ERITREA'S HUMAN RIGHTS AND FOREIGN POLICY ISSUES IN THE AFTERMATH OF THE ...

126 Pages·2012·4.1 MB·English

ADDIS ABABA UNIVERSITY

COLLEGE OF SOCIAL SCIENCE
DEPARTMENT OF GEOGRAPHY AND ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES

ASSESSMENT OF URBAN GREEN INFRASTRUCTURE IN ADDIS
ABABA: THE CASE OF BOLE SUB CITY

A THESIS SUBMITTED TO THE SCHOOL OF GRADUATE STUDIES OF
ADDIS ABABA UNNIVERSITY IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE
REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF ART IN
GEOGRAPHY AND ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES SPECIALIZATION IN
LAND RESOURCE MANAGEMENT

By
SAMSON AYNACHEW

JUNE, 2014
ADDIS ABABA
ADDIS ABABA UNIVERSITY

COLLEGE OF SOCIAL SCIENCE
DEPARTMENT OF GEOGRAPHY AND ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES

ASSESSMENT OF URBAN GREEN INFRASTRUCTURE IN ADDIS ABABA: THE
CASE OF BOLE SUB CITY

A THESIS SUBMITTED TO THE SCHOOL OF GRADUATE STUDIES OF
ADDIS ABABA UNNIVERSITY IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE
REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF ART IN
GEOGRAPHY AND ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES SPECIALIZATION IN
LAND RESOURCE MANAGEMENT

By
SAMSON AYNACHEW
GSE/1571/11

ADVISOR: TEGEGNE G/EGZIABHER (Professor)

June, 2014
ADDIS ABABA
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COLLEGE OF SOCIAL SCIENCE
This is to certify that the thesis prepared by Samson Aynachew entitled: Assessment of
Urban Green Infrastructure in Addis Ababa: The case of bole sub city and submitted in
partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of Masters of Arts (in Land
Resource Management) complies with the regulations of the university and meets the
accepted standards with respect to originality and quality.

Signed by the Examining Committee:

Advisor: Professor Tegegne G/Egziabher Signature_________________ Date_______
Internal Examiner: Dr. Tebarek Lika Signature_________________ Date_______
External Examiner: Dr. Messay Mulugeta Signature___________________ Date________

Chairman of Department Graduate Committee
Acknowledgments
I would like to express my deepest gratitude to my advisor Professor Tegegne Gebre-Egzabiher
for his comments and advice provided me in the course of writing my thesis. Similarly, my
special thanks goes to Semret Abte for her moral and financial support.
Additionally, I address my thanks to my father and mother, Ato Aynachew Weldehana and W/o
Yeworkwuha Mamo for their unreserved assistance. Moreover, I would like to extend my
gratitude especially to Asegedech Mamo, Eyob Tilahun, Tsion Mamo, Ermias Aynachew and
Teferi Getaw for their moral and technical assistance.
Beside these, I like to thank my friends AbiyWogderes,Mulugeta Gadissa and Mekdes Demoze
for their material and moral support.
Lastly, I also extend my thanks to Ato Samuel Bekele Beautification, Park, Cemetry,
Development and Management Officer of the sub city and his colleague and all those who
helped me in the data collection process.

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Abstract

The prime objectives of this study were to assess the state, use and challenges of recreational
parks and street trees. The study employed both qualitative and quantitative methods and used
questionnaires, interview, focus group discussion and observation for data collection and
purposive and random sampling techniques were used to select participants. The present status
of recreational parks and street trees in the study areas is not enough and lack proper
management and development. This is because there is low level of public awareness about the
values of recreational parks and street trees, low level of community participation, poor
implementation of government policies, lack of budget, lack of skilled man power, illegal
settlements and there is also problem of co-ordination among different stakeholders. To solve
the above problems the following recommendations are given: awareness creation about the
communal nature of recreational parks and street trees, assign qualified professionals, allocate
sufficient budget, formulate and enforce rules and regulations, integration among different
stakeholders and improving institutional capacities of local agencies are responsible to
recreational parks and street trees development and management.

Keywords: Recreational parks, Street Trees, Green Infrastructure

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Contents Page
Acknowledgments............................................................................................................................ i
Abstract ........................................................................................................................................... ii
Table of Contents ........................................................................................................................... iii
List of Figures ................................................................................................................................ vi
List of Tables ................................................................................................................................ vii
List of Appendices ........................................................................................................................ vii
Acronyms ...................................................................................................................................... iix
CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................. 1
1.1.Background of the Study .................................................................................................................1
1.2.Statement of the Problem ................................................................................................................3
1.3.Objectives of the Study ...................................................................................................................4
1.3.1.General Objective ........................................................................................................... 4
1.3.2.Specific Objectives ......................................................................................................... 4
1.4.Research Questions ..........................................................................................................................5
1.5.Significance of the Study ................................................................................................................5
1.6.Scope of the Study ...........................................................................................................................6
1.7.Limitation of the Study ....................................................................................................................6
1.8.Organization of the Thesis ..............................................................................................................6
CHAPTER TWO: REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE ........................................................ 7
2.1.Definition, Concept and Components of Urban Green Infrastructure ......................................7
2.1.1.Definition of Urban Green Infrastructure ....................................................................... 7
2.1.2.Green Infrastructure- A Green or Grey Concept? .......................................................... 8
2.1.3.Components of green infrastructure ............................................................................... 9
2.1.3.1.Urban Forest in Addis Ababa ................................................................................ 10
2.1.3.2.River Buffers .......................................................................................................... 11
2.1.3.3.Recreation and Road Side Parks ............................................................................ 12
2.1.3.4.Urban Agriculture .................................................................................................. 14
2.2.Green Infrastructure and their Environmental Benefits ........................................................... 16
2.2.1.Green Infrastructure and Heat Amelioration ................................................................ 16
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2.2.2.Green Infrastructure and Flood Risk Reduction ........................................................... 17
2.2.3.Green Infrastructure Improving Water Quality ............................................................ 18
2.2.4.Green Infrastructure Improving Air Quality ................................................................ 18
2.2.5.Green Infrastructure and Carbon dioxide ..................................................................... 19
2.2.6.Green Infrastructure and Sound Pollution .................................................................... 20
2.2.7.Green Infrastructure and Biodiversity Conservation .................................................... 20
2.2.7.1.Increasing Habitat Area ......................................................................................... 21
2.2.7.2.Increasing Species Movement ............................................................................... 21
2.3.Green Infrastructure Social Benefits .......................................................................................... 22
2.4.Green Infrastructure Economic Benefits .................................................................................... 23
2.5.Green Infrastructure Unemployment Reduction ....................................................................... 24
2.6.Actor in Urban Green Area Development and Management .................................................. 24
2.7.Empirical Experience of Urban Green Infrastructure .............................................................. 26
2.7.1.Experience in Developed Countries ............................................................................. 26
2.7.2.Experience in Ethiopia .................................................................................................. 26
2.7.3.Experience in Addis Ababa .......................................................................................... 28
2.8.Conceptual Framework ................................................................................................................ 30
CHAPTER THREE: DESCRIPTION OF THE STUDY AREA AND REASEACH METHOD 31
3.1.Study Area ...................................................................................................................................... 31
3.2.Study Approach ............................................................................................................................. 32
3.3.Source of Data ............................................................................................................................... 32
3.4.Method of Data Collection ........................................................................................................... 32
3.5.Sample Size and Method Of Sampling ...................................................................................... 33
3.6.Method of Data Analysis.............................................................................................................. 34
CHAPTER FOUR: RESULTS AND DISCUSSION ................................................................... 35
4.1.Socio-Economic Characteristics of the Respondents ............................................................... 35
4.1.1.Age Group .................................................................................................................... 35
4.1.2.Sex Distribution ............................................................................................................ 36
4.1.3.Income Level of Respondents ...................................................................................... 37
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4.1.4.Level of Education of the Respondents ........................................................................ 37
4.2.Use, State and Challenges of Recreational Parks and Street trees.......................................... 38
4.2.1.The State of Recreational Parks and Street Trees ......................................................... 38
4.2.1.1.Recreational parks and street trees developed by the governmental institutions
and nongovernmental stakeholders. ................................................................................... 39
4.2.1.2.Green Infrastructures Developed by Private ...................................................... 39
4.2.1.2.1.Developed by Embassy of Ukraine................................................................. 39
4.2.1.2.2.Developed by Edna Mall ................................................................................. 40
4.2.1.2.3.Developed and Managed by City of Refuge Church ...................................... 41
4.2.1.2.4.Developed and Managed by Public ................................................................ 41
4.2.1.2.5.Developed and Managed by the Municipality .................................................... 42
4.2.2.The use of recreational parks and street trees ............................................................... 43
4.2.2.1For Beautification and Recreation .......................................................................... 44
4.2.2.2.For Mental and Psychological Satisfaction............................................................ 44
4.2.2.3.For Carried out Different Festivals and Ceremonies ................................................. 44
4.2.2.4.Combating Climate Change ................................................................................... 44
4.2.2.5.Ecological Balance................................................................................................. 44
4.2.2.6.Create Job Opportunity .......................................................................................... 45
4.2.3.Challenges to the development and management of recreational parks and street trees46
4.2.3.1.Lack of Public Awareness ..................................................................................... 47
4.2.3.2.Low Level of Community Participation ................................................................ 49
4.2.3.3.Poor Implementation of Government Policies ....................................................... 49
4.2.3.4.Lack of Budget ....................................................................................................... 50
4.2.3.5.Lack of Skilled Man power.................................................................................... 50
4.2.3.6.Shortage of Urban Land Areas .............................................................................. 51
4.2.3.7.Illegal Settlement ................................................................................................... 51
CHAPTER FIVE: CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS ........................................ 53
5.1.Conclusions .................................................................................................................................... 53
5.2.Recommendations ......................................................................................................................... 55
References
Annexes
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List of Figures Page

Figure 1: The Green-Grey Continuum…………………………………………… 9
Figure 2: Various actors &their linkage in urban green infrastructure
Development management……………………………………………… 25
Figure 3: Conceptual model……………………………………………………… 30
Figure 4: Geographical location of Bole sub city and the study woredas……….. 31
Figure 5: Sex distribution of the respondents……………………………………… 36
Figure 6: Photograph of Ukraine Embassy’s green area………………………… 40
Figure 7: Photograph of green area protected by Edna Mall…………………….. 40
Figure 8: Photograph of street trees which is protected by churches…………… 41
Figure 9: Photograph of recreational park managed by public…………………. 42
Figure 10: Photograph of recreational park protected by the Municipality……… 42
Figure 11: Photograph that shows unprotected green area………………………. 48
Figure 12: Well protected green area……………………………………………. 48

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List of Tables Page

Table 2.1: Sub cities, localities & area dominantly covered by forest………….... 10
Table 2.2: Some naturally grown plants along the Addis Ababa Rivers……………11
Table 2.3: Tree and shrubs recorded along the streets of Addis Ababa…………… .13
Table 3.1: Composition and number of participants for interview in the study area...34

Table 3.2: Composition and number of participants for the questionnaire in the

Study area……………………………………………………………….. ..34

Table 3.3: Composition and number of participants in focus group discussion
in the study area…………………………………………………………....34
Table 4.1: Age structure of the respondents……………………………………… 35
Table 4.2: Income level of the respondents……………………………………… 37
Table 4.3: Level of education of the respondents………………………………… 38
Table 4.4: Total area covered by green areas by the government institutions..…….39
Table 4.5: Shows the responses of the urban residents regarding the use of
recreational parks and street trees. ………………..……………………43
Table 4.6: Perceptions of respondents on constraints &their rank in seriousness…. 46
Table 4.7: Respondents preference used for green spaces…………………………. 48
Table 4.8: Budget allocation of the sub city for green infrastructure development.. 50

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