Essentials of energy technology : sources, transport, storage, and conservation

463 Pages·2013·9.221 MB·English

by  Borst, Walter L., Fricke, Jochen

JochenFrickeandWalterL.Borst
EssentialsofEnergyTechnology
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Jochen Fricke and Walter L. Borst
Essentials of Energy Technology
Sources, Transport, Storage, and Conservation
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V
Contents
Acknowledgments XI
Preface XIII
ListofAbbreviations XV
1 Introduction 1
1.1 GlobalEnergyFlow 1
1.2 NaturalandAnthropogenicGreenhouseEffect 1
1.3 LimittoAtmosphericCO Concentration 5
2
1.4 PotentialRemedies 6
1.4.1 EnergyConservation 6
1.4.2 RationalEnergyProductionandUse 7
1.4.3 CarbonCaptureandStorage(CCS) 7
1.4.4 NuclearEnergy 8
1.4.5 RenewableEnergies 8
References 9
Solutions 10
2 EnergyConservationwithThermalInsulation 11
2.1 OpaqueInsulations 11
2.1.1 ConventionalOpaqueInsulation:ThreeContributionstoHeat
Transfer 14
2.1.2 AdvancedOpaqueInsulations:VacuumInsulationPanels(VIPs) 21
2.1.3 SwitchableThermalInsulations 24
2.1.4 ThermalMeasurementMethods 25
2.2 TransparentandTranslucentInsulations 28
2.2.1 RadiativeTransfer 28
2.2.2 ConvectiveHeatTransfer 30
2.2.3 Windows 37
2.2.4 SwitchableGlazings 42
2.2.5 TranslucentInsulations 43
References 44
Solutions 45
VI Contents
3 ThermodynamicEnergyEfficiency 47
3.1 Carnot’sLaw 47
3.2 StirlingEngine 49
3.3 Irreversibilities 52
3.4 ExergyandAnergy 52
3.5 CompressionHeatPumpsandAir-ConditioningSystems 54
3.6 AbsorptionHeatTransformers 61
3.7 EnergyandExergyEfficiency 62
References 64
Solutions 65
4 FossilFuel-FiredEnergyConverters 67
4.1 PowerPlants 67
4.1.1 TheRankineSteamProcess 68
4.1.2 GasTurbines 74
4.1.3 Combined-CyclePowerPlants 76
4.1.4 TurbineandCoolingTower 78
4.1.5 Scrubber:DustRemoval,Desulfurization,andDeNO 80
x
4.1.6 CarbonDioxideCaptureandStorage(CCS) 83
4.1.7 Fossil-FiredBack-UpPowerPlants 89
4.2 InternalCombustionEngines 89
4.2.1 TheOtto,Diesel,andSeiligerProcesses 90
4.2.2 FuelsforTransportation 95
4.3 ThermoelectricConverters(TECs) 96
4.4 ExoticEnergyConverters 101
4.4.1 ThermionicConverters 101
4.4.2 AlkaliMetalThermalEnergyConverter(AMTEC) 102
4.4.3 Magneto-Hydro-Dynamic(MHD)Converter 103
4.5 AbsorptionCycles 104
4.6 CondensationBoilers 108
References 108
Solutions 110
5 NuclearFissionEnergyandPowerPlants 113
5.1 BindingEnergyandMassDefect 113
5.1.1 VolumeTerm 114
5.1.2 SurfaceTerm 116
5.1.3 CoulombTerm 116
5.1.4 AsymmetryTerm 116
5.1.5 PairingTerm 117
5.2 Fission 118
5.3 TheMultiplicationFactor 124
5.3.1 NeutronEmissionFactork 124
1
5.3.2 FastNeutronEnhancementFactork 125
2
5.3.3 ResonanceEscapeProbabilityk 127
3
Contents VII
5.3.4 ThermalUtilizationFactork 127
4
5.4 ReactorControl 127
5.5 NeutronFlux 129
5.6 ReactivityChangesduringPowerPlantOperation 134
5.7 FuelConversionandBreeding 135
5.8 NuclearReactorTypes 139
5.9 TheFuelQuestion 145
5.10 U235Enrichment 146
5.11 SpentFuel 147
5.12 ReactorSafetyandAccidents 152
References 156
Solutions 158
6 Hydropower 161
6.1 WaterRunofffromMountains 161
6.2 LaminarandTurbulentFlowinPipes 166
6.3 RunningWaterfromOceans 170
6.4 OceanTides 172
6.4.1 EquilibriumTheoryofTides 172
6.4.2 DynamicalTheoryofTides 176
6.4.3 BasinResonancesandSeiches 180
6.4.4 TidalPowerPlants 183
6.5 OceanWaves 185
6.5.1 CharacterizationofOceanWaves 185
6.5.2 EnergyfromOceanWaves 189
6.6 OceanThermalEnergyConversion(OTEC) 191
6.7 EnergyfromOsmoticPressure 192
References 195
Solutions 197
7 WindPower 201
7.1 WindVelocity 201
7.2 UsingtheDrag 203
7.3 UsingtheLift 205
7.4 TechnicalQuestions 213
7.5 ElectricityfromWindonDemand 215
7.6 Small-ScaleWindEnergyConversion 216
7.7 AlternativeWindEnergyConverters 218
7.8 WindEnergyConcentration 219
References 220
Solutions 221
8 Photovoltaics(PV) 223
8.1 DiodesandSolarCells 224
8.2 TransportPhenomena,I andU 229
sc oc
VIII Contents
8.3 TemperatureEffects 233
8.4 EquivalentCircuit 234
8.5 AbsorptionProcessandTransitions 235
8.6 AdvancedSolarCells 237
8.7 SiProductionandEnergyAmortization 238
8.8 OtherSolarMaterials 241
8.9 FromSolarCellstoModules 241
8.10 FutureProspectsforPhotovoltaics 242
8.11 WetSolarCells 244
References 247
Solutions 248
9 SolarSpaceandHotWaterHeating 249
9.1 SolarRadiation 249
9.2 FlatPlateCollectors 252
9.2.1 Gains,Losses,andEfficiency 252
9.2.2 TemperatureRisealongaSolarFlatPlateCollector 258
9.2.3 TemperatureDistributionacrossaSolarFlatPlate
Collector 262
9.3 EvacuatedThermalCollectors 264
9.4 CompoundParabolicConcentrator(CPC) 267
9.5 SolarThermalHeatingSystems 269
9.5.1 ActiveSolarHeatingSystems 269
9.5.2 Thermosiphon 271
References 276
Solutions 277
10 ElectricityandFuelsfromSolarHeat 281
10.1 ConcentrationofSolarRadiation 281
10.2 SolarTroughs 286
10.3 FresnelSystems 288
10.4 SolarDishandSolarTower 289
10.5 SolarThermicPowerPlants 291
10.6 SolarFuels 295
References 297
Solutions 298
11 BiomassEnergy 301
11.1 GrowthofBiomass 301
11.2 DirectUseofSolidBiomass 304
11.3 Biogas 306
11.4 Biofuel 309
11.4.1 FirstProductionMethod 309
11.4.2 SecondProductionMethod 309
11.4.3 ThirdProductionMethod 310