Essential Clinical Anesthesia Review: Keywords, Questions and Answers for the Boards

578 Pages·2014·15.13 MB·English

by  Linda S. Aglio

Essential Clinical Anesthesia Review:
Keywords, Questions and Answers
for the Boards

Essential Clinical Anesthesia
Review: Keywords, Questions
and Answers for the Boards
Edited by
LindaS.Aglio
HarvardMedicalSchoolandtheBrighamandWomen’sHospital,Boston,MA,USA.
RobertW.Lekowski
TheBrighamandWomen’sHospitalandHarvardMedicalSchool,Boston,MA,USA.
RichardD.Urman
TheBrighamandWomen’sHospital,CenterforPerioperativeManagementandMedicalInformatics,andHarvardMedicalSchool,Boston,MA,USA.
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LibraryofCongressCataloguinginPublicationdata
Essentialclinicalanesthesiareview:keywords,questionsandanswersfor
theboards/editedbyLindaS.Aglio,RobertW.Lekowski,RichardD.
Urman.
p.;cm.
Includesbibliographicalreferencesandindex.
ISBN978-1-107-68130-9(Hardback)
I. Aglio,LindaS.,editor. II. Lekowski,RobertW.,editor.
III. Urman,RichardD.,editor.
[DNLM: 1. Anesthesia–ExaminationQuestions. 2. Anesthesia–
Outlines. 3. Anesthetics–administration&dosage–Examination
Questions. 4. Anesthetics–administration&dosage–Outlines.
WO218.2]
RD82.3
617.906076–dc23 2014014929
ISBN978-1-107-68130-9Paperback
CambridgeUniversityPresshasnoresponsibilityforthepersistenceor
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Everyefforthasbeenmadeinpreparingthisbooktoprovideaccurateand
up-to-dateinformationwhichisinaccordwithacceptedstandardsand
practiceatthetimeofpublication.Althoughcasehistoriesaredrawnfrom
actualcases,everyefforthasbeenmadetodisguisetheidentitiesofthe
individualsinvolved.Nevertheless,theauthors,editorsandpublisherscan
makenowarrantiesthattheinformationcontainedhereinistotallyfree
fromerror,notleastbecauseclinicalstandardsareconstantlychanging
throughresearchandregulation.Theauthors,editorsandpublishers
thereforedisclaimallliabilityfordirectorconsequentialdamages
resultingfromtheuseofmaterialcontainedinthisbook.Readersare
stronglyadvisedtopaycarefulattentiontoinformationprovidedbythe
manufacturerofanydrugsorequipmentthattheyplantouse.
Contents
List of contributors xi
Preface xvii
Historyof anesthesia 1 13. Substance abuse andanesthesia 56
ManishaS. Desai and SukumarP. Desai Nantthasorn Zinboonyahgoon and Joseph M. Garfield
– –
Section 1 Preoperative care and Section 2 Airway management
evaluation
14. Anatomy of the human airway 61
1. Preoperative anestheticassessment 3 RichardHsu and Christopher Chen
EmilyL. Wang and Jeffrey Lu 15. Airwayassessment 64
2. Obstructive and restrictivelung disease 8 RichardHsu and Christopher Chen
EmilyL. Wang and Jeffrey Lu 16. Perioperative airway management 67
3. Anesthetic goals in patients with myocardial RichardHsu and Maksim Zayaruzny
ischemiaandheart failure 15 17. Management of the difficult airway 70
ThomasHickeyand Linda S. Aglio RichardHsu and Maksim Zayaruzny
4. Anesthetic goals in patients with valvular heart
disease 18 Section 3 – Anesthesia equipment
Zahra M. Malik and Martin Zammert
18. Medicalgas supply,vacuum,and scavenging 74
5. Obesity 22
Marc Philip T. Pimenteland James H. Philip
Kelly G. Elterman and Suzanne Klainer
19. Anesthesia machine 76
6. Chronic renal failure 26
Marc Philip T. Pimenteland James H. Philip
Michael Vaninettiand Assia Valovska
20. Anesthesia ventilators 79
7. Liver disease 30
Marc Philip T. Pimenteland James H. Philip
Julia Serber and Evan Blaney
21. Anesthesia breathing apparatuses 82
8. Principlesof diabetes mellitus and perioperative
Marc Philip T. Pimenteland James H. Philip
glucose control 33
Olutoyin Okanlawon and RichardD.Urman 22. Electricalsafety 85
Marc Philip T. Pimenteland James H. Philip
9. Common blood disorders 37
Rosemary Uzomba, Michael D’Ambra,and Robert
–
W. Lekowski Section 4 Patient monitoring
10. The elderly patient 43
23. Hemodynamic patient monitoring 88
Allison Clark and Lisa Crossley
ThomasHickeyand Linda S. Aglio
11. Neurologic diseases andanesthesia 45
24. The electrocardiogram andapproach to diagnosis
Nantthasorn Zinboonyahgoon and Joseph of common abnormalities 93
M. Garfield
ThomasHickeyand Linda S. Aglio
12. Anesthetic considerations in psychiatric disease 51
25. Pulse oximetry andcapnography 101
Nantthasorn Zinboonyahgoon and Joseph M. Garfield
Hanjo Ko andGeorgeP. Topulos
v
Contents
26. Monitoring ofneuromuscular blockade 104 44. Allergic reactions 156
M.TariqHanifi,J.MatthewKynes,andJosephM.Garfield Iuliu FatandDevon Flaherty
27. Thermoregulation and temperature monitoring 107
–
Jessica Bauerle and Zhiling Xiong Section 7 Pharmacology of local
28. Neurophysiologic monitoring 109 anesthetics
Scott W.Vaughan and Linda S.Aglio
45. Pharmacology of local anesthetics: mechanismof
29. Intraoperative awareness 113 action and pharmacokinetics 159
Nantthasorn Zinboonyahgoon and Joseph M. Garfield Jessica Bauerle and Zhiling Xiong
46. Clinicalapplications oflocal anesthetics 161
–
Section 5 Inhalation anesthetics
Julia Serber and Evan Blaney
30. Inhalationanesthetics 115
–
Carly C.Guthrie and Jeffrey Lu Section 8 Anesthetic techniques
31. Pharmacokinetics ofinhalation agents 118 47. Administration of general anesthesia 164
Carly C.Guthrie and Jeffrey Lu Carly C.Guthrie and Jeffrey Lu
32. Pharmacodynamicsofinhalation agents 121 48. Total intravenous anesthesia 166
Carly C.Guthrie and Jeffrey Lu Alissa Sodickson and RichardD. Urman
49. Monitoredanesthesia care 169
–
Section 6 Intravenous anesthetics
Lisa M. Hammond andJames Hardy
and adjunct drugs 50. Patient positioning and common nerve injuries 172
J. Matthew Kynesand Joseph M. Garfield
33. Intravenous induction agents 124
Lisa M. Hammond andJames Hardy
–
Section 9 Managing the transition
34. Mechanisms of anestheticactions 127
Lisa M. Hammond andJames Hardy from anesthesia
35. Pharmacokinetics ofintravenous agents 130 51. Emergence from anesthesia 174
Alissa Sodickson and RichardD. Urman Pete Pelletier and Galina Davidyuk
36. Opioids 133 52. Postoperative complicationsin the post-anesthesia
Alissa Sodickson and RichardD. Urman care unit 177
37. Muscle relaxants 137 Pete Pelletier and Galina Davidyuk
M. Tariq Hanifi and MichaelNguyen 53. Management of postoperative nauseaand
38. Reversalof neuromuscular blockade 140 vomiting 179
M. Tariq Hanifi and MichaelNguyen
M. Tariq Hanifi and MichaelNguyen
39. Perioperative pulmonary aspiration prophylaxis 143 54. Cognitive changes after surgery andanesthesia 181
Allison Clark and Lisa Crossley
EmilyL. Wang and Jeffrey Lu
40. Perioperative antiemetic therapies 147
–
Section 10 Regional anesthesia
Iuliu FatandDevon Flaherty
41. COX inhibitorsandalpha2-adrenergic agonists 149 55. Anatomyofthevertebralcolumnandspinalcord 183
Iuliu FatandDevon Flaherty Jennifer Oliver and Jose Luis Zeballos
42. Diuretics 151 56. Spinalanesthesia 187
Iuliu FatandDevon Flaherty Jennifer Oliver and Jose Luis Zeballos
43. Drug interactions 153 57. Epidural anesthesia 190
Iuliu FatandDevon Flaherty Jennifer Oliver and Jose Luis Zeballos
vi
Contents
58. Principlesof ultrasound-guided nerveblocks 192 75. Pacemakers and automated implantable
Rejean Gareau and Kamen Vlassakov cardioverter-defibrillators 249
Jessica Patterson and John A. Fox
59. Upper extremity nerveblocks 194
Rejean Gareau and Kamen Vlassakov 76. Ventricular assistdevices 252
Jessica Patterson and John A. Fox
60. Lower extremity nerve blocks 197
Rejean Gareau and Kamen Vlassakov 77. Anesthetic considerations for surgicalrepair
of the thoracicaorta 254
– Jessica Patterson and John A. Fox
Section 11 Fluid and electrolyte balance
78. Cardiac transplantation inthe adult 257
61. Fluid replacement 202
Jessica Patterson and John A. Fox
Pingping SongandGyorgy Frendl
79. Persistent postoperative bleeding incardiac
62. Acid–base balance inanesthesia and intensive surgicalpatients 259
care medicine 205 Rosemary Uzomba, Michael D’Ambra,and Robert
Pingping SongandGyorgy Frendl
W. Lekowski
63. Ion balance 209
Pingping SongandGyorgy Frendl Section 14 – Vascular anesthesia
64. Total parenteral nutrition 214
80. Carotidendarterectomy 265
Pingping SongandGyorgy Frendl
Agnieszka Trzcinka andShaheen Shaikh
Section 12 – Transfusion medicine 81. Abdominal aortic aneurysm 267
Mohab Ibrahimand Linda S.Aglio
65. Blood products 217
82. Endovascular abdominalaortic aneurysmrepair 270
Hanjo Ko andRobertW. Lekowski
AndreaGirnius and AnnetteMizuguchi
66. Blood transfusion 219
83. Peripheral vascular disease 272
Hanjo Ko andRobertW. Lekowski
AndreaGirnius and AnnetteMizuguchi
67. Massivetransfusion 222
Hanjo Ko andRobertW. Lekowski –
Section 15 Thoracic anesthesia
68. Normovolemic hemodilution, perioperative blood
salvage, and autologous blood donation 224 84. Respiratory physiology 274
Hanjo Ko andGeorgeP. Topulos
Hanjo Ko andRobertW. Lekowski
85. Oxygen andcarbon dioxide transport 277
–
Section 13 Cardiac anesthesia Hanjo Ko andGeorgeP. Topulos
69. Cardiac physiology 225 86. Lung isolation techniques 279
Yuka Kiyota, Philip M.Hartigan, and
Erich N.Marks and Lauren J. Cornella
GeorgeP. Topulos
70. Cardiovascular pharmacology 230
87. Anesthetic management for pulmonary
Erich N.Marks and Lauren J. Cornella
resection 282
71. Adjunct cardiovascular drugs 238 Yuka Kiyota, GeorgeP. Topulos, and
Erich N.Marks and Lauren J. Cornella Philip M. Hartigan
72. Coronaryartery bypass grafting utilizing 88. Lung transplantation for end-stage lung disease 286
cardiopulmonary bypass 241 StephanieYacoubian andJu-Mei Ng
Erich N.Marks and Lauren J. Cornella
89. Bronchoscopy and mediastinoscopy: anesthetic
73. Off-pump coronary artery bypass 244 implications 291
Zahra M. Malik and Martin Zammert StephanieYacoubian andJu-Mei Ng
74. Transesophageal echocardiography 246 90. Management of mediastinalmass 295
Zahra M. Malik and Martin Zammert StephanieYacoubian andJu-Mei Ng
vii
Contents
Section 16 – Neuroanesthesia 105. Parathyroid disorders 339
HyungSun Choi and Vesela Kovacheva
91. Principles ofneurophysiology 300
106. Pheochromocytoma and carcinoid tumors 342
Whitneyde Lunaand LindaS. Aglio
HyungSun Choi and Vesela Kovacheva
92. Cerebral protection 303
107. Syndrome ofinappropriate antidiuretichormone,
Whitneyde Lunaand LindaS. Aglio
diabetes insipidus, andtranssphenoidal pituitary
93. Craniotomy 305 surgery 345
Whitneyde Lunaand LindaS. Aglio SyedIrfan Qasim Aliand Vesela Kovacheva
94. Cerebrovascular diseases 308 108. Disorders ofthe adrenalcortex 348
Agnieszka Trzcinka and Shaheen Shaikh SyedIrfan Qasim Aliand Vesela Kovacheva
95. Anesthesia for electroconvulsive therapy 311
Agnieszka Trzcinka and Shaheen Shaikh –
Section 20 Anesthesia for neuromuscular
and collagen disease
–
Section 17 Anesthesia for renal and
urinary tract diseases 109. Malignant hyperthermia 351
Zinaida Chepurnyand Alvaro A. Macias
96. Renal physiology 314
110. Myasthenia gravis 354
Michael Vaninettiand AssiaValovska
Zinaida Chepurnyand Alvaro A. Macias
97. Urology 316
111. Muscular dystrophyand myotonic dystrophy 357
Michael Vaninettiand AssiaValovska
Zinaida Chepurnyand Alvaro A. Macias
98. Kidney andpancreas transplantation 319
Michael Vaninettiand AssiaValovska
–
Section 21 Anesthesia for ocular, ear,
– and throat diseases
Section 18 Anesthesia for general surgical
procedures 112. Ophthalmic procedures 360
Caryn Barnet and DongdongYao
99. Anesthesia for intra-abdominal surgery 322
113. Common otolaryngology procedures 362
KellyG. Elterman and Suzanne Klainer
Caryn Barnet and DongdongYao
100. Principles oflaparoscopic surgery 325
114. Lasers, airway surgery, and operating
Olutoyin Okanlawon and RichardD. Urman
roomfires 364
101. Principles ofanesthesia for esophageal and gastric
Caryn Barnet and DongdongYao
surgery 328
Olutoyin Okanlawon and RichardD. Urman
–
Section 22 Anesthesia for orthopedic
102. Principles ofanesthesia for breastand gynecologic
surgery 331 and trauma surgery
Olutoyin Okanlawon and RichardD. Urman
115. Anesthesia for common orthopedic procedures 367
103. Anesthesia for liver transplantation 334 Christopher Voscopoulos andDavid Janfaza
JuliaSerber and EvanBlaney
116. Rheumatoid arthritis and scoliosis 372
Christopher Voscopoulos andDavid Janfaza
–
Section 19 Anesthesia for endocrine
117. Anesthetic management in spine surgery 375
diseases Christopher Voscopoulos andDavid Janfaza
104. Thyroid disorders 336 118. Anesthesia for trauma 378
HyungSun Choi and Vesela Kovacheva Christopher Voscopoulos andDavid Janfaza
viii