Essentials of anatomy & physiology

810 Pages·2017·184.198 MB·English

by  Bartholomew, Edwin F., Martini, Frederic

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this is a special edition of an established title widely
used by colleges and universities throughout the world.
Pearson published this exclusive edition for the benefit
of students outside the United States and Canada. if you
purchased this book within the United States or Canada,
you should be aware that it has been imported without
the approval of the Publisher or author.
Pearson Global Edition
Martini_07_1292156937_Final.indd 1 21/04/16 10:04 AM
Students Synthesize Information
At the end of each body system, a capstone Build Your Knowledge
System Integrator helps students understand how body systems
work together. Build Your Knowledge Concept Map Coaching
Activities are assignable in
Build Your Knowledge
How the CardiovasCuLar system integrates with the other body systems presented so far
Integumentary System Nervous System
• The Integumentary System has mast cells • The Nervous System controls patterns of
that trigger localized changes in blood circulation in peripheral tissues; modifies
flow and capillary permeability heart rate and regulates blood pressure;
releases antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
• The cardiovascular system delivers
immune system cells to injury sites; • The cardiovascular system has capillaries
clotting response seals breaks in skin whose endothelial cells maintain the
surface; carries away toxins from sites blood-brain barrier; help generate CSF
of infection; provides heat
Skeletal System Endocrine System
• The Skeletal System provides calcium • The Endocrine System produces
needed for normal cardiac muscle erythropoietin (EPO), which regulates
contraction; protects blood cells production of RBCs; several hormones
developing in red bone marrow increase blood pressure; epinephrine
stimulates cardiac muscle, increasing
• The cardiovascular system transports heart rate and force of contraction
calcium and phosphate for bone
deposition; delivers EPO to red bone • The cardiovascular system distributes
marrow, parathyroid hormone and hormones throughout the body; the heart
calcitonin to osteoblasts and osteoclasts secretes atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)
Muscular System Cardiovascular System
• The Muscular System assists venous The cardiovascular system has blood vessels
circulation through skeletal muscle that provide extensive anatomical
contractions; protects superficial blood connections between it and all the other
vessels, especially in neck and limbs organ systems. It:
• transports dissolved gases, nutrients,
• The cardiovascular system delivers hormones, and metabolic wastes
oxygen and nutrients, removes carbon • regulates pH and ion composition of
dioxide, lactic acid, and heat during interstitial fluid
skeletal muscle activity • restricts fluid losses at injury sites
• defends against toxins and pathogens
• stabilizes body temperature
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MORE!
SPOTLIGHT FIGURES Teach
Spotlight
Figure 20-5
ExtraEmbryonic mEmbranEs and PlacEnta Formation
Spotlight Figures provide
The germ layers introduced in Figure 20-4 also form four extraembryonic
membranes: (1) The yolk sac (endoderm and mesoderm), (2) the amnion Allantois Chorion
highly visual one- and (ectoderm and mesoderm), (3) the allantois (endoderm and mesoderm), The allantois begins as an outpocket The mesoderm associated with the allantois spreads around the entire
and (4) the chorion (mesoderm and trophoblast). These membranes of the endoderm near the base of the blastocyst, separating the cellular trophoblast from the blastocoele.
two-page presentations support embryonic and fetal development, but few traces of their yolk sac. The free endodermal tip then The appearance of blood vessels in the chorion is the first step in the
existence remain in adults. grows toward the wall of the blastocyst, creation of a functional placenta. By the third week of development, the
of tough topics in the Yolk sac Amnion surrounded by a mass of mesodermal mesoderm extends along the core of each trophoblastic villus, forming
cells. The base of the allantois eventually chorionic villi in contact with maternal tissues and blood vessels. These
The yolk sac begins as a layer of cells Ectodermal cells spread over gives rise to the urinary bladder. villi continue to enlarge and branch forming the placenta, the exchange
book. Brief text and spreads out around the outer edges of the the inner surface of the amniotic platform between mother and fetus for nutrients, oxygen, and wastes.
blastocoele to form a complete pouch. It is cavity, soon followed by
related figures and photos the primary nutrient source for early mesodermal cells. Amniotic fluid
embryonic development, and becomes an is produced, which cushions the
important site for blood cell formation. developing embryo.
communicate information
in a visually effective and 1 Week 2 2 Week 3 3 Week 4 4 Week 5 5 Week 10
Migration of mesoderm The embryonic disc bulges into the The embryo now has a head fold The developing embryo and extraembryonic The amnion has expanded greatly, filling the uterine cavity.
student-friendly format. around the inner surface of amniotic cavity at the head fold. The and a tail fold. Constriction of membranes bulge into the uterine cavity. The The fetus is connected to the placenta by an elongated
the cellular trophoblast forms allantois, an endodermal extension the connections between the trophoblast pushing out into the uterine cavity umbilical cord that contains a portion of the allantois, blood
the chorion. Mesodermal surrounded by mesoderm, extends embryo and the surrounding remains covered by endometrium but no longer vessels, and the remnants of the yolk stalk.
migration around the outside toward the trophoblast. trophoblast narrows the yolk participates in nutrient absorption and embryo
of the amniotic cavity, stalk and body stalk. support. The embryo moves away from the Umbilical cord
In the Seventh Edition, between the ectodermal placenta, and the body stalk and yolk stalk
cells and the trophoblast, fuse to form an umbilical stalk.
forms the amnion.
there is now at least one Mesodermal migration Uterus Myometrium Umbilical
around the endodermal stalk Placenta
pouch creates the yolk sac.
Spotlight Figure in every
chapter along with a Chorion Amniotic cavity fToalidl Bstoadlky Ysoalck
Cellular Head fold (containing
Mesoderm trophoblast Amnion of embryo amniotic fluid)
correlating new Coaching Placenta
Extraembryonic Yolk sac
Activity in Membranes Chorionic
Amnion villi of
placenta
Allantois
Yolk sac
Amnion
Chorion
Amniotic cavity
Uterine
Blastocoele Yolk Syncytial Chorionic villi Syncytial Embryonic Embryonic Yolk cavity Chorion
sac trophoblast of placenta trophoblast gut head fold stalk
NEW SPOTLIGHT FIGURES IN THBEox.in ddS 4-5EVENTH EDITION 9/29/15 2:06 PM
Figure 1-1: Levels of Organization Figure 12-5: The Heart: Internal Anatomy and Blood Flow
Figure 4-16: Inflammation and Regeneration Figure 13-13: Major Vessels of the System Circuit
Figure 5-2: The Epidermis Figure 14-4: Origin and Distribution of Lymphocytes
Figure 6-7: Types of Fractures and Steps in Repair Figure 15-10: Pulmonary Ventilation
Figure 8-9: Propagation of an Action Potential Figure 15-16: The Control of Respiration
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MORE!
Tough Topics
Text/Art Integration
Figure 2-23 an overview of the structures of organic
Compounds in the Body. Each class of organic compounds is
composed of simple structural subunits. Specific compounds within each
class are depicted above the basic subunits. Fatty acids are the main
subunits of all lipids except steroids. Only one type of lipid, a triglyceride,
is represented here.
ORGANIC COMPOUNDS
Carbohydrates Lipids Proteins Nucleic Acids HCiogmh-pEonuenrdgsy
include include composed of include include
Spotlight Polysaccharides Triglycerides Peptides RNA DNA ATP
Figure 20-5 OOOcoOnOtaOinO OOO composed of composed of cHoNmNNH2NNpHHoOHHOsHOHCeHH2dP of P P
ExtraEmbryonic mEmbranEs and PlacEnta Formation HHHODOHHHCHiOsHcOOHaoHoHcmfHOc ptHChwoOHOaHHosrOe iHddHOeHHsCHOH aFcaitdtys HHNAamcCHRiidnsoCOOH Ncoumclopefoo stieddes HNNNNHu2NNcHlHeOHHoOtOHiHCdHH2eP
The germ layers introduced in Figure 20-4 also form four extraembryonic Monosaccharides and and
m(ecetmodberramne asn: d(1 m) Tehsoe dyeorlmk )s,a (3c )( ethned oadllearnmto aisn d(e mndeosodderemrm a)n, (d2 m) tehseo admernmio),n AThlel aalnlanttooiiss begins as an outpocket CThhe omreisoonderm associated with the allantois spreads around the entire HHOHCOCCHHCOHHHCHOOHHCOH Glycerol PPhgorospuhpastPe
and (4) the chorion (mesoderm and trophoblast). These membranes of the endoderm near the base of the blastocyst, separating the cellular trophoblast from the blastocoele.
support embryonic and fetal development, but few traces of their yolk sac. The free endodermal tip then The appearance of blood vessels in the chorion is the first step in the An Overview of the Structures of
existence remain in adults. grows toward the wall of the blastocyst, creation of a functional placenta. By the third week of development, the
surrounded by a mass of mesodermal mesoderm extends along the core of each trophoblastic villus, forming Organic Compounds in the Body, p. 77
Yolk sac Amnion
cells. The base of the allantois eventually chorionic villi in contact with maternal tissues and blood vessels. These
The yolk sac begins as a layer of cells Ectodermal cells spread over gives rise to the urinary bladder. villi continue to enlarge and branch forming the placenta, the exchange
spreads out around the outer edges of the the inner surface of the amniotic platform between mother and fetus for nutrients, oxygen, and wastes.
blastocoele to form a complete pouch. It is cavity, soon followed by Figure 3-11 Phagocytosis.
the primary nutrient source for early mesodermal cells. Amniotic fluid Foreign object 1
embryonic development, and becomes an is produced, which cushions the (bacterium) A phagocytic cell contacts
Pseudopodium a foreign object and sends
important site for blood cell formation. developing embryo. pseudopodia (cytoplasmic
extensions) around it.
M00_MART8845_07_SE_C00.indd 6 9/29/15 1:52 PM
1 Week 2 2 Week 3 3 Week 4 4 Week 5 5 Week 10 2
The pseudopodia then
fuse at their tips to form
Migration of mesoderm The embryonic disc bulges into the The embryo now has a head fold The developing embryo and extraembryonic The amnion has expanded greatly, filling the uterine cavity. a vesicle that traps the
around the inner surface of amniotic cavity at the head fold. The and a tail fold. Constriction of membranes bulge into the uterine cavity. The The fetus is connected to the placenta by an elongated Vesicle object and moves it into
the cytoplasm.
the cellular trophoblast forms allantois, an endodermal extension the connections between the trophoblast pushing out into the uterine cavity umbilical cord that contains a portion of the allantois, blood
the chorion. Mesodermal surrounded by mesoderm, extends embryo and the surrounding remains covered by endometrium but no longer vessels, and the remnants of the yolk stalk. Lysosomes 3
migration around the outside toward the trophoblast. trophoblast narrows the yolk participates in nutrient absorption and embryo This vesicle then fuses
of the amniotic cavity, stalk and body stalk. support. The embryo moves away from the Umbilical cord with many lysosomes.
between the ectodermal placenta, and the body stalk and yolk stalk Aenftzeyrm theast ,d liygseossto itms al
cells and the trophoblast, fuse to form an umbilical stalk. contents.
forms the amnion.
Mesodermal migration Uterus Myometrium Umbilical 4
around the endodermal stalk Placenta Rdieffluesaes eindt on uthtreie nts
pouch creates the yolk sac. surrounding cytoplasm.
5
Chorion Tail Body Yolk The residue is then
Amniotic cavity fold stalk sac ejected from the cell
Cellular Head fold (containing Exocytosis through exocytosis.
Mesoderm trophoblast Amnion of embryo amniotic fluid)
Placenta
Extraembryonic Yolk sac Stepwise illustration of Phagocytosis,
Membranes Chorionic p. 96
Amnion villi of
placenta
Allantois
Yolk sac
Amnion
Chorion CliniCal note
Diabetes Mellitus
Amniotic cavity Untreated diabetes mellitus disrupts metabolic activities throughout
Uterine tehxep ebroiednyc. iCnlgin aicna le pnreorbglye cmriss iasr—isein b eescsaeunscee t, hmeo tsist soufe tsh ien vtiosslvueeds are
Blastocoele Ysoalck trSoypnhcoybtilaalst Cohfo priloanceicn vtailli trSoypnhcoybtilaalst Embgruytonic Ehmebadry foonldic sYtoallkk cavity Chorion abuPveSertsrnreaoetsait sbamrbeeeklslelasie nmspht ettgaorosd uvnd i aecn2dob t5vsiwunsoo.8orgnmle vr m baliaeinps ri g lgfeitlodlih uoparsemcnba ayo rnp n tsowoiedecfroo udmfeurplivoaalaldeermbll n ycdei n htptudh eatrraeshoninn.ie tgrgge esUei uncsrn hrsoiirn rtubooe bsuend.lc ni oAcadon usidn tsae gr stv.h aetiyo anr,e TambcRanhleialndetlyei d pn hdcnreaa odemlu lsiDisasfoee.ba rT rprmeahhattiaaiirsocgtg c inriaeone lon gtofid rnac itctao iotpophminalel tapi rhsrle ieyett.isen a
Early Heart Attacks
DkdlKeiiiedaadgdnbne eteenoytyes ik c,rD iaa dne tcneigvoepeenyh ncd frheaiotariiploanuatngrite oech.sany li,ln ec dath ne Dceatinnhagaoe rrrpengedl yedeegi ao hinrtacpooeeb ucla refeaiprir tvttwc,ii ecuvahi tetltpeahti amaebt dircoloteokip ansacslb .tkemc tFea.aaootgncerrek selasse t lagaihinkdriavee nte loy ni n
Peripheral Nerve Problems
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subdivided into
Type 1 Diabetes Type 2 Diabetes
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Figure 20-5: Extraembryonic Membranes and Placenta Formation
BoFx.indd u 8 ll-page Clinical Note on Diabetes 9/30/15 10:04 AM
Mellitus, p. 394
A02_MART6934_07_GE_FM.indd 3 4/18/16 4:21 PM
Provides Tools for
Practice Anatomy Lab™ (PAL™) 3.0 is an indispensable virtual anatomy
study and practice tool that gives students 24/7 access to the most
widely used lab specimens, including human cadaver, anatomical
models, histology, cat, and fetal pig. PAL 3.0 also includes multiple-
choice quizzes and practice fill-in-the-blank lab practicals.
Interactive Histology Module 3-D Anatomy Animations
A02_MART6934_07_GE_FM.indd 4 4/18/16 4:21 PM
Study, Review, and Practice
Essentials of Interactive Physiology® tutorials help students
advance beyond memorization to a genuine understanding of
complex physiological processes. Full-color animations and
videos demonstrate difficult concepts to reinforce the material.
Fun, interactive tutorials, games, MODULES:
and quizzes provide additional • Muscular System
explanations to help students • Nervous System
• Cardiovascular System
grasp difficult concepts.
• Respiratory System
• Urinary System
• Fluids & Electrolytes
• Endocrine System
• Digestive System
• Immune System
A02_MART6934_07_GE_FM.indd 5 4/18/16 4:21 PM
Study Anytime, Anywhere
Dynamic Study Modules help
students study effectively on their
own by continuously assessing
their activity and performance in
real time. These mobile-friendly
questions adapt to a student’s
performance and include art
and explanations from the text-
book to cement the student’s
understanding. Modules can also
be assigned in
Learning Catalytics™
is a “bring-your-own-
device” engagement,
assessment, and
classroom intelligence
system.
With Learning Catalytics,
instructors can generate
classroom discussion,
guide lectures, and
promote peer-to-peer
learning with real-time
analytics.

A02_MART6934_07_GE_FM.indd 6 4/18/16 4:21 PM
Instructor Supplements
Instructor’s Resource Center
The Instructor Resource Center organizes all instructor media
resources by chapter into one convenient and easy-to-use package.
• Textbook images in JPEG format
• Customizable textbook images embedded in PowerPoint® slides
• Customizable PowerPoint lecture slides
• A&P Flix™ 3-D movie-quality animations on tough topics
• Essentials of Interactive Physiology® Exercise Sheets and Answer Key
• Test Bank in TestGen® and Microsoft® Word formats
• Instructor Manual in Microsoft Word and PDF formats
• Bone and dissection videos embedded in PowerPoint lecture presentations
• And More!
Also Available:
• Instructor’s Manual by Patty Bostwick-Taylor
• Test Bank for Essentials of Anatomy & Physiology—Printed and TestGen
Student Supplements
Also Available:
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Get Ready for A&P Martini’s Atlas of A&P Applications Manual
by Lori K. Garrett the Human Body by Frederic H. Martini
978-0-32-181336-7 by Frederic H. Martini and Kathleen Welch
0-32-181336-7 978-0-32-194072-8 978-0-32-194973-8
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ISBN 10: 1292156937
ISBN 13: 9781292156934
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Text and Illustration Team
FREDERIC (RIC) MARTINI, PH.D. (author) University. After graduation, Dr. Ober completed a residency in
received his Ph.D. from Cornell University. In Family Practice and later was on the faculty at the University of
addition to his technical and journal publica- Virginia in the Department of Family Medicine. He was Chief
tions, he has been the lead author of ten un- of Medicine at Martha Jefferson Hospital and was an Instructor
dergraduate texts on anatomy and physiology in the Division of Sports Medicine at UVA. He also was part of
or anatomy. Dr. Martini is currently affiliated the Core Faculty at Shoals Marine Laboratory for 22 years, where
with the University of Hawaii at Manoa and has he taught Biological Illustration every summer. He is currently a
a long-standing bond with the Shoals Marine Laboratory, a joint visiting professor of Biology at Washington and Lee University.
venture between Cornell University and the University of New The textbooks illustrated by his company Medical & Scientific
Hampshire. He has been active in the Human Anatomy and Physi- Illustration have won numerous design and illustration awards.
ology Society (HAPS) for 24 years and is now a President Emeri-
CLAIRE E. OBER, R.N. (illustrator) practiced
tus of HAPS. He is also a member of the American Physiological
pediatric and obstetric nursing before turning
Society, the American Association of Anatomists, the S ociety for
to medical illustration as a full-time career. She
Integrative and Comparative Biology, the Australia/New Zealand
received her degree at Mary Baldwin College
Association of Clinical Anatomists, the Hawaii Academy of Sci-
with distinction in studio art. Following a five-
ence, the American Association for the Advancement of Science,
year apprenticeship, she has worked as Dr. Ober’s
and the International Society of Vertebrate Morphologists.
partner in Medical & Scientific Illustration since 1986. She was
on the Core Faculty at Shoals Marine Laboratory and co-taught
EDWIN F. BARTHOLOMEW, M.S. (author)
the Biological Illustration course.
received his undergraduate degree from Bowl-
ing Green State University in Ohio and his M.S.
KATHLEEN WELCH, M.D. (clinical consul-
from the University of Hawaii. His interests range
tant) received her M.D. from the University of
widely, from human anatomy and physiology to
Washington in Seattle and did her residency at
the marine environment, “backyard” aquacul-
the University of North Carolina in Chapel Hill.
ture, and art. Mr. Bartholomew has taught human anatomy and
For two years, she served as Director of Mater-
physiology at both the secondary and undergraduate levels. In ad-
nal and Child Health at the LBJ Tropical Medi-
dition, he has taught a range of other science courses (from botany
cal Center in American Samoa and subsequently was a member
to zoology) at Maui Community College (now the University of
of the Department of Family Practice at the Kaiser Permanente
Hawaii Maui College). For many years, he taught at historic La-
Clinic in Lahaina, Hawaii. She was in private practice from 1987
hainaluna High School, the oldest high school west of the Rockies,
until her retirement in 2012. Dr. Welch has been the Clinical
where he assisted in establishing an LHS Health Occupations Stu-
Consultant for nine textbooks and the coauthor of one textbook
dents of America (HOSA) chapter. He has written journal articles, a
and several clinical supplements. Dr. Welch is a Fellow of the
weekly newspaper column, and many magazine articles. Working
American Academy of Family Practice and a member of the Ha-
with Dr. Martini, he coauthored Structure & Function of the Human
waii Medical Association, the Maui County Medical Association,
Body and The Human Body in Health and Disease (Pearson). Along
and the Human Anatomy and Physiology Society.
with Dr. Martini and Dr. Judi Nath, he coauthored Fundamentals
of Anatomy & Physiology, 10th edition. He also coauthored Visual RALPH T. HUTCHINGS (biomedical photogra-
Anatomy & Physiology, 2nd edition, with Dr. Martini, Dr. William pher) was associated with the Royal College of
Ober, Dr. Judi Nath, and Dr. Kevin Petti. Mr. Bartholomew is a Surgeons for 20 years. An engineer by training,
member of the Human Anatomy and Physiology Society, National he has focused for years on photographing the
Science Teacher’s Association, and the American Association for structure of the human body. The result has been
the Advancement of Science. a series of color atlases, including the Color Atlas of
Human Anatomy, the Color Atlas of Surface Anatomy, and The Human
WILLIAM C. OBER, M.D. (art coordinator and Skeleton (all published by Mosby-Yearbook Publishing). For his ana-
illustrator) received his undergraduate degree tomical portrayal of the human body, the International Photogra-
from Washington and Lee University and his M.D. phers Association chose Mr. Hutchings as the best photographer
from the University of Virginia. While in medi- of humans in the twentieth century. He lives in North London,
cal school, he also studied in the Department where he tries to balance the demands of his photographic assign-
of Art as Applied to Medicine at Johns Hopkins ments with his hobbies of early motorcars and airplanes.
9
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