Essentials of Physical Anthropology (Seventh Edition)

416 Pages·2008·2.79 MB·English

by  Robert Jurmain

Essentials
of Physical
Anthropology
Seventh Edition
ROBERT JURMAIN LYNN KILGORE WENDA TREVATHAN
Major Fossil Hominid Sites
180 160W 140W 120W 100W 80W 60W 40W 20W 0
80N
GREENLAND
(KALAALLIT NUNAAT)
(Den.)
ARCTIC OCEAN
ALASKA
(U.S.) ICELAND
60N
UNITED
CANADA KINGDOM
IRELAND
Swanscombe
Boxgrove
St. Césaire
FR
La Chapelle
Cro Magnon SW
Atapuerca
40N UNITED STATES PORTUGAL SPAIN
AZORE IS.
Atlantic (Port.) Salé
Ocean CANARY IS. RabaORtO CCO
(Sp.) M A
TROPIC OF CANCER BAHAMAS
MEXICO
20N H(AUW.SA.)II Pacific GUAELT ESMAALVLAADORBHEOLNIZNIECDAURRCAAUJGASBMUAAAICAHAITIANNRTEDIPCITLUOOHLEEEM RS(RUT IL(ON.NASI.NeC)tDhA.S)ANN GTDRGTRMOEUIRIGNPAAMEBU.NIRDADIANTAERAI LINB&DCDOAAI A QBU&DAPUO TEREOS B ((FUBFrrAD..))GAO CAPE VEGRUDIEGN AIESAM. BBIIASSSEAMNUEAGUAGLRUITINAENAIAB U FMRAKSAINOLAAI
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(Ecuador) &
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(Fr.) (Fr.)
TONGA TAHITI (Fr.) BOLIVIA
20S
TROPIC OF CAPRICORN PARAGU
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EASTER ISLAND
(Chile)
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40S
0 500 1000 1500 miles
FALKLAND IS.
0 1000 2000 km (U.K.)
Equatorial Scale
60S
ANTARCTIC CIRCLE
80S
180 160W 140W 120W 100W 80W 60W 40W 20W 0
20E 40E 60E 80E 100E 120E 140E 160E 180
Arctic Ocean
80N
NORWAY DEN ARCTIC CIRCLE
WE FINLAND RUSSIA
S
ESTONIA Sungir 60N
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NIGER MARIANA
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1. SLOVENIA
2. CROATIA
3. BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA
4. ALBANIA
5. MACEDONIA
6. SERBIA AND MONTENEGRO
60S
ANTARCTIC CIRCLE
ANTARCTICA
80S
20E 40E 60E 80E 100E 120E 140E 160E 180
Essentials
of Physical
Anthropology
Essentials
of Physical
Anthropology
SEVENTH EDITION
Robert Jurmain
Professor Emeritus, San Jose State University
Lynn Kilgore
University of Colorado, Boulder
Wenda Trevathan
New Mexico State University
Australia • Brazil • Japan • Korea • Mexico • Singapore • Spain • United Kingdom • United States
Essentials of Physical Anthropology, Seventh Edition © 2009, 2006 Wadsworth, Cengage Learning
Robert Jurmain, Lynn Kilgore, and Wenda Trevanthan
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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 12 11 10 09 08
Brief Contents
1
CHAPTER Introduction to Physical Anthropology 1
2
CHAPTER Th e Development of Evolutionary Th eory 17
3
CHAPTER Th e Biological Basis of Life 37
4
CHAPTER Heredity and Evolution 56
5
CHAPTER Macroevolution: Processes of Vertebrate and Mammalian Evolution 77
6
CHAPTER An Overview of the Primates 98
7
CHAPTER Primate Behavior 131
8
CHAPTER Hominid Origins 157
9
CHAPTER Th e First Dispersal of the Genus Homo: Homo erectus and Contemporaries 194
10
CHAPTER Premodern Humans 216
11
CHAPTER Th e Origin and Dispersal of Modern Humans 244
12
CHAPTER Human Variation and Adaptation 269
13
CHAPTER Th e Anthropological Perspective on the Human Life Course 298
14
CHAPTER Lessons from the Past, Lessons for the Future 318
v
Contents
Preface .................................................................. xiii 2
Supplements .......................................................... xvi chapter
Th e Development of
1
Evolutionary Th eory .................................... 17
chapter
Introduction ...........................................................18
Introduction .................................................... 1 A Brief History of Evolutionary Th ought .......................19
Introduction ............................................................ 2 Th e Scientifi c Revolution .......................................20
What Is Anthropology? .............................................. 6 Precursors to the Th eory of Evolution ......................21
Cultural Anthropology ............................................... 6 Th e Discovery of Natural Selection ..........................25
Archaeology ............................................................. 6 Natural Selection .....................................................28
Linguistic Anthropology ............................................. 7 Natural Selection in Action ........................................29
Physical Anthropology ............................................... 7 QUICK REVIEW ......................................................31
Physical Anthropology and the Scientifi c Method ...........12 Constraints on Nineteenth-Century
Th e Anthropological Perspective .................................14 Evolutionary Th eory .................................................32
QUICK REVIEW ......................................................14 Opposition to Evolution Today ...................................32
Summary ...............................................................15 Summary ...............................................................35
Why It Matters ........................................................16 Why It Matters ........................................................35
Critical Th inking Questions .......................................16 Critical Th inking Questions .......................................36
3
chapter
Th e Biological Basis of Life ........................37
Introduction ...........................................................38
Th e Cell .................................................................38
DNA Structure ........................................................40
DNA Replication .....................................................41
Protein Synthesis ......................................................42
What Is a Gene? .......................................................44
Regulatory Genes .....................................................45
QUICK REVIEW ......................................................45
main
Robert Jur
vii
5
Cell Division ...........................................................46 chapter
Chromosomes .....................................................47 Macroevolution: Processes of Vertebrate
Mitosis ...............................................................49 and Mammalian Evolution ........................77
Meiosis ..............................................................50
Introduction ...........................................................78
New Frontiers..........................................................52
Th e Human Place in the Organic World ........................78
Summary ...............................................................54
Principles of Classifi cation .........................................80
Why It Matters ........................................................55
Constructing Classifi cations and Interpreting
Critical Th inking Questions .......................................55 Evolutionary Relationships .....................................81
QUICK REVIEW ......................................................85
4
Defi nition of Species .................................................86
chapter
Interpreting Species and Other Groups in
Heredity and Evolution ...............................56 the Fossil Record ..................................................88
Introduction ...........................................................57 Vertebrate Evolutionary History: A Brief Summary .........90
Th e Genetic Principles Discovered by Mendel ................57 Mammalian Evolution ..............................................92
Segregation .........................................................58 Th e Emergence of Major Mammalian Groups ................94
Dominance and Recessiveness ................................59 Processes of Macroevolution ......................................94
Independent Assortment .......................................61 Adaptive Radiation ...............................................94
Mendelian Inheritance in Humans...............................61 Generalized and Specialized Characteristics ..............95
Misconceptions about Dominance Modes of Evolutionary Change ...............................95
and Recessiveness.................................................63 Summary ...............................................................96
Polygenic Inheritance ................................................64 Why It Matters ........................................................97
QUICK REVIEW ......................................................66 Critical Th inking Questions .......................................97
Genetic and Environmental Factors .............................66
Mitochondrial Inheritance .........................................67
A
T
Modern Evolutionary Th eory .....................................67 A T
C
Th e Modern Synthesis ...........................................67 G A T
A Current Defi nition of Evolution ...........................68
Factors Th at Produce and Redistribute Variation ............69 A T
Mutation ............................................................69 A T
Gene Flow ..........................................................69 C T G A
Genetic Drift and Founder Eff ect .............................70
Recombination ....................................................71
Natural Selection Is Directional and A A DNA template strand
Acts on Variation .....................................................72 T U U U A C
Review of Genetics and Evolutionary Factors ................. 74 G C
Summary ...............................................................75 T G C GG T
T mRNA
Why It Matters ........................................................76 T
G
Critical Th inking Questions .......................................76 G G
C A
A C
A
T
G
C
A T
A T
viii
6
chapter
An Overview of the Primates ....................98
Introduction ...........................................................99
Primate Characteristics ............................................100
Primate Adaptations ................................................104
Evolutionary Factors ............................................104
Geographical Distribution and Habitats ...................105
Diet and Teeth ....................................................105
Locomotion .......................................................108
Primate Classifi cation ..............................................109
QUICK REVIEW .....................................................112
A Survey of the Living Primates .................................112
Prosimians: Lemurs, Lorises, and Tarsiers ................112
Anthropoids (Monkeys, Apes, and Humans) ............115
Hominoids (Apes and Humans) .............................119
EndHTha unemg Bearunessdh . mP..r.ei.am..t. aC.t.e.r.is.s ..i..s.. ....................................................................................................................................111222456 Ellen Ingmanson
Mountain Gorillas at Greater Risk ..........................128
Summary ..............................................................129
Why It Matters .......................................................130
QUICK REVIEW .....................................................153
Critical Th inking Questions ......................................130
Th e Primate Continuum ...........................................154
7 Summary ..............................................................155
Why It Matters .......................................................156
chapter
Critical Th inking Questions ......................................156
Primate Behavior .........................................131
Introduction ..........................................................132
8
Th e Evolution of Behavior .........................................133
Some Factors Th at Infl uence Social Structure ............134 chapter
Why Be Social? .......................................................136 Hominid Origins ..........................................157
Primate Social Behavior............................................136 Introduction ..........................................................158
Dominance ........................................................137 Early Primate Evolution ............................................158
Communication .................................................137 Miocene Fossil Hominoids ........................................161
Aggressive Interactions ........................................139 Defi nition of Hominid .............................................163
Affi liation and Altruism .......................................140 What’s in a Name? ...............................................163
Reproduction and Reproductive Behaviors ...................142 Th e Bipedal Adaptation ............................................164
Female and Male Reproductive Strategies .................143 Biocultural Evolution: Th e Human
Sexual Selection ..................................................144 Capacity for Culture ................................................167
Infanticide as a Reproductive Strategy? ....................144 Paleoanthropology as a Multidisciplinary Science ..........170
Mothers, Fathers, and Infants ....................................146 Dating Methods ......................................................171
Primate Cultural Behavior ........................................147 QUICK REVIEW .....................................................173
Language ...............................................................150 Finding Early Hominid Fossils ...................................173
ix