Table Of ContentCIVIL AND MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
Reddy
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Swamidas
Essentials of Offshore Structures
Framed and Gravity Platforms
“The authors are extremely well known in this subject and have produced an excellent
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book suitable for students and graduates working in the field of offshore structure design.
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The book is thoroughly recommended.”
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—Professor William Dover, Emeritus Shell Professor, University College London e
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Essentials of Offshore Structures: Framed and Gravity Platforms presents a clear demonstration of both i
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the theory and application of the relevant procedures of structural, fluid, and geotechnical mechanics to
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offshore structures. It provides a multitude of solved problems and sample problems to solve that offers s
readers a strong understanding of the analysis and design of steel-framed and base-supported concrete
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gravity offshore structures.
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The book highlights sensible engineering applications for offshore structural design, research, and
development. It includes material on preliminary costing, structural form and design, assembly of ff
components, environmental characteristics of the construction site, factors governing the material choice,
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forces acting on the installed structure, and overall structural design. h
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Separate chapters detail the factors that influence the pile embedment and concrete gravity foundation r
characteristics, material choice including fatigue and corrosion, estimation of ocean environmental forces e
that will be exerted on the offshore structures, and other analysis fundamentals that the reader needs to
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possess. The final two chapters give detailed insights into the analysis and design of framed and concrete
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gravity platform offshore structures using API code procedures. The book includes practical problems with r
worked solutions at the end of each chapter, more than 200 illustrations, and an inclusive presentation of the u
analysis and design of steel and concrete offshore structures. c
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Essentials of
Offshore Structures
Framed and Gravity Platforms
Essentials of
Offshore Structures
Framed and Gravity Platforms
D.V. Reddy
A.S.J. Swamidas
Boca Raton London New York
CRC Press is an imprint of the
Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business
Cover photo courtesy of Hibernia Management and Development Company Ltd.
CRC Press
Taylor & Francis Group
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© 2014 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
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Version Date: 20130528
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To the Almighty Creator of Planet Ocean, with its
vast resources and mighty challenges.
Contents
Preface..............................................................................................................................................xv
Authors ...........................................................................................................................................xvii
Chapter 1 Offshore Operations and Structural Development .......................................................1
1.1 Introduction .......................................................................................................1
1.2 Current State of the Industry .............................................................................3
1.3 Commercial Projections for the Offshore Industry ...........................................6
1.4 Structural Concept Evaluation and Innovative Developments ........................15
1.5 Legal Jurisdiction ............................................................................................30
1.6 History of Offshore Structural Development ..................................................32
Exercise Problems ......................................................................................................35
Appendix ....................................................................................................................39
References ..................................................................................................................43
Chapter 2 Components of a Typical Offshore Structure .............................................................47
2.1 Introduction .....................................................................................................47
2.2 Functional and Structural Requirements of an Offshore Platform .................50
2.3 Components of a Fixed Jacket Steel Platform .................................................51
2.3.1 Jacket Substructure .............................................................................53
2.3.2 Pile Foundation ..................................................................................58
2.4 Components of a Steel Jack-Up Platform ........................................................60
2.5 Components of a Concrete Gravity Platform ..................................................63
2.6 Components of a Ship Structure ......................................................................70
2.6.1 Modern Trends ...................................................................................75
2.7 Components of a Semi-Submersible ................................................................75
Exercise Problems ......................................................................................................81
References ..................................................................................................................83
Chapter 3 Ocean Environment: Wind, Wave, Current, Tides, Ice, and Seismic Effects ............85
3.1 Introduction .....................................................................................................85
3.2 Description of the Ocean Environment ...........................................................85
3.2.1 Winds .................................................................................................85
3.2.2 Currents ..............................................................................................88
3.2.3 Waves..................................................................................................89
3.2.4 Tides ...................................................................................................90
3.2.5 Earthquakes ........................................................................................92
3.2.6 Sea Ice and Other Forms of Ice in the Ocean ....................................95
3.2.6.1 Icebergs ...............................................................................97
3.3 Ocean Winds and Wind Statistics .................................................................100
3.3.1 Introduction to Wind ........................................................................100
3.3.2 Theoretical Characterization of Wind Regime ................................102
3.3.2.1 Probabilistic Nature of Wind Regime ..............................103
3.3.3 Wind Velocity Profile .......................................................................107
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3.4 Ocean Waves and Wave Statistics .................................................................110
3.4.1 Introduction to Waves .......................................................................110
3.4.2 Airy’s Two-Dimensional Small Amplitude Linear Wave
Formulation ......................................................................................111
3.4.2.1 Wave Particle Velocity, Acceleration, and Orbit ..............115
3.4.2.2 Wave Pressure, Energy, and Flux (or Power) ....................117
3.4.3 Nonlinear Wave Formulation ...........................................................120
3.4.4 Wave Statistics and Spectral Characterization .................................124
3.4.4.1 Theoretical Prediction Based on Statistical
Characterization of Waves ................................................125
3.4.4.2 Wave Prediction from Wind Characteristics ....................132
3.5 Ocean Currents ..............................................................................................135
3.5.1 Introduction to Ocean Currents........................................................135
3.5.2 Current Velocity Profile ...................................................................136
3.6 Solar and Lunar Ocean Tides ........................................................................139
3.6.1 Introduction to Solar and Lunar Ocean Tides ..................................139
3.6.2 Theory of Tidal Formation ...............................................................140
3.6.3 Water Level Fluctuations Including Tides .......................................142
3.7 Seismological Considerations, Earthquakes, and Seaquakes ........................147
3.7.1 Introduction to Seismological Considerations, Earthquakes,
and Seaquakes ..................................................................................147
3.7.2 Characteristic Features of Earthquake Phenomena .........................147
3.7.3 Magnitude and Intensity of Earthquakes .........................................150
3.8 Ice Environment and Properties ....................................................................153
3.8.1 Introduction to Ice Environment and Properties ..............................153
3.8.2 Ice Properties ....................................................................................154
3.8.3 Modes of Possible Ice–Structure Interaction ...................................157
Exercise Problems ....................................................................................................160
References ................................................................................................................167
Chapter 4 Seabed Mechanics ....................................................................................................171
4.1 Introduction ...................................................................................................171
4.2 Ocean Floor Characteristics and Characterization .......................................171
4.3 Offshore Site Investigation and Equipment Used ..........................................177
4.3.1 Introduction ......................................................................................177
4.3.2 High-Resolution Geophysical Surveys .............................................178
4.3.3 Drill and Wire-Line Coring Techniques Using Surface
Support Vessel ..................................................................................179
4.3.3.1 Drill and Wire-Line Coring Using Surface
Support Vessel ..................................................................179
4.3.3.2 Sea Bottom-Located Rotary Drills with Wire-Line
Corers and Operated by Divers ........................................180
4.3.3.3 Vibro-Coring or Flexo-Coring (with Equipment at
Sea Bottom) from Surface Support Vessel .......................180
4.3.3.4 Using Remote-Controlled Rotary Corers .........................181
4.3.3.5 Use of Gravity or Stationary Piston Corers ......................181
4.3.4 Remote In Situ Measurements .........................................................184
4.3.4.1 Modular Seacalf Cone Penetrometers ..............................184
4.3.4.2 Wire-Line Vane Shear Test Equipment ............................190
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