Table Of ContentDOCUMENT RESUME
PS 027 303
ED 429 667
Attitudes and Opinions from the Nation's High Achieving
TITLE
Teens: 27th Annual Survey of High Achievers.
Who's Who among American High School Students, Lake Forest,
INSTITUTION
IL.
PUB DATE 1996-00-00
210p.; For 28th Annual Survey of High Achievers, see PS 027
NOTE
304; for 29th Annual Survey, see PS 027 313.
Research
Reports
Numerical/Quantitative Data (110)
PUB TYPE
(143)
MF01/PC09 Plus Postage.
EDRS PRICE
Adolescent Attitudes; *Adolescents; Cheating; Depression
DESCRIPTORS
(Psychology); Educational Environment; Expectation; Family
Environment; *High School Students; High Schools; Money
Management; Parent Child Relationship; Peer Relationship;
Sexuality; Social Attitudes; Substance Abuse; Suicide;
Tables (Data); Violence
Adolescent Behavior
IDENTIFIERS
ABSTRACT
This report details the 27th annual study to examine the
attitudes of student leaders in U.S. high schools. Participating in the
survey were 3,370 adolescents, primarily 16- and 17-year-olds, who had been
featured in the 1996 edition of "Who's Who Among American High School
Students." The report presents demographic information on the survey
participants and provides tables of the survey findings, including breakdowns
by sex, race, type of school attended, and type of community. The findings
are organized in the following sections: education; school uniforms; prayer
in school; high school experiences; school violence; weapons; cheating in
school; sexual behavior and attitudes; sexual harassment, assault, and date
rape; cigarettes, alcohol, and drugs; peer pressure; tattoos/body piercing;
future plans; personal finances; confidence in institutions; important
influences; home life; happiness/depression; suicide; popularity; lifestyles;
the nation's and their generation's greatest crisis; aspirations;
media/technology; prejudice; ethnic diversity and immigration; and abortion.
A summary section highlights overall findings, which indicated unexpected
levels of stress, depression, and thoughts of suicide. Sexual issues were
worrisome to many of these students, and three-quarters admitted to cheating
in school to get ahead. Most students studied 7 hours or less per week, and
spent at least 8 hours or more per week on social activities, athletics,
extracurricular activities, and watching television.
(KB)
********************************************************************************
Reproductions supplied by EDRS are the best that can be made
*
*
from the original document.
*
*
********************************************************************************
U.S. DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION
Office of Educational Research and Improvement
EDUCATIONAL RESOURCES INFORMATION
CENTER (ERIC)
This docum ent has been reproduced as
Ni(
received from the person or organization
originating it.
0 Minor changes have been made to
improve reproduction quality.
Points of view or opinions stated in this
document do not necessarily represent
1/40
official OERI position or policy.
ATTITUDES AND OPINIONS FROM
THE NATION'S HIGH ACHIEVING TEENS
PERMISSION TO REPRODUCE AND
DISSEMINATE THIS MATERIAL HAS
BEEN GRANTED BY
TO THE EDUCATIONAL RESOURCES
® WHO'S WHO
INFORMATION CENTER (ERIC)
1
AMONG AMERICAN
HIGH SCHOOL STUDENTS®
Honoring Tomorrow's Leaders Today®
BESTCOPY AVAILABLE
Table of Contents
Questions
Section
A
Introduction and Demographics
1 - 3
Education
4 - 5
School Uniforms
6
Prayer in School
7 - 8
High School Experiences
9
- 11
School Violence
12
Weapons
- 16
13
Cheating in School
- 28
17
Sexual Behavior and Attitudes
- 33
29
Sexual Harassment, Assault, and Date Rape
- 46
34
Cigarettes, Alcohol and Drugs
47
Peer Pressure
48
Tattoos/Body Piercing
49
- 52
Future Plans
- 58
53
Personal Finances
59
Confidence in Institutions
60
- 61
Important Influences
- 69
62
Home Life
- 74
70
Happiness/Depression
- 77
75
Suicide
78
Popularity
79
Lifestyles
80 - 81
Nation's/Generation's Greatest Crisis
82
Aspirations
- 86
83
Media/Technology
87
Prejudice
88
- 91
Ethnic Diversity/Immigration
- 93
92
Abortion
3
Introduction
insights into the thoughts of those leaders who set
This survey was conducted by Who's Who Among American
standards and behavior patterns for others to follow.
High School Students, Lake Forest, Illinois, during the
spring of 1996 for the purpose of determining the attitudes
Of the 751,929 high achievers featured in the 1996 edition
of student leaders in our nation's high schools. It is the
of Who's Who Among American High School Students,
largest independent sampling of this segment of the student
7,500 students were sent the survey and 3,370 completed
population taken annually and this year marks its 27th
questionnaires were returned.
anniversary. Who's Who believes that, in these rapidly
These 3,370 responses form the base of the survey. All
changing times, it is important for the nation to be aware of
students surveyed were members of the junior or senior
students' opinions and attitudes. Today's teens are an
class during the 1995-96 academic year. They were
important segment of the present voting population.
selected for recognition in Who's Who by their principals
Hopefully, as the data from this 27th national survey is
or guidance counselors, other faculty members, national
circulated and studied, significant trends will be uncovered.
youth organizations or the publishing company because
We regard this survey as an educational experiment. We
of their high achievement in academics, activities,
are in no way attempting to promote or negate any political,
community service, athletics or their performance in
moral or social philosophy, organization, firm or individual.
national scholarship or award contests.
Because of our contact with student leaders, we believe we
The students listed in the 30th Annual Edition of Who's
are in a position to gather important facts and meaningful
Who represent just over 5 percent of the 14,000,000
information and, therefore, have a corporate responsibility
students who were in high school during the 1995-96
to conduct this survey.
academic year. They represent approximately 18,000 of
Although we of Who's Who feel that some of the questions
the 22,000 public, private and parochial high schools in
and answers are of a private and controversial nature, we
the nation.
do not hesitate to take the responsibility for the project in
This survey was tabulated by computer. Questions were
order to achieve our objective of identifying and measuring
tabulated by total response. Breakdowns by sex, race,
students' attitudes. We apologize to anyone offended by
type of school attended and type of community are also
any of the material presented herein.
included. On questions calling for write-in answers, results
Though by no means a reflection of today's "average"
are shown of the most frequently mentioned answers.
student because it is dealing with the opinions of student
leaders and high achievers, we feel this survey does give
Participant Data/Demographics*
Estimated Family Income
Total Sample
3,370
8%
Under $20,000 per year
Sex
11%
$20,000 - $29,999
28%
Male
20%
$30,000 - $44,999
Female
72%
29%
$45,000 - $70,000
Age of Students Surveyed
23%
More than $70,000
34%
16
Natural Parents Are
64%
17
80%
Married to each other
2%
18
15%
Divorced
Race
5%
Other
African-American
6%
Parents Attended College
Asian-American
6%
51%
79%
Caucasian
Both Parents
Hispanic
4%
27%
One Parent
4%
Other
22%
Neither Parent
Religion
Type of Community
Catholic
32%
50%
RuraVSmall Town
Jewish
2%
38%
Suburban
P rotestant
32%
10%
Urban
Other
24%
Geographic Region
None
9%
23%
East/Northeast (CT,MA,ME,NH,NJ,NY,PA,RI,VT)
Type of School Attended
28%
Midwest (IA,IL,IN,KS,MI,MN,MO,ND,NE,OH,SD,WI)
Public
76%
7%
Southwest (AZ,NM,OK,T)()
Private
15%
South (AL,AR,DC,DE,FL,GA,KY,LA,MD,MS,
Parochial
9%
26%
NC,PR,SC,TN,VA,WV)
Plan to Attend College or
Pacific/West (AK,CA,CO,HI,ID,MT,NV,OR,UT,WA,WY) 17%
University After Graduation 98%
*NOTE: Where percentages do not add up to 100%, the difference indicates
'No Answer.' Percentages rounded to the nearest whole number.
4
AVAULE
A
BEST COPY
% %
%
S
%
%
%
%
% %
% %
%
7
1 0
2
8
R
9
5
9
7
2
1
3
8
6
5
4
9 2
1
0
5
. .
l
.
. 5
1
.
.
.
E
0
7
1
.
9
6
.
. .
.
6
1 1
a
.
0
3
6
.
.
7
V
0
6
2
.
5
0 0
0
1
r
.
1
1
3
6
E
.
1
3
5
2 2
u
0
I
R
1
H
Y
C % %
%
% %
% %
%
%
% %
%
T
4 6
7
7
A
0
8
9
0 2
7
1 6
9
0
4
9
2
9 2
0
. .
I
1
6
7
.
2
-
7
. .
. .
1
6
.
2
.
. .
.
0
.
N
2
6
.
r
H 2
.
0
6 6
1
.
1
6 0
.
0
n
U
1
3
u 1
.
G
3 5
4
1
3 5
0
a
M
b
I
1
b
M
u
H
O
S
%
%
%
%
%
%
%
C
%
%
%
6
F
9
4
3
5
7
6
9
1
8
8
4
1
7 3
0
2
3
.
3
n
2
O
.
.
2
6
.
.
7
2
.
4
. 1
.
.
.
0
.
3
a
5
.
8
.
5
0
3
1
5 .
9
0
2
.
b
5
Y
3
.
3
1 4
4
3
0
r
i
E
I
1
U
V
R
%
% %
%
%
%
% %
%
U
3
6
2 2
9
2
1
0
7
2
8
0
0 3
8
0
5
.
S
3
8
6
-
. .
.
l
4
.
3
4
6
8
. .
.
.
0
.
2
o
a
6 7
6
.
.
0
.
2
1 9
9
0
.
r
L
i
4 4
3
.
4
5 3
0
a
h
A
L
1
P
c
U
O
N
O
%
%
%
%
%
%
%
%
%
%
%
N
H
6
7
8
0 6
4
3
1
3
8
0
4
8
0
7
2
0
7
6
e
A
C
.
.
2
-
6
0
. 3
.
6
.
0
.
4
3
.
.
.
.
.
t
0
i
S
.
5
.
1 .
5
5
0
2
.
7
1
0
0
9
a
.
r
H
5 3
.
4
4
0
4
4
v
P
T
F
1
7 O
2
% %
%
%
%
%
%
% %
% %
%
E
9 9
8
2
3
9
0
8
6
2 7
8 7
3
8
4
3 7
0 2
P
. .
c
6
1
0
3
.
.
.
. .
. 9
.
3
1
7
. .
.
Y
.
0
i .
5
5
0
1
.
0
8 .
2
5
1 6
0
T
.
3
2
l
6
2
1
.
1 3
2
0
2 5
b
1
u
P
%
%
% %
%
%
%
% %
%
7
2
4
3
2
3
9 6
6 7
0
7
3
0
7
0 2
0
r
4
5
6
.
.
1
. .
.
4
6
8
7
.
.
. .
.
e
1
.
0
1
0
.
1
.
0
5 2
.
2
1
9 7
0
h
.
1
3
.
2 6
3
5
1 2
0
t
1
O
%
%
% %
%
%
%
%
%
8
7
7
3
2
2
2 3
7
8
4
9
2
4
3
0
1
c
.
.
4
16
5
-
.
. .
7
.
4
0
.
6
.
.
i
1
.
0
1
.
s
.
9 8
1
0
.
0
7
1
0
n
.
i
1
3
2 5
.
2
4
4
0
3
a
H
1
p
%
% %
%
%
% %
%
6
9
0
0
4
1 9
6
5
6
7
7
4
5 4
0
n
8
5
4
.
3
8 . .
7
5
1
.
.
. .
.
1
a
.
r
0
E
7
.
1
.
0
7 5
.
2
3
5 8
0
i
e
.
C
3
.
3 5
4
1
0
3 4
s
m
A
1
A
A
R
%
% %
%
%
%
% %
%
%
%
%
6
5 0
7
5
2
4
6
9
6
7
5
4
0 8
9
2
9
0
1
4
6
. .
-
. 0
.
1
.
.
.
5
8
. . 0
8
.
.
.
.
0
r
1 1
2
i
8
0
.
1
0
8
.
.
2
0 3
4
8
0
.
e
r
n
5
1
3
.
2
3
5 2
1
0
m
f
a
1
A
A
c
%
%
%
%
% %
%
%
%
%
%
%
7
2
3
0
2
8
4
1
2 9
0
1
0
4
8
6
7
8
0
n
1
.
1
4
.
.
6
.
1
.
. .
.
1
1
4
.
.
7
.
.
a
0
.
6
1
-
0
.
0
5 2
5
.
.
6
1
3
8
0
i
.
2
u
1
3
.
2 6
1
4
2
5
0
2
L
s
a
N
1
O
a
C
O
O
c
I
%
%
%
%
% %
H
%
%
% %
%
%
T
9
7
9
1
8
12
4
7 6
0
C
2
4 2
5
9 0
3
0
e
0
.
.
A
1
6
.
.
1
1
.
. .
.
S
1
7
0 2
. .
.
l
.
.
C
4
0
0
.
.
0
5 2
7
. 4
5 4
2
a
0
2
U
.
1
3
.
2 6
1
4 2
R
2 5
m 0
D
U
1
e
E
O
F
X
%
%
%
Y
% %
%
%
%
%
%
E
%
F
8
8
9
2
3 6
5 7
6
1
4
5 0
2
7
e
3
5
S
1
0
O
.
.
6
1
. 1
D
.
2
. .
2
7
. 2
1
.
l
.
.
.
.
9
0 .
0
N
0
.
7 0
1 9
.
4
a
9
4
0
Y
.
1 3
.
I
2 6
4
1
M
4
0
3
T
F
1
I
L
U
A
%
%
%
% %
O
%
%
%
%
% %
U
%
1
7
9
2 0
1
Y 1
7 1
5
1
9
8
3
3
5
3
2 7
0
Q
L
.
.
.
.
1
.
4
6
. .
1
7
.
0
.
1
4
. .
.
A
0
.
0
3
.
6 2
.
1
O
0
.
6
3
8 2
0
S
T
.
1
3
2 6
3
.
D
4
1
3
0
2 5
T
O
1
I
T
G
.
N
R
C
I
)
)
)
)
O
)
) ) )
N
)
1
G
2
3
4
3
4 2 1
F
I
5
(
(
(
N (
(
( ( (
(
E
L
,
L
O
S
L
O
N
A
H
O
H
C
I
C
S
T
A
Y
C
E
L
I
V
L
5
N
I
A
U
G
C
M
I
M
D
M
O
L
E
C
U
D
O
)
A
W
t
L
C
)
n
A
A
l
g
E
e
N
r e
l
e
n
D
r
l
O
n
e s
W
.
a
y
n s
t
i
.
e
A
) )
l
I
)
v
w a
O r
r
v a
a
l
r
w
R
r r
e
T
d
e
s B
r
H
t
e
e B
i
h
r
s
G
i o
c
A
o
D
E
n
a
v
D
a
w
E
n
a o
x
C
o
L
a n
n
.
F
n
y e
a n
F P
.
E
U
G
A
d
d
a
t a
2
(
t
d a
r m
d
a
( (
1
(
D
(
T
t
t
o e
o e
o
t e
e o
t
o e
E
O
S
S
N M
N M
N
S M
V S
S
N M
C D
Q
A
B
T
F
S
R
%
% % %
%
%
%
%
%
% %
6
6
8 4 8
E
0
6
7
2 5
9
l
.
.
. .
. . .
.
.
V .
.
a
4 0 4
0
3
8
E
5
r
0
5 2 5
2
I
3
u
1
H
R
C
Y
8
%
% %
A
% %
%
% %
% %
%
T
3 5
3
1 4
0 0
0
0 8
5
I
-
. .
. .
.
. .
.
. .
H
.
N
r
5
0
1 4
6 7
4
G
U
n
u
1
0
6 3
2 5
I
a
b
M
1
H
b
u
M
S
O
%
% %
F
C %
%
%
%
%
%
%
3
4 4
3
3
6
O
7
0
0
9
n
.
.
.
. .
.
.
.
.
.
a
5 4
9
0
1
1
Y
6
b
2 5
1
0
3
6
E
r
1
V
U
R
%
%
% %
U
%
%
%
% %
%
3
7
9 6
4
3
S
0
8 4
4
-l
.
.
.
. .
.
.
. .
.
oa
6 8
3
0
L
4 2
2
ri
2 5
1
0
6 3
A
ah
L
1
U
Pc
O
N
O
N
%
% % %
%
% % % %
%
%
H
2 4 4
A 4
4
0 3 0 8
0
1
e
C
-
. . .
.
.
. . . .
.
.
t
S
i
2
H
5 0 5 1
0
a
4
r
1
T 0
7 2 3 5
v
P
F
1
7
O
2
%
% %
%
%
E
% %
% % %
%
6
3 8
5
2 4
9
P
9 5 8
0
c
.
.
. .
. .
.
Y
. . .
.
i
0 1
7
3 7 6
0
T
l
2 2
0
5 3 5
b
1
u
P
%
%
% % % %
%
%
8
4
1 0 1 8
r 9
0
.
.
. . . .
.
.
e
1
1
5 4 1 5
0
0
h
2
5 3 2 5
1
0
t
1
O
% % %
%
%
%
% %
1 9 3
3 7
0
3 3
c
-
.
. . .
.
.
. .
i
s
0 4 4
8
0
8 3
n
i
2 5 2
0
5 3
a
H
1
p
%
% %
%
%
%
% %
5
0 4
0
9
1
n
1 9
.
. .
.
.
.
a
. .
r
E
1 2
0
5
6
i
9 4
e
C
0
2 6
1
s
5 3
m
A
1
A
A
R
%
%
% %
%
% %
%
0
9
4 7
2
1 7
0
-
.
.
. .
.
. .
.
r
i
1
2
9 6
0
8 1
0
e
n
r
5
1 2
1
0
4 4
m
a
f
1
A
c
A
% %
% %
%
%
%
% %
%
%
4 6
8 1
3
0
2 5
n
0
9
0
. .
. .
. .
.
.
a
.
.
.
-
3 6
9
6
4
i
8
0
u
2 5
1
3
0
5
s
a
1
C
a
c
% %
% % % %
%
% %
%
%
5 5
1 7 5 9
8 2 4
e
6
0
. .
. .
. . . .
.
l
.
.
6 1 6 0
7
a
0
5
5 2 5 2
0
3
m
1
e
F
X
% %
E
%
% % % %
% %
%
%
S
8 4
e
1 5 3 8
7
3 6
4
0
. . . .
. .
.
l
. .
.
.
6 5
6
a
3 1
0
4
2 5
1
M
6 3
0
1
% % %
%
%
% % %
%
%
%
4 5 5
7
0
5 1 2
0
2
9
L
. . .
.
.
.
. . .
.
.
A
9
8
4 3 6
0
6
T
1
5
0
3 2 5
O
1
T
.
.
.
.
.
.
K .
C
S
R S
N
R
O R
I
E
W E
H
HG
,
C
R CN
S
A
I AI
N
E
E ET
O
T
H TS
I
T
T E
R
A
RR
U
C
Y UE
O I
O OT
N
Y
J YN
U
N I
M
F
E F
M
O
OS
O
O S
7
C
Y
T YA
N
NL
L
A
R AC
A
M
A M
N
E E
r
r
O
W
e
P WK
e
I
O
w
P OA
w
T
s
H
A HM
s
A
n
n
L
C
a
.
e
.
a
t e e t e
A
U
n
3
3
w
w
s m n s m
T
D
o
o
e
e
o
o o o o o
O
E
N
N
F
F
Q
N
M S N M S
T
i
S
% %
%
%
%
%
%
% %
%
%
%
%
% %
%
2 6
R
1
6
9
3
3
7 7
9
9
3
3
1 1
0
. .
.
l
E
.
.
. .
.
.
.
.
.
.
. .
.
a
V
4
1
0
4
6
6
4
9
3 6
0
r
E
3
6
1
3
4
1
0
3 4
u
I
1
R
H
Y
C
%
%
%
% %
%
%
% %
%
%
%
%
%
%
%
T
A
8
9
2
4 7
5 6
2
3
4
5
6
7
0
0
2
.
.
I
.
-
. .
. .
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
N
2
r
H
1 4
3
6
9
0
0
6
2
n
U
u
G
7 2
1
3
4
1
0
4
4
a
b
M
I
1
b
u
M
H
S
O
%
% %
%
%
% %
%
% %
%
%
C
%
%
%
F
6
5 8
1
9 3
4
9
1 2
6
9
5
0
1
O n
.
. .
. .
.
.
.
.
. .
.
.
.
.
a
2 1
5
8
7 3
3
0
7
7
b
0
Y
7 2
1
4 3
1
0
3
4
r
E
1
U
V
I
R
%
%
%
% %
% %
%
%
%
%
%
%
%
U
%
3
4
0
8 4
7
6 2
7
5
7
1
3
2
0
S
.
-l
.
.
.
. .
.
.
. .
.
.
.
.
.
oa
1
1
3 3
8 5
5
4
5
9
0
L
ri
7 2
6 2
3
5
0
ah
A
L
1
Pc
U
O
N
O
%
%
% %
%
% %
%
%
% %
%
% %
N
%
H
8 6
8 8
5 2 4
1
9
4
4
9
9 5
0
A
C
e
.
.
-
. .
. .
.
.
.
.
.
.
. .
.
S
t
i
2
2 3
6
1
1
6
8 3
0
H
a
r
7 2
2
7
5 3
0
v
T
F
P
1
7 O
2
% %
% %
%
%
%
%
% %
%
%
%
E
%
%
%
2 6
1 9
6 2
6
1
2 5
7
8
6
1
P
0
8
c
. .
.
. .
.
.
.
.
.
. .
.
.
.
Y
.
i
6 8
8
4
1
9 0
7
0
4
6
T
l
6 2
1
3 4
1
0
3
4
b
1
u
P
%
%
%
%
%
%
%
%
%
%
%
%
% %
%
7
4
9
9
7
7
3
3
0
4 7
6
5 8
0
r
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
. .
.
e
5
3
9
2
6
9
1
5
3
9 0
0
h
6
2
1
2
5
1
3 4
0
t
1
O
%
%
% %
% %
%
%
%
%
%
%
% %
%
8
7 7
6
1 9
7
7
8
7
7
4
4 8
0
c
-
. .
.
.
.
.
. .
.
.
.
.
. .
.
i
s
2
2
0 3
6
1
7
5 5
0
i
n
3
2 6
3
4
1
0
3 4
H
a
1
p
%
%
%
%
%
%
%
%
%
%
%
%
3
3
4
5
2
0 2
6
9
6
n
9
0
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
a
.
.
r
E
6
4
9
7
2
6
4
9
i
7
1
0
e
C
2
6
1
3
4
1
s
3
0
4
m
A
A
1
A
R
%
% %
%
%
%
% %
%
%
% %
%
%
5
0
4
8
3
0
3 8
9
1
5
1 4
0
-
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
. .
.
. .
.
r
i
1
8
3
6
7
1
0 0
4
8 7
0
e
r
n
6
2
1
4 4
1
0
4 3
m
f
a
1
A
A
c
% %
%
%
%
% %
%
% %
% % %
%
%
%
1 7
7
7 6 4
3
0
5
8
8 0
2 4
7
0
n
. .
. .
.
.
.
.
.
.
. .
. .
.
.
a
-
7
3
6
8
4 5
9 7
0
4
i
u
2
3
6
1 1
0
3 4
4
s
a
1
C
a
c
% %
%
%
%
%
%
%
%
%
% %
% %
%
%
2 5
6
4
5
1
0
4
3
7 7
6
9 0
1
0
e
. .
.
.
.
.
.
. .
.
.
.
. .
.
.
l
8
4
6
1
6
6
5
8 6
4
0
a
2
1
3
6
1
3 4
0
4
m
1
e
F
X
%
%
%
% %
% %
% %
%
% %
E %
%
S
% %
0
6
8 2
9
7 2
4 8
3
6 7
S
e
0
1
T
1 5
.
.
. .
.
. .
. .
.
. .
.
.
l
N
. .
1
1
1 5
4
8 5
0
4
a E
2 2
7 2
1
4 3
0
1
D
s
4 4
1
U
T
S
%
%
% %
%
%
% %
%
% ,
,
%
%
%
%
f
2
7
7
8 7
6 7 7
5
3
7
:
2
R
6
8
0
L
9
.
6
.
. .
. .
.
.
.
R
.
.
.
I
.
.
.
.
A
7 7
3
5
6
6
E
5
E
3
9
0
T
6 2
1
3
4
1
H
T
4
0
3
O
T
T
1
T
A
.
.
.
M
.
.
N
.
.
I
C
.
.
.
D
T
N
S
S
S
R
C
T
I
R
R
R
A
E
S
E
E
E
H
E
J
,
H
H
H
R
B
C
S
C
C
K
E
U
A
N
A
A
R
T
S
E
O
E
E
O
W
T
I
T
T
W
I
R
T
I
A
R
O
R R
9
E
C
U
L
T
U U
H
I
A
O
O O
N T
N
Y
Y Y
U
O
U
O
i
M
W
F F
F
Y
.
M
O
O O
O
V
O
N
:
E
C
K
Y
.
Y
G
Y
V
N
W
N
N
L
Y
A
A
E
A
A
A
L
M
A
L
M
N
L
r
r
L
r
E
O
A
U
e
W
e
A
W
K
e
I
E
O
w
O
w
H
A
O
w
T
R
H
T s
H
s
C
H
s
A
n
n
n
L
C
a
a
.
e e e e
t
a
e
e
A t t
.
.
U
w
m n m n
3
s
w
w
n
m
T s s
3
3
D
e
o
o
o o o o
o
e
e
o
o
o
O o o
E
F
N
N
S N S N
M
F
F
Q
N
N
S
T M M
0
Q
S
%
%
%
% % %
%
%
%
%
%
R
3
7
1
3 1 4
9
0
8
9
3
E
l
.
.
.
. . .
.
.
.
.
.
V
a
2
0
6
5 5 1
2
0
5
2
3
E
r
1
6
2 5 3
1
0
9
u
I
1
1
R
H
C
Y
% %
%
%
%
%
%
%
% %
%
A
T
3 0
7
1
3
3
3
0
5 3
2
I
-
. .
.
.
.
.
.
.
. .
.
H
N
r
2 6
5
2
3
1
0
1 3
8
n
G
u
U
2 5
1
6
0
3
8 2
1
a
I
b
M
1
b
H
u
M
S
O
%
% %
%
%
%
%
%
% % %
F
C
1
5 0
0
4
9
5
0
0 1 3
n
O
.
. .
.
.
.
.
.
. . .
a
2
1 8
9
3
0
3
3 6 2
b
Y
2 4
1
6
0
3
2 7 3
r
E
1
U
V
R
%
%
%
%
%
%
%
% % %
U %
4
4
7
6
5
3
3
1 5 7
0
S
.
l
.
-
.
.
.
.
.
. . .
.
a
2
o
3
0
7
5
9
4 5 1
0
L
i
r
3
1
1
7
3
0
7 2 4
A
h
a
L
1
c
U
P
O
N
O
%
%
%
% %
%
% %
%
N %
%
H
9
1
9
1 3
8
0
2 8
5
0
A
e
C
-
.
.
.
. .
.
.
. .
.
.
t
S
i
8
3
1
0 8
1
8
7 1
8
0
H
a
r
1
4
7 1
3
3 6
0
2
T
v
P
F
1
7
O
2
%
% %
%
% %
%
%
%
%
%
E
4
1 7
4
2 2
5
3
5
0
0
c
P
.
. .
.
.
.
. .
.
.
.
i
Y
2
0 6
1
5 5
4
0
9
T
l
3 6
1
2 5
1
0
9
b
1
u
P
%
%
%
% %
%
%
% % %
%
4
3
1
8 1
7
6
7 1 6
0
r
.
.
.
.
. .
.
. . .
.
e
3
4
7
5 3
5
3 3 0
0
h
1
5
5 2
1
0
8 2 3
t
1
O
%
% %
% %
%
%
% % %
%
4
8 8
5 1
4
4
1 5 5
0
c
-
.
. .
. .
.
.
. . .
.
s
i
1
8 8
2 5
2
1
0 8 7
0
i
n
1 1
6 4
4
0
2 7 3
H
a
1
p
%
%
%
%
% %
%
%
%
%
%
1
1
9
7
2 6
1
1
8
2
0
n
.
.
.
.
.
. .
.
.
.
.
a
r
E
1
9
9
7
1
1 6
3
0
8
0
i
e
C
5
1
1
3 3
7
1
8
0
s
m
A
1
A
A
R
%
%
%
%
%
% % % %
%
%
9
9
4
6
0
0 4 2 7
0
0
-
.
.
.
.
.
. . . .
.
.
r
i
1
9
2
3
1
4 1 6 1
5
0
n
e
r
1
5
1
8 2 2 6
1
0
a
m
f
1
c
A
A
%
% %
%
%
%
% %
%
%
%
6
5 6
0
2
3
5
7 6
8
n
0
.
. .
.
.
.
.
. .
.
.
a
-
2
8 1
2
8
7
1 6
7
0
i
u
2 6
1
5
2
1 1
8
0
s
a
1
a
C
c
%
%
%
%
%
%
%
%
%
%
%
4
5
8
8
9
e
4
5
6
9
6
0
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
l
.
.
.
.
2
0
3
2
1
7
9
a
1
7
0
6
2
1
6
2
1
1
m
8
0
e
1
F
X
%
%
%
% %
% % %
%
%
%
E
8
6
5
3 6
7 2 2
9
4
S
0
e
.
.
.
.
. .
. . .
.
.
l
2
8
3
1 4
3 7 2
5
0
a
5
1
3 3
1 1 5
8
0
M
1
S
%
% % %
% %
%
T %
%
%
%
5
2 7 9
9 0
6
5
0
4 N
0
L
.
.
. . .
. .
.
.
.
E
.
A
2
9 6 9
8 3
8
0
2
M
7
T
L
5 2 5
1 1
0
2
1
8
E
O
O
1
T
T
O
A
H
.
T
C
C
S
S
N
d
I
n
G
s d d
O
a
N
m n n
T
,
w
I
r a a
S
g
o
W
o
M
N
n
lr
O
f n e
R
O
i
li
L
i ei ev e
O
I
r
ae
L
n s si s
F
T
o
h
O
u ay as a
I
A
b
tt
F
et en e
N
C
'
r ri re r
U
I
e
ns
E
a cv cp c
N
r
os
H
e ei ex n
A
U
a
de
T
w dt de i
M
r
c
R
M
sp
s
H
d sa sy s
A
1
O
mx
m
T
l m mu me
E
s
C
y
re
r
I
1
u rg rb rl
e
W
l
t
o
o
W
o on o oa
h
o
L
i
fo
f
h fa fo fr
t
U
o
A
l
it
i
E
s ig it io
o
O
h
N
a
n
n
E
n/ n nm
r
l s
Y
c
r
l
O
u
us
u
R
e
s ue ue u
c s
s
e
o
I
d
t
G
w
t c r t
e
O
w
o
T
i
ln
l
s
A
n ln lu ln
y l
d
D
s
h
A
v
oe
n
o
e oe os oe
d t
n
c
n
L
C
i
od
a
o
.
d ol os od
n n
u
.
s
a
A
U
d
hu
5
h
u ho he hu
e i
o
4
T
s
D
n
ct
o
c
t ci cr ct
r o
r
o
o
O
e
o
E
i
Ss
N
S
S Sv Sp Ss
t p
a
t
N
T
Y
N
S
%
%
%
% % %
% % %
%
%
% % %
% % % %
5
R
7
6
6 3 6
1
0 5 6
8
5 0 1
1 9 7
0
.
.
l
E
.
. . .
.
. . .
.
. . .
. . .
.
7
1
a
2
V
5 5 3
1
5 8 5
9
9 0 4
0 5 3
0
r
3
E
7 2 3
4
4 4 7
4 2 2
0
u
I
1
R
H
Y
C
%
% %
%
% %
%
% % %
%
% %
% %
%
% %
T
A
8
4 0
3
2 6
2
6 8 1
2
5 2
5 2
0
4 3
I
.
-
.
. .
. .
.
. . .
.
. .
. .
.
. .
N
1
r
H
9
5 3
7 6
1
5 4 2
3
7 9
8 7
0
5 2
U
n
u
G
2
7 3 3
7
4 4
2 4
3 2
0
a
b
M
I
1
b
u
M
H
S
O
%
%
%
%
%
%
% % %
%
%
% % % %
%
C
%
%
F
5
8
6
0
2
9
2
4
2 6 9
0
3 9 6 3
6
8
4
.
O n
.
.
.
.
.
.
. . .
. . . .
.
.
.
.
1
a
4
0
2
1
8
0
1
5 2 3
5 5 8 1
3
0
3
2
b
Y
1
4
1
7 3 2
4 4 4 7
2
0
3
2
r
E
1
U
V
R
%
%
% % %
%
% %
%
%
% %
%
%
% %
U
%
0
1
8 1 2
3
0 8
2
4
4 4
4
9
5 7
0
S
.
.
.
l
. . .
-
. .
.
.
. .
.
.
. .
.
1
a
o 2
3 4 6
1 2
3
5
2 1
1
5
5 0
0
L
i
r
3
8 3
8
3
4 9
4
0
3 4
A
h
a
L
1
U
c
P
O
N
O
% .
%
%
%
% %
%
%
%
% % %
% %
%
N
%
%
H
7
3
6
0
2
7 1
8
8
2
8 6 0
4 6
5
7
0
A
3
C
e
- .
.
.
.
.
. .
.
.
.
. . .
. .
.
.
.
t
S
i
4
1
8
2
3 3
3
4
7
9 4 5
0 8
0
8
H
4
a
r
3
2
8
3
4 8 8
4 4
0
4
v
T
P
F
1
7
O
2
%
%
%
%
%
%
%
% %
% % %
%
%
E
% % %
%
5
2
1
5
3
9
4
6 0
9 9 0
9
0
P
4 2 7
0
c
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
. .
. . .
.
.
. . .
Y
.
i
1
8
1
4
6
7
1
2 5
9 9 0
8
9
6 1 9
T
0
l
3
7 3
2 6 3
1
4
3 3 4
0
b
1
u
P
%
%
%
% %
%
%
% % % %
%
% .
% % %
%
4
4
8
8 8
9
7
4
4
5 6 4 6
0
0 5 3
0
r
.
.
7
.
. .
.
.
.
. . . .
.
. . .
.
e
.
3
5
0
4 4
2
1
9
9 7 2 8
7
2 1 8
0
h
9
4
1
6
3 7 2 2
1
0 1
3 4 4
t
1
O
% %
%
% %
% % % %
%
% % %
%
%
% %
%
9 6
1
6 9
6 6 2 0
4
8 2 6
5
8
1 3
0
c
-
. .
.
. .
. . . .
.
. . .
.
.
. .
.
s
i
6 5
2
4 3
3 2 2 4
1
6 8 9
1
1
7 1
0
i
n
1 1
7 3 2 3
3 3 3
7
1
0
2 3
H
a
1
p
%
% % %
%
% % %
%
%
% % % %
%
.
%
%
6
5 8 6
3
1
4 5 0
2
7 0 4 0
7
3
8
0
n
.
. . .
.
.
. . .
.
4
. . . .
.
.
.
a
r
1
E
6 4 8
1
.
1
4 1 6
4
5 0 1 4
8
2
0
i
e
4
C
1
3 2 3
7
4 5 4 6
1
0
3
3
s
m
A
1
A
A
R
% %
% .
%
%
% % % %
%
%
% % % % %
%
7
2 1
1
7
2
7 6 6 6
4
5
3 5 9 8 1
9
0
. .
-
.
.
.
. . . .
.
.
.
. . . . .
.
r
0 3
i
5
8
1 1
5 1 9 8
2
5
9 2 6 0 5
0
ne
1 1
r
4
1
7 8 2 2
1
3 3 3 4 4
0
am
f
1
cA
A
%
%
%
%
% %
%
% % %
%
% % % % % %
%
9
7
5
7
5 3
0
1
3 7 6
7 0 7 4 4 1
n
0
.
.
.
.
. .
.
.
. . .
. . . . . .
a
.
-
2
1
0
6
5 5
1
5
4 4 1
8 5 5 0 0 4
i
0
u
3
3
7 7 3
3 2 2 5 5 4
0
s
a
1
C
a
c
%
%
%
% %
%
% % % % %
% % % % %
%
%
8
7
4
2 7
8
5 1 0 1 0
7 5 4 9 9
e
2
0
.
.
.
.
. .
. . . , .
. . . . .
l
.
.
1
3
5
7 7
4 7 0 5 2
3 5 8 9 2
a
8
0
7 7 3 3 3
2 2 4 4 4
3
m
0
L
e
1
O
F
X
%
%
% %
%
%
O
% % %
%
% %
% % % %
%
E
%
8
1
0 3
0
2
0 6 5
H
4
8 1
S
4 6 5 5
e
0
1
.
.
. .
.
.
. . .
.
C
. .
. . . .
l
.
.
1
3
6 6
7
3
0 4 7
2
7 7
5 5 5 0 S
0
a
6
3
7 3 2
4 4
2 2 4 7
0
M
3
1 H
G
I
%
% % % %
% % % %
%
%
% % % % %
H
%
%
8
9 7 5 5
2
1 2 1 3
6
1 5 2 1 4
6
0
L
.
. . . .
.
. . . .
.
. . . . .
R
.
.
A
1
6 5 3 7
1
5 1 3 2
3
4 5 8 9 3
R
7
0
U
T
7 3 3 3
4
2 2 4 4 7
0
3
E
O
O
1
T
Y
Y
A
.
R
G
c
C
P
d
l
i
N
i
l l o
s
I
S
C
o o o
a
t
U
A
o o h
b
e ,
O
h h c
F
g S
I
c c s
t
d N
G
s s
S
u
u ) O
I
n
E
o
b g s I
L
n n i
L
3
h
n r T
E
i i e
B
t
d i o A
R
y m
1
O
i
e t t C
y
y y a o
R
w
t i a I
m
T
a a r h
l
P
i r r N
U
r r p
o
e
m w t U
e
n
O
l
p p t
o
S
t
i / s M
m
i
o
B
o a
e e
h
U
a
s l g i M
o
y
h y
A
o o t
u u
c
O
u
m / n n O
h
y m
y o h
t t y
g g
s
R
d
e s i i C
h c t
a
S
t a
o o
s
E
a
l d d m
t
t l a
r n
G
e e n r
g g
n
s
,
r
b n a d L
a
a a p
p i
t
N
k k a p
a a
i
a
S
g
o u e a A
p a
n
I
i i w
n n
l
r f r / N
r
y
a d
e
o y
L r
l l o
y y
y
c
n
s
T
p ( s O
e
a
t
n l
e
t a
E
t t
s s
a
w
t
S
f r I
w
r
e
w
t a a
r
E
d d o
r
/ /
y
o
n
O
l o s e T
s
p
p
s
n t
t p
F
l l n t
p
h h
m
e
a l h A
M
n
n
m
e s n
n
u u n
c c
y
L
d
i k l c C
a
a
o
o
d g e
a o
o o o a
.
o
r r
h
m
A
u
c c i a U
c
7
d
u u r
w d
w w d w
d
6
u u
t
T
t
a a k e D
o
n
t r a
h h
i
n
O
S
R L s t E
N
I
S D P
O
c c
w
o
T
I
I I I I I I I
S
%
%
% %
%
% %
%
% %
%
R
%
%
%
%
7
6
1
1
7
5 1
5
4
2 1
1
1
E
0
2
l
.
.
.
.
.
.
. .
.
.
. .
.
.
V .
a
1
8
2
7
1 1
9
2 5
2
0
5
E
r
5 4
1
0
9
I
u
1
H
R
C
Y
% %
%
%
% %
%
%
% %
%
%
%
A
%
T
%
9
7 4
5
9 1
3 2
0
7
0
8
2
8
I
5
-
.
. .
.
. .
. .
.
.
.
.
.
.
H
N .
r
6
6
8 3
5 5
9
4
0
6
2
2
4
U
G
n
u
4
1
4
0
9
a
M
I
b
1
1
b
M
H
u
O
S
% % % %
C %
% %
%
%
F % %
%
%
%
3
5 4 2 6
1 7
4
6
8
3
O
2
0
8
n
.
. . . .
.
. .
.
.
.
.
.
.
a
8 9 8 6
7 4
2
8
6
1
0
1
Y
b
4 4
2
0
9
E
r
1
V
U
R
% %
%
%
%
% %
%
U
%
%
%
%
% %
0
1 4
8
8
2 8
3
8
9
S
4
0
1 1
-l
.
.
.
.
.
.
. .
.
.
.
.
. .
oa
1
1
2
2
4
6 4
5
2
0
2
L
4 3
ri
.
7
1
0
9
A
ah
L
1
U
Pc
O
N
O
%
%
%
%
N %
% % % %
%
%
%
%
%
H
8
8
2
4
1
4
A
1 2 3 9
2
4
1
0
e
C
-
.
.
.
.
.
,
. . . .
.
.
.
.
t
S
i
2
2
1
8
5 2 5 4
4
2
H
2
0
a
r
7
1
T 0
9
v
P
F
1
7
O
2
%
% % %
% % %
%
% %
E
%
%
% %
%
6
7 8 4
5 2 9
7
0 4
2 4
3
P
0
1
c
.
. .
. . .
. . .
.
. .
.
.
Y
.
i
9 4 2
4 9 3
7
2 7
0
2
T
5
l
5 2 3
0
9
b
1
u
P
%
% % %
%
% % % % %
%
%
%
7
8 4 0
4
r
8 8 8 8 8
7
5
0
.
.
. . .
.
. . . . .
e
.
.
7 2 4
3
8 6 8 6 6
h
0
0
5 2 3
t
0
9
O
1
%
% %
% %
%
%
%
% % %
%
%
%
5
7 3 9
6 6
7
5
7 0 1
0
9
1
c
-
.
.
.
. .
. .
.
. . .
.
.
.
i
s
7
8 6
7 7
2
1 0 0
0
4
2
i
n
3
1
0
9 5 2
H
a
1
p
%
% %
% % % % %
%
%
%
%
%
5
4
2 1
4 0
5 7
6
0
7
8
5
n
.
.
. .
. .
.
. .
.
.
.
.
a
r
E
0 5
5
5 7
1
9 8
0
9
4
i
3
e
C
1 1
0
4 3
s
9
m
A
1
A
A
R
% %
%
%
% % % %
%
% %
%
%
7 8
5
7
5
6 7 0 6
0
9 9
7
-
.
.
. .
.
. . . .
.
. .
.
r
i
9 7
1
5 1 3 0
0
3 4
9
e
rn
1
0
9 6 3 3
m
fa
1
A
Ac
%
% % %
% % %
% %
% %
%
%
% %
8
4
2 4 4 2 7
5 1
1 5
0
9
4
n
1
.
. .
.
. . .
. .
. .
.
.
.
.
a
-
8
6 3 8
5 2
7 5
0
4
2
2
i
u
1
4 4
0
9
s
a
1
C
a
c
%
%
%
%
%
%
% %
%
% % % %
%
3
6 6
9
8
8
4 4
9
3 8 1
e
0
L
5
*
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
. .
. . .
.
l
O
.
9
2
1
1
0
4 8
6 6 4
0
a
3
O
1
4
5
0
9
m
H
1
e
C
F
S
L
X
%
% % %
%
%
%
%
% %
E
% % %
O
%
%
0
0 1 6
9
2
7
8
S
1 5
e 6
H
8 0
O
0
5
.
. . .
. .
.
.
.
. .
l . .
H
G
.
E
4 8 3
9
5
7
0
3 7
6 3
C
a
I
9
B
1
0
4 4
S
M
H
8
1
O
R
R
T
U
U
%
% %
% %
O
% % % % %
%
%
%
% O
% T
7
0 9
7 4
4
2
1 2 0 3
Y
7
0
3 Y
0
I
L
.
. .
.
.
. .
. . . .
.
.
.
.
A
7 2
8 3
2 6 4 8
9
5
2 T
M
0
T
T
4 4
1
9 A
0
O
O
N
1
T
R
A
F
W D
E
.
G
U e R
C
N
O k g R
d
o
N
I
l
Y a n U
t
I
H
u
m i C s s
n
T n
o
D r C t r d
i
,
e
c
L o u O n e n
S
E e
t
U t d e h t u
N
N w
e
O E d c n o
O
e
I
O t
g
W y o V u a e r
I
c
e
o t d A t e d g
T
i
T b
d
T s i H s t u
A
o
E
l
A n o t l
C
h
G s
u
H s u t T n a s o
t I
c
t
o
W l t A e o
l N
D h
c
l r g H e g a h
u U
y e
L g
a M
, i o n T w n c
m v
U i
s M
E k p i t i g s
o
I
O f
s O
C s p h S e k n
f b
C t
a C
N o t T b c i n
oo a
s
E n e N a t o
s
U i
l L
I i e m E t t t
e e
O f
a A
R a h o D h t i g
eg h
5
Y
u N
E g t s I g a h n
me t
b
r r
t
x O
1
P C i i
s
l
o
e e
F n
e I
X e e e N f t r t
t
el f
j g
w w
y
s
I e
s T
E m m m I n e o
n
ro o
n
s s
a
d
u
/ A
e
e e h o
ac
a i
n n
d
n
L
q
e C
d
p e e . f d c h
p e
g
a a
e
A
.
e
p U
u
l v v 9 i u a s
ee n
t g
e
i
T
8
r
a D
t
e i i n t e
rh o
e u
o o
h
r
O
F
R E
s
H G G 0 K S T A
Pt N
g M
N N
t
f
T
0