Table Of ContentTrends and Issues in
International Technical and Vocational Education
in the Indo-Pacific Region
Technological and Vocational Education Research Center
National Taiwan Normal University, Taiwan
and
K-12 Education Administration,
Ministry of Education, Taiwan
Published in 2021 by
Technological and Vocational Education Research Center, National Taiwan Normal
University, Taiwan
162 Hoping East Road, Section 1, Daan District, Taipei 10610, Taiwan
and
K-12 Education Administration, Ministry of Education, Taiwan
738-4 Zhongzheng Road, Wufeng District, Taichung 41341, Taiwan
Printed by Wu-Nan Book Inc.
4F, 339, Hoping E. Road, Section 2, Daan District, Taipei 106103, Taiwan
Copyright © 2021 Technological and Vocational Education Research Center,
National Taiwan Normal University, Taiwan
K-12 Education Administration, Ministry of Education,
Taiwan
ISBN 978-986-5453-71-8 (Print version)
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, distributed, or
transmitted in any form or by any means, including photocopying, recording, or other
electronic or mechanical methods, without the prior written permission of the publish-
er, except in the case of brief quotations embodied in critical reviews and certain other
noncommercial uses permitted by copyright law. For permission requests, write to the
first publisher, at the address above.
The ideas and opinions expressed in this publication are those of the authors; they are
not necessarily those of and do not commit the publishers.
Editors-in-Chief: Yi-Fang Lee and Lung-Sheng Lee
Editing Assistant: Shan-Yuan Chuang
Cover Design: Chia-Lun Ho
Trends and Issues in International Technical and
Vocational Education in the Indo-Pacific Region
Editors-in-Chief Authors
Yi-Fang Lee Alias Masek
Lung-Sheng Lee Anil D. Sahasrabudhe
Charlotte Scobie
Christopher John Zirkle
Hong Bao Ngoc Nguyen
Hung Quang Nguyen
John Stanwick
Lai Chee Sern
Lung-Sheng Lee
Moriki Terada
N Varaprasad
Neetu Bhagat
Nguyen Quang Viet
Paryono Paryono
Ru-Ping Hu
Seung Il Na
Tabatha Griffin
Takaaki Horai
Wahid Razzaly
Yi-Fang Lee
Technological and Vocational Education Research Center,
National Taiwan Normal University, Taiwan
and
K-12 Education Administration,
Ministry of Education, Taiwan
CONTENTS
Preface Fu-Yuan Peng
Technical and Vocational Education Trends Charlotte Scobie 1
and Issues in Australia Tabatha Griffin
John Stanwick
Technical and Vocational Education Trends Anil D. Sahasrabudhe 49
and Issues in India Neetu Bhagat
Technical and Vocational Education Trends Paryono Paryono 107
and Issues in Indonesia
Technical and Vocational Education Trends Takaaki Horai 147
and Issues in Japan Moriki Terada
Technical and Vocational Education Trends Seung Il Na 187
and Issues in Korea
Technical and Vocational Education Trends Wahid Razzaly 235
and Issues in Malaysia Alias Masek
Lai Chee Sern
Technical and Vocational Education Trends N Varaprasad 287
and Issues in Singapore
Technical and Vocational Education Trends Ru-Ping Hu 325
and Issues in Taiwan
Career and Technical Education Trends and Christopher John 367
Issues in the United States Zirkle
Technical and Vocational Education Trends Nguyen Quang Viet 415
and Issues in Viet Nam Hung Quang Nguyen
An International Comparison of Technical Yi-Fang Lee 467
and Vocational Education Trends and Issues Lung-Sheng Lee
in the Indo-Pacific Region Hoang Bao Ngoc Nguyen
PREFACE
Taiwan has long had a well-established technical and vocational education
(TVE) system. Taiwan’s primary and secondary schools are required to provide
opportunities for all students to explore careers. In addition, junior high schools
can cooperate with technical and vocational schools or vocational training insti-
tutions for technical arts education to implement occupational exploration edu-
cation, while upper- and post-secondary technical and vocational schools pro-
vide occupational preparation education in which schools design occupational/
professional courses jointly with industry to help their students enter the world
of work and succeed in their careers.
The practice and experience of international TVE can serve as a reference for
Taiwan to enhance its TVE. At present, more than 20 countries and political
entities in the Indo-Pacific Region are located between the Indian Ocean and
the Pacific Ocean. Regardless of economic development or strategic geography,
they all play a pivotal role in the global deployment. How they develop talents
by means of TVE has drawn Taiwan’s attention. In contrast, Taiwan’s well-es-
tablished TVE system and abundant experience are also highly praised by most
countries in this region. For example, the “Industry-Academic Cooperation
Special Program for Overseas Chinese” has been sponsored by the Overseas
Community Affairs Council to recruit overseas Chinese from some Indo-Pacific
countries to Taiwan for receiving TVE. These programs are very well received.
As another example, some countries targeted by Taiwan’s “New Southbound
Policy” are also very interested in Taiwan’s experience and trends in TVE in
recent years.
Therefore, aiming to achieve the following three goals, the K-12 Education
Administration, Ministry of Education, subsidized the publication of this
book: “Trends and Issues in International Technical and Vocational Education
in the Indo-Pacific Region” by the Technological and Vocational Education
Research Center of National Taiwan Normal University: (1) to strengthen the
mutual understanding and connection of TVE between Taiwan and the other
countries in the Indo-Pacific region, (2) to expand more cross-country edu-
cational cooperation and flow of talent, and (3) to take advantage of the core
competencies and achievements of TVE in neighboring countries as a Taiwan
innovation reference for change. TVE experts and scholars in the Indo-Pacific
Region were invited to write 10 chapters on country-specific TVE trends and
issues. The editors-in-chief of this book and one of their international doctoral
students from Vietnam then made a cross-country comparison in the 11th
chapter. I am grateful to all book contributors, and I hope that this book can
contribute to improving TVE, benefiting student development, and promoting
international exchanges.
Fu-Yuan Peng, Director-General
K-12 Education Administration, Ministry of Education, Taiwan
Technical and Vocational Education Trends and
Issues in Australia
CHARLOTTE SCOBIE1, TABATHA GRIFFIN2 and JOHN STANWICK3
1Research officer, 2Team Leader, 3Senior Research Officer, Research and Data
Analytics, National Centre for Vocational Education Research (NCVER),
Australia
1 Technical and Vocational Education Trends and
Issues in Australia
Abstract
The aim of this chapter is to provide an introductory overview of vocational
education and training (VET) in Australia. It outlines the major features of the
Australian VET system including its role in secondary school education. It
also provides some key statistics on the VET system including student partici-
pation, their outcomes, and student and employer satisfaction with the system.
More distinguishing features of the Australian VET system are then discussed
including the accessibility of the system to people of all ages and various eq-
uity groups, including Indigenous people, people with a disability, students
from regional and remote areas of Australia, and those from areas of socio-
economic disadvantage. In addition, the qualifications and quality assurance
system of the Australian VET system is described, as is the VET teaching and
training workforce, and funding arrangements for the sector. Reform to the
Australian VET sector, including the introduction of some new governance
structures is also highlighted. The remainder of the chapter is devoted to a
discussion of various trends and issues currently affecting the sector. Trends
include the impact of industry 4.0, the broadening of employment-based train-
ing, stronger alignment to the higher education sector, the rise of short courses
or micro-credentials, and the use of “big data” to inform policy in the sector.
Issues in the sector include ongoing concern around aspects of quality, the
image of VET, the complexity of navigating the sector, the high level of com-
plexity of funding models, and finally challenges with remaining relevant to
industry and students.
Keywords: Australia, VET, governance, funding, structures
2 Trends and Issues in International Technical and
Vocational Education in the Indo-Pacific Region
