Table Of Contentn S B
ational cience oard
S e
cience and ngineering
i 2006
ndicatorS
V 1
olume
n S F
ational cience oundation
National Science Board
WARREN M. WASHINGTON LOUIS J. LANZEROTTI
(Chair),SeniorScientist and SectionHead, National DistinguishedResearch Professor, Center for Solar-
Center for AtmosphericResearch Terrestrial Research,New Jersey Institute of Technology
DIANA S.NATALICIO ALANLESHNER
(Vice Chair), President, The University of Texas at El Paso ChiefExecutive Officer, AmericanAssociation for the
Advancement of Science
DAN E.ARVIZU
Director, NationalRenewable Energy Laboratory JANE LUBCHENCO
Wayne and Gladys Valley Professor of Marine Biology and
BARRY C. BARISH
Distinguished Professor of Zoology, Oregon State University
Linde Professor of Physics and Director, LIGOLaboratory,
California Institute of Technology DOUGLAS D. RANDALL
Professor of Biochemistry and Director, Interdisciplinary
STEVEN C. BEERING
Program on Plant Biochemistry and Physiology, University
PresidentEmeritus, Purdue University, West Lafayette
of Missouri-Columbia
RAY M. BOWEN
MICHAELG.ROSSMANN
PresidentEmeritus,Texas A&M University,
Hanley Distinguished Professor of Biological Sciences,
College Station
Purdue University
G. WAYNE CLOUGH
DANIEL SIMBERLOFF
President,Georgia Institute of Technology
Nancy GoreHunger Professor of Environmental Science,
KELVIN K. DROEGEMEIER Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology,
Regents’ Professor & Roger and Sherry Teigen Presidential University of Tennessee, Knoxville
Professor; Weathernews Chair of Applied Meteorology;
JON C. STRAUSS
Director, Center for Analysis and Prediction of Storms; and
President,Harvey Mudd College
Director, Sasaki Institute, University of Oklahoma, Norman
KATHRYN D. SULLIVAN
DELORES M. ETTER
Science Advisor, Center of Science and Industry
ONR Distinguished Chair in S&T,ElectricalEngineering
Department, U.S.Naval Academy* JOANNEVASQUEZ
Mesa,Arizona Public Schools (Retired)
NINA V. FEDOROFF
Willaman Professor of LifeSciences and Evan Pugh JOHNA. WHITE, JR.
Professor, HuckInstitutes of LifeSciences,The Chancellor, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville
Pennsylvania State University, University Park
MARKS. WRIGHTON
KENNETH M. FORD Chancellor, Washington University in St.Louis
Director, Florida Institute for Human and
ARDENL. BEMENT, JR.
Machine Cognition
MemberExOfficio and Chair, Executive Committee,
DANIEL HASTINGS Director, NationalScience Foundation
Director, EngineeringSystems Division and Professor,
MICHAEL P. CROSBY
Aeronautics and Astronautics and EngineeringSystems,
Executive Officer
MassachusettsInstitute of Technology
ELIZABETHHOFFMAN *ResignedNovember 2005
PresidentEmerita, Professor of Economics and Public
Affairs, University of Colorado at Denver
National Science Board Subcommittee on Science and Engineering Indicators
Steven C. Beering, Chair
G. Wayne Clough
MichaelG.Rossmann
Jon C. Strauss
Kathryn D. Sullivan
JoAnneVasquez
JohnA. White, Jr.
ElizabethHoffman, ExOfficio, Chair, Committee on Education and HumanResources
AlanI.Rapoport, Executive Secretary
Jean M. Pomeroy, NSBStaff Liaison
Science and Engineering Indicators
2006
Volume 1
National Science Board
Cover Image
Computer simulation of the merger of two black holes and the ripples in spacetime—known as
gravitational waves—born of the merger.
This simulation is one of a series depicting orbiting black holes and represents the first time
that three-quarters of the full orbit of a black hole has been computed. Researchers from the
Max Planck Institute for Gravitational Physics (Albert Einstein Institute) in Potsdam, Germany,
created the simulations in 2002 on the National Center for Supercomputing Applications
(NCSA) Itanium-based Linux computational cluster. The visualizations are by Werner Benger of
the Albert Einstein Institute and the Konrad-Zuse-Zentrum in Berlin. (Credit: scientific contact,
Ed Seidel, [email protected]; Max Planck Institute for Gravitational Physics—Albert Einstein
Institute [AEI]; Werner Benger, Zuse Institute and AEI.)
The National Science Foundation (NSF) provided support for this project through a proposal for
computer time at NSF computing facilities, including NCSA, and indirectly through NSF grant
PHY 99-79985.
Recommended Citation
National Science Board. 2006. Science and Engineering Indicators 2006. Two volumes.
Arlington, VA: National Science Foundation (volume 1, NSB 06-01; volume 2, NSB 06-01A).
(cid:76)(cid:0)iii
Acknowledgments
The National Science Board Members were closely involved The National Science Board Office (NSBO) provided vital
in all phases of the preparation of this report. However, coordination throughout the project. The Board is especially
without the significant contributions of a number of NSF grateful to Kyscha Slater (NSBO Operations Support), Clara
staff and others, this report would not be possible. Primary A. Englert (Science Assistant to the S&E Indicators Subcom-
responsibility for the production of the volume was assigned mittee), Jean M. Pomeroy (NSB Liaison to the S&E Indicators
to the Science and Engineering Indicators Program under Subcommittee), and Alan I. Rapoport (Executive Secretary,
the direction of Rolf Lehming of the Division of Science S&E Indicators Subcommittee). Many others beyond the
Resources Statistics (SRS); Lynda Carlson, Division Director; authors, National Science Board Members, and NSB and
Mary J. Frase, Deputy Division Director; and the Director- SRS staff provided much appreciated assistance either as
ate for Social, Behavioral and Economic Sciences, David W. reviewers or through their valuable substantive and statistical
Lightfoot, Assistant Director. comments and expertise. They are listed under Contributors
and Reviewers.
The authors of the manuscript were:
John R. Gawalt managed all editorial and printing services, and
Overview. Rolf Lehming, SRS Margaret (Peg) V. Whalen provided invaluable Web direction
and support. Web design, programming, and final production
Chapter 1. Martha Naomi Alt, Xianglei Chen, Jennifer Laird, were performed by De Vo, Joshua Cane, Moe M. Than, Bridget
MPR Associates; Lawrence Burton, SRS Tuthill, Jason Shaffer, Lee Amador, and Jennifer Nowak of
Compuware Corporation. Overall editing and coordination
Chapter 2. Joan S. Burrelli, SRS, Terry S. Woodin, EHR of the report was performed by Beverly Cook and associates
of Aspen Systems Corporation. Eileen Kessler and the staff
Chapter 3. Mark C. Regets, SRS of OmniStudio provided composition and production services
for the print and electronic materials.
Chapter 4. Francisco A. Moris, Brandon Shackelford, SRS
Chapter 5. Alan I. Rapoport, Derek Hill, Leslie Christovich,
SRS
Chapter 6. Lawrence M. Rausch, SRS
Chapter 7. Melissa F. Pollak, SRS
Chapter 8. Paula C. Dunnigan, Greg A. Palovchik, Taratec
Corporation
Alan I. Rapoport and John R. Gawalt directed the physical
production of the volume, which benefited from extensive
contributions from SRS staff, especially Rolfe Larson, Tanya
Gore, and Rajinder Raut. Jean Johnson drafted the initial out-
line for the Higher Education chapter and provided valuable
assistance in obtaining much of the international data. The
Division’s senior staff and survey managers assured availabil-
ity of data under often stringent deadlines: Richard J. Bennof,
Leslie J. Christovich, Susan T. Hill, John E. Jankowski, Kelly
H. Kang, Nirmala Kannankutty, Nancy Leach, Ronald L.
Meeks, Julia Oliver, John Tsapogas, and Raymond M. Wolfe.
Robert K. Bell, Pierre Perrolle, and Cheryl Roesel rendered
special assistance. Jeri Mulrow provided advice with statis-
tical and data presentation issues. Jackie Durham provided
helpful administrative assistance.
iv(cid:76)
Contributors and Reviewers
The following persons contributed to the report by Kent Hughes, Woodrow Wilson International Center
reviewing chapters or otherwise assisting in its for Scholars
preparation. Their help is greatly appreciated. Hal Javitz, SRI International
Jeremy Kilpatrick, University of Georgia
Stuart Anderson, National Foundation for American Policy Jibum Kim, National Opinion Research Center
Robert Barnhill, University of Texas System Edward B. Knipling, Agricultural Research Service
Bianca Bernstein, Arizona State University Kei Koizumi, American Association for the Advancement
Robert Bell, National Science Foundation of Science
Charles Blue, National Science Foundation William Korn, University of California, Los Angeles
Mark Boroush, Department of Commerce Barbara Kridel, MPR Associates
Myles Boylan, National Science Foundation Conrad C. Lauterbacher, Jr., National Oceanic &
Norman M. Bradburn, National Opinion Research Center Atmospheric Administration
Irene T. Brahmakulam, Office of Management and Budget Mary Frances Lawlis, Statistics Canada
Prudence Brown, SRI International P. Patrick Leahy, U.S. Geological Survey
Patricia Campbell, Campbell-Kibler Associates Al Link, University of North Carolina at Greensboro
Ann B. Carlson, National Science Foundation Susan Carol Losh, Florida State University
Christine Chalk, U.S. Department of Energy Lindsay Lowell, Georgetown University
Connie K.N. Chang, Department of Commerce Carol Lynch, University of Colorado at Boulder
Susan Choy, MPR Associates Charles E. McQueary, Department of Homeland Security
Beatriz Chu Clewell, Urban Institute Catherine Millet, Educational Testing Service
Suzie Dent, Higher Education Statistics Agency, Ltd., Claudia Mitchell-Kernan, University of California
England Los Angeles
Doug Devereaux, Department of Commerce Jane Nichols, University of Nevada, Reno
Scott Doron, Southern Technology Council Matthew C. Nisbet, Ohio State University
Sidney Draggan, Environmental Protection Agency John C. Olsthoorn, Canadian Biotechnology Secretariat
Jules Duga, Battelle Memorial Institute Jason Owen-Smith, University of Michigan
David Edson, Mathematica Policy Research, Inc. Russell Pancoast, Global Insight, Inc.
Emerson Elliott, National Council for Accreditation of Jongwon Park, SRI International
Teacher Education Willie Pearson, Georgia Institute of Technology
John H. Evans, University of California at San Diego Pierre Perolle, National Science Foundation
William H. Farland, Environmental Protection Agency Susanna Hornig Priest, University of South Carolina
Maryann Feldman, University of Toronto A.N. Rai, Ministry of Science and Technology, India
Irwin Feller, Pennsylvania State University Senta Raizen, National Center for Improving Science
Michael Finn, Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education/WestEd
Education Caird E. Rexroad, JR., Agricultural Research Service
Richard Florida, Carnegie-Mellon University Hans Roosendaal, University of Twente
Patricia Flynn, Bentley College Nilanthi Samaranayake, Pew Research Center for
Barbara Foorman, Department of Education The People & The Press
Donna Fowler, MPR Associates F. M. Scherer, Princeton Univeristy
Mary Frase, National Science Foundation Joan Schwartz, National Institutes of Health
Carolyn L. Funk, Virginia Commonwealth University Kevin Shaw, Department of Energy
Fred Gault, Statistics Canada Kazuko Shinohara, National Science Foundation,
Thomas F. Gieryn, Indiana University Tokyo Office
Mary M. Glackin, National Oceanic & Atmospheric Lana R. Skirbill, National Institutes of Health
Administration Douglas T. Smith, National Institute of Standards
Patrick Gonzales, Department of Education and Technology
Guillaume Grasset, French Embassy, Washington Thomas Smith, Vanderbilt University
Teresa Grimes, ORC Macro Elizabeth Stage, Lawrence Hall of Science
Kim Hamilton, ipIQ, Inc. Neal Stolleman, Department of Treasury
Jim Hirabayashi, U.S. Patent and Trademark Office Mark Suskin, National Science Foundation, Europe Office
Diana Hicks, Georgia Institute for Technology Larry Suter, National Science Foundation
Deh-I Hsiung, National Science Foundation Michael S. Teitelbaum, Alfred P. Sloan Foundation
Lori Thurgood, SRI International
(cid:76)(cid:0)v
vi(cid:76) ContributorsandReviewers
Magda Tomasini, Ministry of Education, France Vincent Welch, National Opinion Research Center
Roger Tourangeau, University of Michigan Charles W. Wessner, National Academies
David Trinkle, Office of Management and Budget Ilka Wiland, Federal Statistics Office, Germany
Bill Valdez, Department of Energy Laura Williams, ORC Macro
John Van Hoewyk, University of Michigan Andrew Wyckoff, Organisation of Economic Co-operation
Ould Voffal, UNESCO Institute for Statistics and Development
Mark J. Warshawsky, Department of Treasury
Contents
Acronyms and Abbreviations....................................................................................................ix
About Science and Engineering Indicators..............................................................................xi
Overview...................................................................................................................................O-1
Introduction................................................................................................................................O-3
S&T: The Global Picture...........................................................................................................O-3
S&E Trends in the United States.............................................................................................O-13
Conclusion...............................................................................................................................O-22
Notes........................................................................................................................................O-23
Chapter 1. Elementary and Secondary Education................................................................1-1
Highlights....................................................................................................................................1-5
Introduction.................................................................................................................................1-8
Student Learning in Mathematics and Science...........................................................................1-8
Student Coursetaking in Mathematics and Science..................................................................1-23
Mathematics and Science Teachers..........................................................................................1-31
Information Technology in Education......................................................................................1-42
Transition to Higher Education.................................................................................................1-48
Conclusions...............................................................................................................................1-51
Notes.........................................................................................................................................1-52
Glossary....................................................................................................................................1-56
References.................................................................................................................................1-56
Chapter 2. Higher Education in Science and Engineering...................................................2-1
Highlights....................................................................................................................................2-4
Introduction.................................................................................................................................2-7
Structure of U.S. Higher Education............................................................................................2-7
Higher Education Enrollment in the United States...................................................................2-10
Higher Education Degrees........................................................................................................2-17
Global Higher Education in S&E.............................................................................................2-30
Conclusion................................................................................................................................2-36
Notes.........................................................................................................................................2-36
Glossary....................................................................................................................................2-37
References.................................................................................................................................2-37
Chapter 3. Science and Engineering Labor Force.................................................................3-1
Highlights....................................................................................................................................3-4
Introduction.................................................................................................................................3-5
U.S. S&E Labor Force Profile....................................................................................................3-5
Labor Market Conditions for Recent S&E Graduates..............................................................3-22
Age and Retirement..................................................................................................................3-28
Global S&E Labor Force and the United States.......................................................................3-32
Conclusion................................................................................................................................3-39
Note...........................................................................................................................................3-39
Glossary....................................................................................................................................3-39
References.................................................................................................................................3-39
Chapter 4. Research and Development: Funds and Technology Linkages.........................4-1
Highlights....................................................................................................................................4-5
Introduction.................................................................................................................................4-7
National R&D Trends.................................................................................................................4-8
Location of R&D Performance.................................................................................................4-14
Business R&D...........................................................................................................................4-15
Federal R&D.............................................................................................................................4-19
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viii(cid:76) Contents
Technology Linkages: Contract R&D, Public-Private Partnerships, and Industrial Alliances....4-31
International R&D Comparisons..............................................................................................4-38
R&D Investments by Multinational Corporations....................................................................4-56
Conclusion................................................................................................................................4-62
Notes.........................................................................................................................................4-62
Glossary....................................................................................................................................4-67
References.................................................................................................................................4-67
Chapter 5. Academic Research and Development.................................................................5-1
Highlights....................................................................................................................................5-5
Introduction.................................................................................................................................5-8
Financial Resources for Academic R&D....................................................................................5-9
Doctoral Scientists and Engineers in Academia.......................................................................5-22
Outputs of S&E Research: Articles and Patents.......................................................................5-37
Conclusion................................................................................................................................5-58
Notes.........................................................................................................................................5-58
Glossary....................................................................................................................................5-61
References.................................................................................................................................5-62
Chapter 6. Industry, Technology, and the Global Marketplace...........................................6-1
Highlights....................................................................................................................................6-4
Introduction.................................................................................................................................6-8
U.S. Technology in the Global Marketplace..............................................................................6-9
U.S. Trade Balance in Technology Products............................................................................6-19
U.S. Royalties and Fees Generated From Intellectual Property...............................................6-23
New High-Technology Exporters.............................................................................................6-24
Patented Inventions...................................................................................................................6-28
Venture Capital and High-Technology Enterprise...................................................................6-36
Conclusion................................................................................................................................6-41
Notes.........................................................................................................................................6-42
Glossary....................................................................................................................................6-44
References.................................................................................................................................6-44
Chapter 7. Science and Technology: Public Attitudes and Understanding........................7-1
Highlights....................................................................................................................................7-3
Introduction.................................................................................................................................7-5
Information Sources, Interest, and Perceived Knowledge..........................................................7-5
Public Knowledge About S&T.................................................................................................7-17
Public Attitudes About Science-Related Issues........................................................................7-22
Conclusion................................................................................................................................7-39
Notes.........................................................................................................................................7-39
Glossary....................................................................................................................................7-43
References.................................................................................................................................7-43
Chapter 8. State Indicators......................................................................................................8-1
Introduction.................................................................................................................................8-6
Elementary/Secondary Education...............................................................................................8-8
Higher Education......................................................................................................................8-32
Workforce.................................................................................................................................8-46
Financial Research and Development Inputs............................................................................8-58
R&D Outputs............................................................................................................................8-68
Science and Technology in the Economy.................................................................................8-78
Index...........................................................................................................................................I-1
List of Appendix Tables in Volume 2.....................................................................................A-1
