Table Of ContentDOCUMENT RESUME
SE 054 375
ED 369 652
Science & Engineering Indicators--1993.
TITLE
National Science Foundation, Washington, D.C.
INSTITUTION
National Science Board.
NSB-93-1
REPORT NO
PUB DATE
93
673p.; For the 1991 indicators, see ED 344 780.
NOTE
Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing
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*Educational Trends; Employment Opportunities;
DESCRIPTORS
*Engineering Education; Facul.ty Publishing;
Government Role; Higher Education; International
Communication; *Mathematics Achievement; Mathematics
Education; Minority Groups; Public Opinion; *Research
and Development; Science Curriculum; *Science
Education; Science Teachers; Secondary Education;
State Aid
*Science Achievement
IDENTIFIERS
ABSTRACT
This report provides policymakers in both the public
and private sectors with a broad base of quantitative information
about U.S. science and engineering (S&E) research and education and
U.S. technology in a global context. Chapter 1, "Elementary and
Secondary Science and Mathematics Education," discusses the student's
achievement, interest, coursework, school, and curriculum, teachers
and teaching; and the policy context. Chapter 2, "Higher Education in
Science and Engineering," discusses the characteristics of higher
education institutions, the undergraduate and graduate S&E student
populations, major sources of financial support, and international
science and engineering education. Chapter 3, "Science and
Engineering Workforce," describes industrial S&E job patterns,
demographic trends of recent S&E graduates and doctorate recipients,
the supply and demand outlook for S&E personnel, and international
employment of scientists and engineers. Chapter 4, "Research and
Development (R&D): Financial Resources and Institutional Linkages,"
discusses national R&D spending patterns, federal support for R&D,
state-based R&D expenditures, and international comparisons. Chapter
5, "Academic Research and development: Financial Resources,
Personnel, and Outputs," describes the financial resources for
academic R&D, and outputs of academic R&D for scientific publications
and patents. Chapter 6, "Technology Development and Competitiveness,"
describes the global markets for U.S. technology, industrial R&D,
patented inventions, diffusion of technology, and technologies for
future competitiveness. Chapter 7, "Science and Technology: Public
Attitudes and Public Understanding," includes discussions on
comparisons of attitudes toward Science and Technology. (ZWH)
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National Science Board
CHARLES E. HESS, Professor and Director of
JAMES J. DUDERSTADT (Chairman) Presioeiv.
International Programs, Departmem of
University of Michigan
Environmental Horticulture,
THOMAS B. DAY, (Vice Chairman) President
University of California
San Diego State University
JOHN E. HOPCROFT, Associate Dean for College
Affairs, College of Engineering, Cornell Univer:ity
PERRY L ADKISSON, Regents Professor
CHARLES L. HOSLER, Senior Vice President for
Department of Entomology,
Research, Dean of Graduate School, and Professor
Texas A&M University
of Meteorology-Emeritus, Department of
WARREN J. BAKER, President, California Polytechnic
Meteorology, The Pennsylvania State University
State University
JAIME OAXACA, Vice Chairman. Coronado
ARDEN L. BEMENT, JR., Basil S. Turner Distinguished
Communications Corporation
Professor of Engineering, Purdue University
JAMES L. POWELL, Chief Executive Officer,
BERNARD F. BURKE, William A. M. Burden Professor
The Franklin Institute
of Astrophysics, Massachusetts Institute of
PETER H. RAVEN, Director. Missouri Botanical Garden
Technology
FRANK H. T. RHODES, President, Cornell University
W. GLENN CAMPBELL, Counselor, Hoover Institution,
IAN M. ROSS. President-Emeritus. AT&T Bell
Stanford University
Laboratories, Inc.,
F. ALBERT COITON, W.T. Doherty-Welch Foundation.
ROLAND W. SCHMITT. President-Emeritus,
Distinguished Professor of Chemistry, and
Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute
Director, Laboratory for Molecular, Structure and
BENJAMIN S. SHEN, Reese W. Flower Professor,
Bonding, Texas A&M University
Department of Astronomy and Astrophysics,
DANIEL C. DRUCKER, Graduate Research Professor,
University of Pennsylvania
Department of Aerospace Engineering, Mechanics
HOWARD E. SIMMONS, JR., DuPont Experimental
and Engineering Science, University of Florida
Station
MARYE ANNE FOX, M. June and J. Virgil Waggoner
RICHARD N. ZARE, Marguerite Blake Wilbur Professor
Regents Chair in Chemistry, Department of
of Chemistry, Department of Chemistry,
Chemistry, University of Texas at Austin
Stanford University
PHILLIP A. GRIFFITHS, Director, Institute for
Advanced Study
NEAL LANE (Member Ex Officio), Director,
National Science Foundation
MARTA CEHELSKY, Executive Officer
National Science Board Subcommittee on
Science and Engineering Indicators - 1993
Arden L. Bement, Jr., Basil S. Turner Distinguished
Professor of Engineering, Purdue University
Daniel C. Drucker, Graduate Research Professor,
Department of Aerospace Engineering, Mechanics
and Engineering Science, University of Florida
Phillip A. Griffiths, Director, Institute for Advanced
Study
John E. Hoperoft, Associate Dean for College Affairs,
College of Engineering, Cornell University
Jennifer Sue Bond, Executive Secretary
3
SCIENCE &
ENGINEERING
INDICATORS
1993
NATIONAL SCIENCE BOARD
4
The Cover
The photomicrographs on the cover depict crystallites of the common vitamins (from left to right)
Cholecalciferol (Vitamin D,), Biotin (Vitamin H), Niocin (a B-complex vitamin), and Ascorbic Acid
demonstrate the synergy
(Vitamin D. These images convey the beauty and excitement of science and
of the arts and science.
conducted early in this century which
Vital Amines. The term vitamin derives from experiments
indicated that proper nutrition was dependent upon the introduction of one or several vital nitrogen-
that are
containing amines into the diet. Vitamins are organic molecules (not necessarily amines)
the same role
essential to metabolism in all living organisms. While these molecules serve essentially
in all forms of life, higher organisms have lost the ability to sythesize vitamins.
The Image
Photomicrography. The images on the cover were prepared using the technique of photomicrog-
research scientist in charge of the optical and scanning probe
raphy by Michael W. Davidson,
(NHFML) at Florida State
microscopy facilities at the NauJnal High Magnetic Field Laboratory
and industrial photography
University in Tallahassee. Davidson has won over 30 awards in scientific
the packaging of
competitions. His research interests include liquid crystalline biological systems,
DNA in virus heads, and the interaction of drug molecules with DNA.
for the future. This
The National High Magnetic Field Laboratory represents a model partnership
opportunities for
federal-state-industry cooperarative enterprise holds the potential for broadening
includes Florida State Univerity,
research and ( lucation. NHMFL is operated by a consortium which
funded primarily by the State of
the University of Florida, and Los Alamos National Laboratory. It is
Florida and the National Science Foundation.
enhanced interest in the expanding
Recent developments in the material sciences have led to an
indispensable to the semiconduc-
field of photomicrography. For example, the technique has become
and monitoring the successive stages of integrat-
tor industry for characterizing manufacturing defects
ed circuit fabrication.
photographic film to obtain "hard
Photomicrography captures the images seen in the microscope onto
photography assignments can be cou-
copy" for research records. In a classroom environment, classical
in photomicrography.
pled with science microscopy studies to provide a multidicsiplinary program
photomicrography at the high school
To "read more about it" and learn about ways to introduce
Photomicrography," Photomicrography,
level, see Michael W. Davidson, "An Introduction to
Journal of Biological Photography,
September 1991; "Some Artistic Techniques in Photography,"
and Analysis, July 1993.
October 1991; and "Moon Rocks Under the Microscope," Microscopy
Cover design by Rachel Delgado-Simmons. National Science Foundation
Recommended Citation
National Science Board, Science & Engineering
Indicators-1993. Washington, DC: U.S. Government
Printing Office, 1993. (NSB 93-1)
Printing Office, Washington, DC 20402
For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government
Stock Number 038-000-02589-8
:')
Letter of Transmittal
NATIONAL SCIENCE BOARD
4201 Wilson Boulevard
ARLINGTON, VIRGINIA 22230
December 8, 1993
My Dear Mr. President:
It is my honor to transmit to you, and through you to the Congress, the eleventh in the
series of biennial Science Indicators reportsScience and Engineering Indicators-1993.
The National Science Board is submitting this report in accordance with Sec. 4 (j) (1) of
the National Science Foundation Act of 1950, as amended.
The Science and Engineering Indicators report provides policymakers in both the pub-
lic and private sectors with a broad base of quantitative information about U.S. science
and engineering research and education and U.S. technology in a global context. The
data and analysis in this report are especially relevant to our Nation during these first
years of the Post-Cold War era.
Science and technology, including basic research, are key factors in meeting our
strategic goals of improved international competitiveness and enhanced health and eco-
nomic and social well-being. The Science and Engineering Indicators report series con-
tributes to a better understanding of the science and technology enterprise and will be
helpful as together we define and assess priorities and accomplishments.
Mr. President, the National Science Board is proud to note that the Science and
Engineering Indicators report is internationally renowned and has become a model for
other countries. I join my colleagues on the National Science Board in expressing the
hope that you, your Administration and the Congress will find this report useful as
and seek solutions to our national
you set priorities, make decisions on investments
problems.
Respectftilly yours,
James J. Duderstadt
Chairman
The Honorable
The President of the United States
The White House
Washington, DC 20500
V
Science & Engineering Indicators -1993
Contents
iii
Letter of Transmittal
xi
Introduction
xiii
Acknowledgments
xv
Overview. Science and Technology: Changes and Challenges
Chapter 1. Elementary and Secondary Science and Mathematics Education. .. 1
Highlights
2
3
Introduction
3
Chapter Background
3
Chapter Organization
4
Student Achievement
4
NAEP: An Indicator of Student Achievement
4
Trends in NAEP Mathematics and Science Test Achievement
5
Student Motivation and NAEP Achievement
7
Trends in Achievement by Sex
8
Trends in Achievement by Race/Ethnicity
9
Mathematics Achievement in 1992
Student Persistence in Math and Science Courses
10
Math Coursetaking and Achievement: New Findings from NELS:88
11
12
Student Attitudes Toward Math and Science
13
Student SME Intentions Change Over Time
14
Trends Among Higher Achieving Students: SAT Scores
16
International Comparisons of Achievement
18
Teachers and Teaching
18
Teacher Characteristics
19
Teacher Expertise and High Student Achievement
19
International Comparisons of Teachers
21
Instructional Methods and Teaching Tools
23
International Comparisons of Instructional Practices
24
Beyond the Classroom: Students' Ou-of-School Experiences
24
Parental Attitudes and Support
25
Tutoring and Mentoring
26
Extracurricular Activities
Improvements for the Future: Assessing Achievement
26
and Revising Standards
26
Improvements in Assessing Achievement
28
Standardized Tests and Minority Students
Trends Toward State Frameworks and Higher Standards
29
for Student Performance
30
References
33
Chapter 2. Higher Education in Science and Engineering
34
Highlights
35
Introduction
35
Chapter Background
35
Chapter Organization
36
International Comparisons
36
First University Degrees
37
Participation Rates in NS&E Degrees by Sex
Contents
v;
38
Characteristics of Higher Education Institutions
38
Institutions With S&E Programs
40
Classificaturn of Academic Institutions
40
Undergraduate Instruction by Type of Faculty
49
Undergraduate S&E Students and Degrees
42
Recent Trends in College Enrollments
42
Engineering Enrollments
44
Characteristics of American College Freshmen
46
Technical Education in Japan and Germany
46
Associate Degrees in S&E
47
Bachelors Degrees in S&E
49
Improving Minority Participation in S&E Education
48
Graduate S&E Students and Degrees
50
Recent Trends in Graduate Enrollments
50
Masters Degrees in S&E
50
Doctoral Degrees in S&E
52
Foreign Students in U.S. Doctoral Programs
53
Asian Students in U.S. Universities
54
Major Sources of Financial Support
54
Support for College Freshmen
54
Support for S&E Graduate Students
56
References
59
Chapter 3. Science and Engineering Workforce
60
Highlights
61
Introduction
61
Chapter Background
61
Chapter Organization
62
S&E Employment by Sector
62
Industrial S&E Employment
62
Industrial S&E Employment in Manufacturing
63
Engineering Employment in the 90s
64
Industrial S&E Employment in Nonmanufacturing
64
Federal S&E Employment
65
R&D Employment
65
R&D Employment in the United States
66
The Impact of Defense Downsizing on Technical Employment
67
R&D Employment by U.S. Companies in Other Countries
68
S&E Labor Market Conditions
69
S&E Unemployment and Underemployment
69
New S&E Entrants
70
Engineers: Shifting Employment Opportunities and Trends
71
In-Field Employment
71
Attachment Rates
72
S&E Salaries
73
Engineering Salaries
73
Beginning Salary Offers
74
Forecasting the S&E Job Market
76
Employment of Doctoral Scientists and Engineers
76
Employment by Sector
76
Unemployment and Underemployment
78
Salaries
78
Special Populations in the S&E Workforce
78
Women
79
Factors in Female Underrepresentation
80
Minorities
82
Immigrant Scientists and Engineers
vil
Science & Engineenna Indicators - 7993
84
International Comparisons
84
S&E Employment as a Proportion of the Labor Force
84
Employment of Women
84
Employment by Sector
85
R&D Employment
85
References
Chapter 4. Research & Development; Financial Resources and
87
Institutional Linkages
88
Highlights
89
Introduction
89
Chapter Background
90
Chapter Organization
91
National R&D Spending Patterns
Aggregate Trends: From Growth to Leveling
91
94
Definitions
94
State Distribution of R&D Spending
97
International Comparisons
98
Purchasing Power Parities: Preferred Normalizer of International ix&D Data
100
Federal Support for R&D
101
Federal Focus by National Objective
104
Structure of Federal R&D Obligation Support
105
Health: The Growing Focus of National R&D Support
108
Cross-Cutting R&D Initiatives
110
Patterns in Federal Lab R&D Performance
110
Defense-Related Issues
116
Industry S&T Linkages
117
Industry-Government Interactions
118
SBIR Program Continues to Fuel Small Business R&D
120
Industry-University Partnerships
122
Industry-Industry Partnerships
127
References
Chapter 5. Academic Research and Development:
Financial Resources, Personnel, and Outputs
131
132
Highlights
134
Introduction
134
Chapter Background
134
Chapter Organization
134
Financial Resources for Academic R&D
134
Academic R&D in a National Context
135
Sources of Funds
136
Distribution of R&D Funds Across Academic Institutions
136
Industrial Support of R&D at Specific Academic Institutions
137
Academic R&D Expenditures by Field and Funding Source
138
The Nature of Engineering Research at U.S. Universities
138
Support of Academic R&D by Federal Agencies
138
The Spreading Institutional Base of Federally Funded Academic R&D
139
An Update on Congressional Earmarking to Universities and Colleges
140
Federal Academic Research Funding by Mode of Support
141
Academic R&D Facilities and Instrumentation
143
Doctoral Scientists and Engineers Active in Academic R&D
143
Trends in the Number and Characteristics of Academic Researchers
144
Changes in the Survey of Doctorate Recipients
144
Academic Researchers by Field
144
Women in Academic R&D
Contents
viH
145
Minorities in Academic R&D
Teaching and Research as Primary Work Responsibility
146
147
Changing Age Structure of Academic Researchers
147
Research Participation
148
Participation of Graduate Students in Academic R&D
148
Federal Support of Academic S&E Researchers
150
Multiple Versus Single Agency Support
Outputs of Academic R&D: Scientific Publications and Patents
149
149
World Literature in Key Journals
152
U.S. and World Publications in Biology and Biomedical Research
152
Patents Awarded to U.S. Universities
153
Income From Patenting and Licensing Arrangements
153
References
155
Chapter 6. Technology Development and Competitiveness
156
Highlights
157
Introduction
157
Chapter Background
158
Chapter Organization
159
The Global Markets for U.S. Technology
159
The Importance of High-Tech Production
160
OECD High-Tech Industries
160
Share of World Markets
161
Global Competitiveness of Individual Industries
162
Exports Share of Total Manufactu.ing Production
163
U.S. Trade Balance
165
The Home Market
167
Royalties and Fees Generated From Intellectual Property
168
International Trends in Industrial R&D
168
Overall Trends
168
R&D Performance by Manufacturing Industries
171
Patented Inventions
171
Granted Patents by Owner
174
Patents by Patent Office Classes
177
Patenting Outside the United States
177
International Patent Trends for Three Important Technologies
178
International Patent Families as a Basis of Comparison
178
Robot Technology
181
Genetic Engineering
183
Optical Fibers
185
Small Business and High Technoloay
185
Trends in New U.S. High-Tech Business Startups
186
Foreign Ownership of U.S. High-Tech Companies
186
New High-Tech Competitors
187
Leading Indicators of National Competitiveness
137
National Commitment
187
Socioeconomic Infrastructure
188
Technological Infrastructure
189
Productive Capacity
189
Summary: Assessment of Future Competitiveness
190
Preliminary Analysis of New Data
190
References
1 0
