Essentials of Abdomino-Pelvic Sonography: A Handbook for Practitioners

293 Pages·2018·70.05 MB·English

by  Swati Goyal

Essentials of Abdomino-Pelvic
Sonography

Essentials of Abdomino-Pelvic
Sonography
A Handbook for Practitioners
Dr. Swati Goyal
CRC Press
Taylor & Francis Group
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Library of Congress Cataloging‑in‑Publication Data
Names: Goyal, Swati, author.
Title: Essentials of abdomino-pelvic sonography : a handbook for
practitioners / Dr. Swati Goyal.
Description: Boca Raton, FL : CRC Press/Taylor & Francis Group, [2018] |
Includes bibliographical references and index.
Identifiers: LCCN 2017034325| ISBN 9781138501829 (hardback : alk. paper) |
ISBN 9781351261203 (ebook : alk. paper)
Subjects: | MESH: Digestive System Diseases--diagnostic imaging |
Abdomen--diagnostic imaging | Pelvis--diagnostic imaging | Ultrasonography
| Ultrasonography, Prenatal
Classification: LCC RC78.7.U4 | NLM WI 141 | DDC 617.5/50754--dc23
LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2017034325
Visit the Taylor & Francis Web site at
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Dedication
Dedicated to my adorable kids, Prisha and Rushank, who invigorated me in spite of all the time the task
of book writing took me away from them.

Contents
List of Abbreviations xxiii
Preface xxv
Acknowledgments xxvii
About the Author xxix
PArt I USG PHYSICS 1
1 Ultrasound Physics 3
Introduction 3
Principle of sonography 3
Based on pulse-echo principle 3
Instrumentation 3
Ultrasonography transducer 4
Types of transducers 4
Selection of transducers 4
Specialized transducers 5
Real-time ultrasound 5
Construction of a transducer 5
Piezoelectric crystal 5
Piezoelectric effect 6
Curie temperature 6
Q factor (Quality factor or mechanical coefficient K) 6
Ultrasound gel 6
Resolution 6
Contrast resolution 6
Temporal resolution 6
Spatial resolution 6
Normal imaging 7
Orientation of probe 7
Time-gain compensation 7
Duty factor 7
Acoustic impedance 7
Acoustic interface 7
Interaction with tissues 8
Imaging pitfalls 8
vii
viii Contents
Reverberation artifacts 9
Comet tail (Ring down) artifacts 9
Refraction 9
Side lobe 9
Acoustic shadowing 9
Acoustic enhancement 9
Overpenetration 10
Partial volume effect 10
Multipath artifacts 10
Mirror artifacts 10
Anisotropy 10
Biological effects 10
Streaming 10
Chaperone 10
Suggested readings 10
PArt II ABDOMINAL USG 13
2 Liver 15
Introduction 15
Anatomy 15
Segmental anatomy 15
Vascular anatomy 15
Other ligaments 16
Protocol 16
Indications 16
Normal findings 16
Echogenicity 16
Pathologies 17
Hepatitis 17
Acute hepatitis 17
Chronic hepatitis 17
Cirrhosis 17
Infective lesions 17
Liver abscess (Pyogenic) 17
Amoebic abscess 17
Subphrenic abscess 17
Echinococcal (Hydatid) cysts 18
Fatty liver 18
Focal hepatic lesions 19
Simple cysts 19
Peribiliary cysts 20
Biliary hamartomas (Von Meyenberg complexes) 20
Hemangioma 20
Focal nodular hyperplasia 20
Hepatic adenoma 20
Biliary cystadenomas 20
Hepatocellular carcinoma 20
Fibrolamellar hepatocellular carcinoma 20
Metastases 21
Contents ix
Intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma 22
Hematoma—H/O trauma 22
Miscellaneous 22
Pediatric section 22
Neonatal hepatitis 22
Causes of cirrhosis in children 22
Infantile hemangioendothelioma 22
Mesenchymal hamartomas 23
Hepatoblastoma 23
Undifferentiated embryonal sarcoma 23
Metastases 23
3 Gallbladder 25
Introduction 25
Anatomy 25
Variants of gallbladder 26
Pathologies 26
Gallstones (Cholelithiasis) 26
USG 26
Bile sludge/sand/microlithiasis 26
Acute cholecystitis 26
Acalculous cholecystitis 27
Miscellaneous 27
Porcelain gallbladder 28
Polyps 28
Adenomyomatosis 29
Gallbladder carcinoma 29
4 Biliary Tree 31
Introduction 31
Pathologies 31
Choledocholithiasis (CBD stones) 31
Mirizzi syndrome 32
Cholangitis 32
Acute cholangitis 32
Ascariasis 32
Cholangiocarcinoma 33
Hilar cholangiocarcinoma 33
Distal cholangiocarcinoma 33
Intrahepatic 33
Pediatric section 33
Biliary atresia 33
Choledochal cysts 33
Biliary rhabdomyosarcoma 34
5 Spleen 35
Introduction 35
Anatomy 35
Pathologies 35
Splenomegaly 35
Cystic lesions of spleen 35
Solid lesions of spleen 36
Miscellaneous 36