.WilsonandJohnW.Fleeger
W.MichaelKemp
CHAPTERTHIRTEEN
CHAPTERSIX
EstuarineNekton 327
CoastalMarshes 129
JamesH.CowanJr.,Alejandro
CarlesIba´n˜ez,JamesT.Morris,IrvingA. Ya´n˜ez-Arancibia,PatriciaSa´nchez-Gil,
Mendelssohn,andJohnW.DayJr. andLindaA.Deegan
vii
viii | CONTENTS
CHAPTERFOURTEEN CHAPTERNINETEEN
TheEcologyofEstuarineWildlife 357 HumanImpactandManagementof
RussellGreenberg CoastalandEstuarineEcosystems 483
JohnW.DayJr.,AlejandroYa´n˜ez-Arancibia,
CHAPTERFIFTEEN andW.MichaelKemp
EcosystemMetabolism 381
CHAPTERTWENTY
JeremyM.Testa,W.MichaelKemp,Charles
S.HopkinsonJr.,andStephenV.Smith GlobalClimateChangeandEstuarine
Systems 497
CHAPTERSIXTEEN JohnM.Rybczyk,JohnW.DayJr.,
EstuarineFoodWebs 417 AlejandroYa´n˜ez-Arancibia,and
JamesH.CowanJr.
JamesD.HagyIIIandW.MichaelKemp
CHAPTERTWENTY-ONE
CHAPTERSEVENTEEN
EstuarineEcologicalModeling 519
BudgetAnalysesofEstuarineEcosystems 443
EnriqueReyes,KennethRose,
WalterR.BoyntonandScottW.Nixon
andDubravkoJustic´
CHAPTEREIGHTEEN Index, 537
FisheriesinLagoon-EstuarineEcosystems 465
DanielPaulyandAlejandro
Ya´n˜ez-Arancibia
PREFACE
Thisbookisatextbookforacourseinestuarineecol- The chapters in the book proceed logically
ogy designed to introduce students to the function through the science of estuarine ecology. The first
and structure of estuarine ecosystems. It isdesigned chapter introduces estuaries and estuarine ecology,
primarilyforanintroductorygraduatecourse,butit and describes some of the background, definitions,
canalsoserveasageneralresourcebookforestuarine theory, and issues of estuarine ecology. The next
ecologists.ThisbookisthesecondeditionofEstuar- two chapters deal with physical, geological, and
ine Ecology; the first edition was published in 1989. chemicalaspectsofestuaries.Thenatureofestuarine
Clearly there have been enormous advances since ecosystemsistoagreatextentdeterminedbyacom-
then, and this second edition has expanded from 13 plexanddynamicphysical,geological,andchemical
to 21 chapters to cover these advances. Some topics, environment. Therefore, a basic understanding of
such as climate change, were of relatively minor these topics is essential for a comprehension of
interest prior to 1989, but have since become central estuarine ecology. Then there is a group of chapters
to estuarine ecology. And there has been a dramatic onprimaryproducersofestuaries.Twonewchapters
increase in information about estuarine ecosystems, are added compared to the first edition so that phy-
growinghumanimpactsonthesesystems,andtheir toplankton, seagrasses, coastal marshes, mangroves,
value to society. This information is documented and benthic algae are covered. After that are two
throughout the book. Another significant change is chaptersonmicrobesinestuariescoveringestuarine
that we moved from a book in which most of the microbial ecology and estuarine microbial food
chapters were written by a small handful of authors webs, the latter being a new chapter for the second
to an edited volume with many authors. This was edition.Fourchaptersfollowthatcoveringestuarine
necessary because of the expansion of the bredth consumers including zooplankton, benthos, nekton,
of estuarine science and the challenge of having a andwildlife.Thenextthreechapterscoveremergent,
few authors adequately cover the subject. Thus, we holistic properties of estuarine ecosytems including
reached out to a number of well-known experts to metabolism, food webs, and budgets. All of these
prepare individual chapters. But we endevoured to chaptersdevelopdetailedinformationontaxonomy,
havethemuseagenerallyconsistentformattoensure physiology, life histories, ecological role, growth,
acomprehensivecoverageofestuarineecology. metabolism, and interaction with abiotic factors.
ix
x | PREFACE
The last four chapters deal with fisheries, human undertook this effort. We also hope that this book
impactandmanagement,theeffectofclimatechange will become a ‘‘work in progress’’ that can be more
on estuaries, and the role of modeling in estuarine easily updated on a regular basis because of the
science. participation of many experts. The arduous task of
Our primary motivation for preparing this book preparingsuchabookbyoneorafewauthorsispart
wastoupdatethefirsteditionthatisnowverymuch ofthereasonforthelongdelayinthesecondedition.
out of date. In the intervening two decades since
the publication of the first edition, many very good BatonRouge,Louisiana JohnW.Day,Jr.
books have been written on estuarine science. But, Cambridge,Maryland ByronC.Crump
we believe none of them really meets the need for Cambridge,Maryland W.MichaelKemp
an introductory text on estuarine ecology. Thus, we Xalapa,Me´xico AlejandroYa´n˜ez-Arancibia
October2011
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
Since estuarine ecology is such a dynamic science, their students and colleagues, is richly represented
we depended heavily on many of our colleagues throughoutthisbook.Wealsothankanumberofindi-
in writing this book. Through discussions, sugges- vidualswhohelpedwithcountlessdetailsinvolvedin
tionsandreviewofdifferentchapters,manyestuarine its production. These include Matt Moerschbaecher,
ecologists helped shape this book. Foremost among Rhine Perrin, Anne Gauzens, Alan Joyner, and Paul
those are the authors of the different chapters. We delGiorgio.TheCoastalandEstuarineResearchFed-
acknowledge the intelletual stimulation of Howard erationstronglysupportedandaidedintheprepara-
and Eugene Odum. Their work, as well as that of tionofthisbook.
xi