Table Of ContentDOCUMENT RESUME
ED 368 995
CG 025 279
TITLE
Attitudes and Opinions from the Nation's High
Achieving Teens. 24th Annual Survey of High
Achievers.
INSTITUTION
Who's Who among American High School Students, Lake
Forest, IL.
PUB DATE
93
NOTE
163p.
AVAILABLE FROM
Educational Communications, Inc., 721 N. McKinley
Rd., Lake Forest, IL 60045.
PUB TYPE
Statistical Data (110)
EDRS PRICE
MF01/PC07 Plus Postage.
DESCRIPTORS
Adolescents; *Beliefs; *High Achievement; High
Schools; *High School Students; National Surveys;
*Student Attitudes; Tables (Data)
ABSTRACT
This survey represents information compiled by the
largest national survey of adolescent leaders and high achievers. Of
the 5,000 students selected demographically from "Who's Who Among
American High School Students," 1,957 responded. All students
surveyed had "A" or "B" averages, and 98% planned on attending
college. Questions were asked about.school life, sexual activity,
social issues, study habits, drug and alcohol use, and teen suicide.
More specifically, the following areas of interest were examined: (1)
demographic profile;
(2) lifestyles; (3) education;
(4) cheating in
(5) race relations;
school;
(6) homosexuality; (7) school violence;
(8) sexual harassment;
(9) sexual violence and date rape;
(10) sexual
behavior; (11) abortion; (12) teenagers and AIDS;
(13) alcohol and
(14) peer pressure;
drugs;
(15) suicide; and (16) life priorities.
(KM)
***********************************************************************
Reproductions supplied by EDRS are the best that can be made
*
from the original document.
***********************************************************************
REPRODUCE THIS
PERMISSION TO
GRANTED BY
MATERIAL HAS BEEN
0
RESOURCES
TO THE EDUCATIONAL
1ERIC1
INFORMATION CENTER
U.S. DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION
Office ol Educalional Research and Improvement
EDUCATIONAL RESOURCES INFORMATION
CENTER (ERIC)
0 This document has been reproduced as
reCeived Irom the person Or orpanozahon
Ongonalong
0
MonOr changes have been made to improve
eproduction quality
JI
Points of view of Opinions stated on thoSCIOCuo
ment do not necessanly represent official
OERI pOSMOn or pohcy
Air Ma
Alkai
.r.r11%.
.400
ATTITUDES AND OPINIONS FROM
THE NATION'S HIGH ACHIEVING TEENS
0
WHO'S WHO
AMONG AMERICAN
HIGH SCHOOL '-rUDENTS®
2
BEST COPY AVAILABLE
Table of Contents
pages
Section
2
Demographics
3
Education
Cheating in School
7
College and National Service
8
School Violence
10
13
Sexual Harassment
Sexual Violence and Date Rape
14
Sexual Behavior
17
Teenagers and AIDS
21
Abortion
23
Peer Pressure
26
Alcohol and Drugs
30
Life Priorities
41
Race Relations
46
Homosexuality
51
Suicide
57
Lifestyles
59
1
Introduction
Though by no means a reflection of today's 'average' student
This survey was conducted by Who's Who Among American
because it is dealing with the opinions of student leaders and
High School Students*, Lake Forest, Illinois, during the spring of
high achievers, we feel this survey does give insights into the
1993 for the purpose of determining the attitudes of student
thoughts of those leaders who set standards and behavior
leaders in our nation's high schools. It is the largest independent
patterns for others to follow.
sampling of this segment of the student population taken annu-
ally and this year marks its 24th anniversary. Who's Who be-
Of the nearly 700,000 high achievers featured in the 1993
lieves that, in these rapidly changing times, it is important for the
edition of Who's Who Among American High School Stu-
nation to be aware of students' opinions and attitudes. Today's
dents, 5,000 students were sent the survey and 1,957 com-
teens are not only an important segment of the present voting
pleted questionnaires were returned.
population, but will be assuming positions of leadership as this
These 1,957 responses form the base of the survey. All
country enters the 21st century. Hopefully, as the data from this
students surveyed were members of the junior or senior class
24th national survey is circulated and studied, significant trends
during the 1992-93 academic year. They were selected for
will be uncovered.
recognition in Who's Who by their principals or guidance
We regard this survey as an educational experiment. We are in
counselors, other faculty members, national youth organiza-
no way attempting to promote or negate any political, moral or
tions or the publishing company because of their high achieve-
social philosophy, organization, firm or individual. Because of
ment in academics, activities, community service, athletics or
our contact with student leaders, we believe we are in a position
their performance in national scholarship or award contests.
to gather important facts and meaningful information and, there-
The students listed in the 27th Annual Edition of Who's Who
fore, have a corporate responsibility to conduct this survey.
represent just over 6 percent of the 12,000,000 students who
This year's questionnaire is a composite of questions asked over
were in high school during the 1992-93 academic year. They
the past 23 years. Questions were developed with the help of a
represent approximately 15,000 of the 22,000 public, private
25 student Advisory Board and educators across the country.
and parochial high schools in the nation.
Although we of Who's Who feel that some of the questions and
This survey was tabulated by computer. Questions were
answers are of a private and controversial nature, we do not
tabulated by total response: breakdowns by sex, race, type of
hesitate to take the responsibility for the project in order to
school attended and type of community are also included. On
achieve our objective of identifying and measuring students'
questions calling for write-in answers, resutts are shown of
attitudes. We apologize to anyone offended by any of the mate-
the most frequently mentioned answers.
rial presented herein.
Padicipant Data/Demographice
Plan to Attend College or
Total Sample
1.957
University Atter Graduation
98%
Sex
Estimated Family Income
27%
Male
Female 73%
Under $20,000 per year
10%
14%
$20,000 - $29,999
Age of Students Surveyed
$30,000 - $44,999 24%
36%
16
$45,000 - $70,000
26%
63%
17
More than $70,000
16%
1%
1 8
Natural Parents Are
Rice
Married to each other
78%
6%
African-American
6%
Divorced
Asian-American
16%
80% 5%
Caucasian
Other
4%
Hispanic
Parents Attended College
4%
Other
Both Parents
46%
Religion
One Parent
27%
Catholic 31%
Neither Parent
24%
Jewish
1%
Type of Community
Protestant
28%
51%
RuraVSmall Town
Other
30%
Suburban
37%
None
10%
Urban
10%
Type of School Attended
Geographic Region
Public
72%
East/Northeast (CT,MA,ME,NH,NJ,NY.PA,RI,VT)
Private
16%
22%
Parochial
12%
Midwest (IA,IL,IN,KS,MI.MN,MO,ND,NE,OH,SD,WI)
27%
Southwest (AZ,NM,OK,TX)
8%
Percentage of Students it School are Minorities
South (AL,AR,DC,DE,FL,GA,KY.LA,MD,MS,
58%
100/0 or less
NC,PR,SC,TN,VA,WV,)
25%
About 25%
18%
PacificMest (AK,CA,CO,HI,ID,MT,NV,OR,UT,WA,WY)
16%
About 50%
13%
About 75%
4%
'NOTE: Wham parcentagas do not add up to 100%, the dilemma indicates
More than 85%
6%
*No Answer.' Percentages rounded to the nearest whole number.
2
4
S
R
E
V
E
I
H
C
A
%
%
%
%
% %
%
%
% %
%
%
7
H
9
9
0
0
4
6 4
3
1
5 5
7
4
77
3
9
5
9
.
.
1
G 6
l
8
.
. 0
. .
. .
7
.
8
0
.
2
.
.
.
0
I
9
a
.
0
.
3
8 6
6
0
.
9
3
3
2
8
.
r
H
3
.
1
0
1 6
3
2
5
1
u
1
R
F
Y
%
%
%
% %
%
%
%
%
% %
%
O
T
0
1
3
7
0
8 5
0
5
6
1
1 4
2
7
3
5
2
9
0
I
-
2
.
.
.
6
1
.
. .
2
.
. .
2
.
7
1
.
1
.
0
.
Y
N
1
r
7
7
.
3 7
0
.
0
5
1
.
7
0
3
.
n
u
U
E
3
.
3 5
1
0
4
5
3
a
b
M
V
1
b
u
M
R
S
O
U
%
%
%
%
% %
%
%
%
%
% %
C
S
5
5
3
4
0
4
5
2 4
5
5
1
0
3
6
1
3
2 5
1
.
n
.
6
.
4
1
0
.
. .
. .
.
7
5
0
0
.
. .
.
L
1
a
2
0
9
.
.
0
0
1
6 2
2
.
7
7 3
A
.
b
3
.
0
2 6
4
1
2 5
U
r
1
N
U
%
%
%
%
% %
%
%
%
%
% %
N
4
2
6
9
4
2
5
3 2
0
4
4
6
0
4 4
6
8
5 9
l
.
A
4
6
.
2
-
.
3
.
. .
.
.
4
7
.
2
.
3
. .
a
.
0
2
o
6
.
0
.
2 0
0
2
8
.
8 1
.
i
H
r
L
3
.
4 5
0
4
4 4
h
T a
O
1
c
F
4
O
2
H
%
%
%
%
% %
%
%
% %
C
0
3
9
0
4
6
4
0
0 7
8
6
6
3
2
8
4 6
e
S
.
.
6
0
.
3
3
-
. .
.
3
6
.
1
.
3
. .
t
.
1
3
0
8
i
.
.
0
2 8
0 3
8
.
7 3
a
.
F
r
3
.
4 4
0
4
4 4
v
P
O
1
%
%
%
%
%
%
%
%
%
%
%
%
E
8
0
4
1
6
4
9
4
8
6
0
4
1
7
3
S
4
0
0
4
7
.
P
c
9
5
1
.
.
.
0
.
.
.
.
7
9
.
.
.
2
8
.
Y
i
.
3
0
1
2
8
.
.
7
3
0
0
4
3
6
.
5
T
1
.
l
1
1
3
6
1
.
0
2
1
3
5
b
1
u
P
%
% %
%
%
%
%
%
% % %
3
7
8
6 3
39
1
8
0
3
3
5
6
8
3
5 4 3
r
.
7
6
5
. .
1
.
.
7
.
.
7
.
9
8
. . .
1
e
0
.
7 1
.
.
7
2
1
0
0
2
.
1 4 0
.
h
3
6
2
.
3
0
2 5 2
t
E
1
O
%
%
%
%
%
%
%
L
%
%
%
%
%
8
9
8
6
9
7
4
0
6
0
4
4
9
B
9
7
7
3
0
4
6
c
6
7
- .
0
.
6
.
.
.
.
.
6
.
9
.
8
8
.
.
A
.
i
0
.
s
2
.
2
5
0
8
1
1
0
.
0
.
2
S
4
1
8
L
n
.
i
3
6
2
.
3
0
5
2
1
I
H
a
A
1
p
%
V
% %
%
%
%
%
%
%
% %
9
0
3
5
9 5
4
9 7
0
A
9
6
7
4
0
7 9
1
n
.
6
1
26
.
. .
.
.
.
1
7
.
8
.
. .
a
1
.
0
r
E
.
Y
3 6
8
1
0
.
0
1
7
8 0
i
.
e
C
3
3 5
.
P
0
4
2 2
s
m
A
1
O
A
A
R
%
%
% %
%
%
%
%
%
%
%
%
C
8 8
1 7
6
1
1
8
2
1
0
6
2
6
6
5
7
4
8
1
. .
-
5
. 0
6
.
2
.
.
7
.
.
7
.
T
6
2
.
.
.
i
n
U
.
1
3 .
r
.
3
2
1
1
0
0
.
1
S
0
5
9
r
.
a
1 3
e
6
2
.
3
0
6
2
E
c
f
m
1
A
l
A
%
e
%
%
%
%
%
%
%
%
%
% %
7
8
6
9 3
5
6
1
1
3
2
0
2
6
4
9
2 2
5 4
.
n
.
4
6
1
. 1
.
.
.
.
7
5
.
1
,
. 0 L
. .
.
N
a
5
0
0 .
-
.
2
5
5
0
0
2
9 .
O
6 1
1
.
i O
1 3
u
6
2
1
.
1 4
0
O
2 5
s
a I
1
H
C
a
T
C
c
A
%
% %
% %
S
%
%
%
%
% %
%
C
7 8
6
9 9
6
3
7
5
0
4
3 1
2
8
0
8 4
6
5
e
U
. .
.
1
1
.
. .
0
6
R
.
1
.
.
2
9
7
. .
.
l
D
0
.
0
.
4
4 2
4 U
0
.
2
.
0
3 0
2
a
.
E
1
3
1
2 6
1
.
O
3
0
2 2
5
m
Y
1
e
F
X
F
O
E
%
%
%
%
%
%
%
% %
% )
% %
S
6
8
3
2
4
8
E
8
2
5
6 4
0
2
9
8
4
2 7 3
4
e
Y
.
N
2
6
.
3
.
.
1
. .
.
7
.
.
.
3
3
0
. .
l
I
T
.
0
1
5
5
0
.
.
1
0
2
7
5
. F
0
8 0
a
.
I
2
1
3
.
6
1
4
2 5
0
M
L
U
1
A
O
U
%
%
%
% %
Y
%
% %
% %
%
%
Q
8
9
7 3
1 4
2
4
4 5
0
6 7
0 0
4
1
8
7
9
.
L
.
6
. 1
1
. .
. .
7
O
4
4
. .
.
.
1
.
9
S
A
.
0
0 .
.
5 2
9
9
D
0
5 2
2
9
0
.
T
T
.
1 3
1
2 6
1
.
2 5
1
3
0
I
O
G
1
T
N
.
R
I
C
O
G
N
F
N
I
E
L
L
,
O
L
S
O
A
N
H
H
O
C
C
I
S
T
A
Y
E
C
L
V
I
L
I
N
A
G
U
C
M
I
D
M
M
L
O
E
U
C
D
O
)
A
W
t
L
C
)
n
A
A
l
E
g
e
N
l r e
D
e
r
n
l
O
y
a e n s
W
A
n
i
t
e
s
.
l
.
)
) )
I
r
w v a
O
R
v
l
a
w
a
r
e
r
r
d r
T
e
t s e B
G
H
e
i
h
s
r
B
c
r
o
o i
A
v
a n D
a
w
D
E
n
E
x
o
o a
L
C
a n n
.
y
f
e
.
a
n
e n
p
g f
A
U
t
t ad a
r
1
(
m
d
2
d
d
a
( a
(
( (
T
D
o
o o et e
e
o
t
t
o
t
e
e
O
E
N
N N MS M
V
S
S
Q
S
N
S
M
A M
D
g C
T
Q
F
.
L
S
R
E
V
E
I
H
C
A
%
%
%
% % % %
%
%
H
0
5
5
6
7 2 6 1
7
G
l
.
.
.
.
.
. . . .
I
a
0
1
2
3 4 3 3
r
H
0
5 4 2 7
u
1
R
F
Y
%
%
%
% % % %
%
%
O
T
0
4
7
4
3 9 0 8
5
I
-
. .
.
.
.
. . . .
Y
N
r
0
1
1
3 4 8 9
n
u
U
E
0
6 3 2 6
a
b
M
V
1
b
u
M
R
S
O
U
%
%
C %
% % % %
S
0
0
0
n
4 6 7 3
.
.
.
a
. . . .
L
0
2
4
b
9 8 5 0
A
0
r
5 3 2 7
:
1
U
l
%
i
%
% % % %
%
0
l
8
M
8 4 3 6
1
-
.
a
.
. . . .
.
o
0
1
i
1 6 1 5
H
3
r
L
0
h
7 2 3 6
T
a
O
1
c
4
P
O
2
H
%
%
%
%
% %
% % %
C
0
0
3 3
0
3
8 9 5
S
e
-
.
. .
.
.
.
. . .
t
i
0
6
1
1
2 4 3
F
o
r
0
7
2 3 6
v
O
P
1
%
E
% %
% %
%
%
% %
0
P
6 3
2 5
5 6 7
c
6
.
. .
Y
. .
. .
.
.
i
0
1 6
T
2 4
2
1
l
0
5 4
2 7
b
1
u
P
%
%
% %
% %
%
0
8
8 6
r
4 1
3
.
. .
.
. .
e .
0
1 4
3
4 9
6
h
0
4 6
5 2
t
1
O
%
% % % %
%
%
%
0
c
9 4 0 3
4
7
3
-
.
i
.
. . . .
.
.
s
0
1
n
2 1 0 4
5
4
i
0
a
4 5 3 6
H
1
p
%
% % % %
%
%
0
0 4 6 7
6
7
n
.
. . . .
.
.
a
r
E
0
2
1
7 0 9 8
i
e
C
0
6 3 2 6
s
m
A
1
A
A
R
%
% % % %
%
%
0
9 6 5 8
7
5
.
. . . .
.
.
n
r
i
0
4 2 0 3
5
2
a
e
r
0
c
5 4 2 7
f
m
1
A
A
%
% % % %
%
%
%
%
0
5 9 2 3
0
9
5
6
n
.
. . : .
.
.
.
.
a
-
0
1
1
8 9 5 2
i
u
0
5 3 2 7
s
a
1
C
a
c
% %
%
% %
% %
% %
2 3
6
4 5
4
0 0 7
e
.
.
. .
.
.
. .
.
l
7 3
2
1
1 3
0
a
5 7
4 2
0
m
1
e
X
E
F
S
%
% % %
% %
% %
%
6
0
6
e
7
0 8 9
3
2
.
.
.
.
l
. . .
.
.
1
0
a
0 7 6
0
2
0
M
6 3 6
3
1
% %
%
%
% %
% %
%
5
9 2
0
4 5
5 6
L
4
.
. .
. .
.
. .
A
.
1
7 0
0
5 1
T
2
0
5 4
2 7
O
1
T
.
.
.
.
.
K
.
.
C
R
S
S
N
O
R
R
I
W
E
E
H
G
H
,
R
C
N
C
S
I
A
I
A
N
E
T
E
E
O
H
S
T
T
I
T
E
T
R
R
R
A
E
Y
U
U
C
T
O
O O
I
N
J
Y
Y
N
I
N
U
E
F
F
M
O
O
S
M
O
S
O
T
Y
Y
A
C
N
L
N
R
A
C
A
L
A
M
M
A
E
E
r
N
r
P
K
W
W
O
e
e
P
A
O
O
I
w
w
A
M
N
H
T
s
s
L
A
n
n
.
.
A
e e
e
C
t t
a
e
3
T
3
m n
m
s s
U
n
o
O
o o
o
o o
D
o
o
T
N
0
0
S N
S
M M
E
N
N
S
R
E
V
E
/
V
C
A
%
% %
%
%
%
%
%
%
%
%
%
8
8
H
8
% 8 6
3
9
7
0
0
2
1
.
.
.
G
. .
0
l
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
2 5
I
a
.
2
9
7
8
3
8
r
6 3
H
0
4
4
3
5
u
0
R
% %
F
%
1
%
Y
%
%
%
%
%
%
%
%
6
6 4
O
%
4
6
7
T
5
2
8 8 7
7
.
. .
.
.
0
I
.
-
.
.
.
.
.
.
0 8
Y
.
N r
4
2
2
2
2
3
7 2
E
u 0
n
U
4
5
4
5
b
a
V
M 0
b
u
M
R
1
S
O
U
%
%
%
%
% %
%
%
%
%
5
C
S
%
7
8
5
0
0 5
5
5
0
.
n
0
.
.
.
.
. .
.
.
.
a
L
.
9
9
4
7 8
8
3
8
b
A
0
2
6
4 4
4
4
r
U
0
U
N
1
%
%
%
%
% %
%
% %
%
4
N
% 9
4
2
3
0 7
2
0
8
.
l
.
A
.
0
.
-
.
. .
.
.
.
a
6
.
o
2
1
3 5
2
2
5
i
2
H
0
r
7
L
6 3
5
4
h
T a
0
O
c
P
4
1
O
2
H
%
% %
%
% %
%
%
%
% %
%
6
C
2 2
3
8 3
6
6
6
1 7
.
0
S
.
e
. .
-
.
. .
.
.
. .
.
t
1 8
i
2 6
1
7 0
0
a
F
r
7 2
7 2
5 4
v
0
P
O
1
%
%
%
%
%
%
%
%
%
% %
%
%
E
7
7
6
0
9
1
4
7
7
6 2
5
0
P
.
.
c
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
. .
.
.
Y
i
4
4
1
3
4
5 0
3
0
T
l
6
3
4
5
3 6
0
b
1
u
P
%
%
A
%
%
%
%
%
%
%
%
3
8
.
5
8
5
7
1
8
2
0
r
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
e
1
0
5
2
0
2
6
5
1
3
h 0
6
3
6
3
4
5
t
0
O
1
%
%
%
%
%
%
%
%
%
%
% %
%
4
4
9
3
4
6
4
7
6
9 4
0
c
0
.
.
.
- .
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
i
.
1
1
2
s
1
4
8
1
5
8
1
2
0
n
0
i
3
6
3
5
3
6
a
H
0
p
1
%
%
%
%
%
%
%
%
%
%
0 7
2
8
3
9
5
4
1
0
n
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
a
1
r
3
E
5
4
4
0
3
7
9
0
i
e
C
3
6
5
4
3
5
0
s
m
A
1
A
A
R
%
%
%
%
%
%
%
%
%
%
%
8
5
4
3
1
0
9
7
0
3
0
.
.
.
.
-
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
r
n
2
6
i 0
5
0
4
6
0
3
0
a
e
r
6
3
4
5
4
5
0
c
m
f
1
A
A
%
%
%
% %
%
%
%
%
%
%
% %
2
D
6
1
8
9
1
2
7
1
6
8
0
9
n
.
.
R
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
a
A
2
1
-
7
6
1
5
2
0
0
i
H
3
u
6
4
5
5
0
4
s
a
1
a
C
K
c
R
%
%
%
%
%
%
%
%
%
%
%
%
%
O
6
6
3
7
5
8
6 5
0
5
0
8
0
e
.
.
W
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
l
3
5
8
2
8
5
2
0
1
a
O
3
6
4
4
5
0
4
m
T
1
S
e
X
T
F
U
E
%
%
%
%
%
%
% %
%
N
%
% %
%
S
O
7
6
5
6
2
6
8 0
E
0
6
6
3 6
e
.
Y
.
.
.
.
.
.
. .
D
.
.
. .
l
9
9
2
1 5
U
3
0
1 4
a
E
2
6
T
5 4
0
4 5
M
G
S
1
N
E
%
%
%
%
% %
%
%
%
R
%
%
%
%
L
7
3
6
7
4
8
5
R
7
0
0
2
0
I
1
.
L
.
.
L .
.
.
.
.
E
.
. .
.
E
.
A
A
2
6
7
2
T
9
5
3
0
H
1
H
T
3
6
4
4
T
5
0
4
T
O
C
A
1
.
.
T
.
.
M
.
N
.
.
C
.
I
.
.
N
T
S
S
S
I
C
R
T
R
R
E
E
S
E
E
,
J
H
E
H
H
S
B
C
R
C
C
N
U
A
E
A
A
O
S
E
T
E
E
I
T
N
T
T
T
R
I
A
I
R
R
R
C
E
U
L
U
U
I
H
O
A
O
O
N
T
Y
N
Y
Y
U
O
9
M
W
F
S
F
F
M
O
O
R
O
O
O
N
E
C
K
Y
P
Y
Y
N
N
N
L
Y
A
A
A
A
A
L
M
M
M
N
L
E
r r
r
O
A
W
K
e e
W
W
e
I
E
O
A
w w
O
O
w
T
R
H
T
s s
H
H
s
A
n n
n
C
L
.
a e a
t e
.
e
a
e e
.
t e
t
U
A
3
n
s m
3
n
m n
s m
3
s
T
D
o o o
o o
o
o
o o
o o
o
O
E
O
N N N
M S
O
N
N
S N
M S
Q
M
T
i
U
1
S
R
E
V
E
I
H
C
A
%
%
%
% %
%
%
% %
%
%
% %
8
0
0
52
6
8
H
0 4
7
3
9 5
3
0
1 6
5
.
.
.7
.
.
. .
G
l
.
.
. .
.
.
. .
9
0
0.
3
2
2 2
a
I
9
9
6 3
1
5 3
0
7
5
45
r
H
5 3
2 7
0
u
1
R
%
F
%
%
% %
Y
%
%
%
%
%
%
%
%
2
9
2
O
4 4
1
7
7 0
T
2
6
2
2
4
0
9
7
8
.
.
. 7
.
.
. .
.
I
.
-
.
.
.
.
.
.
8
2
2 .
3
Y 9
2 5
1
N
r
6
4
9
0
3
5
6
4
6 4
n
1
E
U
u
4
4
0
6
3
a
b
V
M
1
b
u
M
R
S
O
U
%
%
%
%
%
%
%
%
%
%
%
% %
6
C
S 7
6
4
5 8
1
6
1
7
3
2
6
0
0
6 4
0
2
,
n
.
. .
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
. .
.
6
a
6
L 1 9
5
2
1
7
0
6
3
2
0
8 9
8
6
1 6
b
4
A
1
4
4
0
3 5
r
U
1
U
A
%
% % %
%
%
%
%
%
%
% %
%
8
N
4
5 9
8
7 7 9
7
4
6
0
0 4
8
7 6
1
.
l
1
A
.
.
. . .
.
.
-
.
.
.
.
.
. .
7
.
a
6
9
3 3 4
3
7
o
8
3
8
1
0
5 2
5
9
i
7
H
3
r
L
6
2
0
3 6
h
T a
O
1
c
P
4
O
2
%
H
%
%
%
%
%
%
%
%
%
% %
7
8
C
8
6
9
% 89
3
8
5
4
6
0
9
3 8
2
e
.
.
.
S
.
.5
0
.
.
.
-
.
.
.
.
. .
t
5
2
7
1
3.
.
9
2
i 7
8
8
3
1
4 3
a
7
6
48
F
r
0
4
4
3 6
v
P
O
0
1
%
%
%
% %
%
%
% %
%
%
%
E
Z
%
7
09
4
9
9
7 9
8
1
0 9
7
3
0
P
1
.
.8
c 0 .
.
.
. .
.
.
.
. .
.
.
1
Y
1
2.
7
8
i
.
4
2 2
0
8
6 5
0
9
T
7
43
5
l
0
1
5 3
7
2
b
0
u
1
P
%
%
%
%
%
%
% %
%
%
%
38
5
4
1
6
6
1
6
7
0 3
6
4
r
0
..
5
.
.
.
.
.
.
. .
.
.
e
35
.
.
2
3
3
7
3
0
0 9
4
5
h 52
1
0
8
1
5 3
6
3
1
t
0
O
1
%
%
% %
%
%
% %
% %
%
8
3
5
9
8
4
8 5
5
5
6 9
0 0
c
0
.
.
6
.
.
. .
.
-
.
. .
. .
i
.
4
1
.
2
1
s
4 9
9
9
7 2
0 0
n
1
4
7
4
0
i
6
4 4
3 7
a
1
H
0
p
1
%
%
%
% %
%
% %
%
% %
%
3
8
2
4
9 2
4
3 7
7
3 0
9
0 2
0
.
2
n
.
.
. 1
.
. .
.
.
. .
. .
.
9
a
2
r 7
8 .
0
9 3
E
3
3 3
7 2
5
i
0
4
e
7 9
C
2
3 6
4 5
s
m
0
A
A
A
R
1
%
%
%
%
%
%
% %
%
%
%
%
7
S 2
3
6
5
5
0
3
3
9 8
4
9
7
0
1
.
.
. 1
.
-
.
.
.
.
. .
.
.
.
.
5
5
0
1 .
i
n
r
3
5
4
2
4 2
4
8
W
6
0
4
4
r
a
7 0
e
1
N
1
6 2
4
O
4
0
c
f
1
m
I
H
A
1
%
A
%
%
%
% %
A
%
% %
%
%
%
%
9 1
67
3
8
9
5
5 0
G
4
0 6
5
9
6
,
0
. 0
0
..
.
n
.
.
. .
A
.
. .
.
.
.
T
.
1
4 .
81
6
1
a
9
3 4
-
8
0 1
1
7
S
0
7 4
54
i
,
u
T
5 4
7
2
E
0
a
s
T
S
T
1
C
a
C
E
c
A
%
%
%
% %
T
%
%
%
%
E
%
%
% %
9
7
6
6
3
5
4
8 6
6
1
2
7
H
1
4 4
0
1
.
e
RT
.
.
.
9
.
. .
.
E
.
.
.
.
T
. .
,
1
2
1
2
l
5
OS .
6
2 4
1
8
H
1
0
1
0 8
0
7
4
5
3
a
E
1
T
4
5
3 6
G
0
m
TT
N
1
e
A
X
K
I
F
E
SE
%
%
O
% % %
%
%
K
% %
%
%
%
S %
H
5
6
7
60
4 7 8
O
1
i
9
A
6 3
0
9
4
7
e
ET
4
.
.
.6
. . .
T
.
.
.
T
.
, .
.
,
.
,
l
H
2
7.
6
2 3 9
3
9
4
7 3
0
8
N
0
E
a
TR
7
35
7
U
4 4
R
0
6
3
E
S
M
O
O
E
1
K
R
EF
Y
T
A
U
K
%
% %
% %
F
% %
%
%
%
%
T
%
O
%
AE
8 9
4 4
N
2
2 0
7 0
4 7
A
8
2
0 8
4
5
C
TS
L
6
. .
. .
. 3
E
. .
. .
.
.
.
.
T
.
.
R
A
1
2 1
4 7
0 .
H
9 3
8 2
1
E
1
9
0
I
8
0
P
NU
T
7 4
6 3
W
4
S
4
0
6
3
E
OO
O
R
1
S
R
T
OC
.
E
U
A
P
S
C
V
O
W
N
N
O
C
T
LO
I
R
S
C
LI
P
P
E
A a
IT
,
M
E
C
WA
S
I
R
N
R r
R
N
P
A
O o
RA
O
E
T
e f
OP
I
R
T
S
T g
E
T
O
A
M
A r y
NR
A
S
C
U
S a n
EP
C
S
s
C
h a
K
I
N
t
R
N c p
AA
N
A
R
n
I
A m
T
U
U
i
C
t o
E
M
K
O
o
K u c
EK
M
O
Y
p
s
T
O o
VA
O
O
s
t
A
s
O h e
AT
C
T
n
t
D
0
t
H
T t t
s
H
i
n
I
0
n
W
i p
t
U
L
U
o
i
1
D
i
n
U w v
UO
A
p
O
o
o
R
i
O i
OY
N
e
Y
p
p
n
r
H
E
r
o
Y l r
Y
r
O
0
s
n
e
a
C
D
e
p
1
.
o p
D
e
I
0
a
F
v
0
5
w
h
U
N
w
r
F o
FI
w
T
1
B
e
I
5
7
s
t
1
M
s 5
U
r
I h a
e
ID
s
A
D
n
E
2
n
g
c
n
C
n
L
a
e
a
n
r
. s h
- - -
a
.
U
A
a
a
d
d
.
r
a
5 t
1
6
-
D
T
s
4
e
t
o
t
o
o
,
h
6
t i
1
6
o
O
e
o
E
4
M
S
N
S
7
M
N
5
c
2
Q A W
Q
0
1
N
T
Y
N
I
C
S
R
E
V
E
I
H
C
A
%
%
%
%
% %
%
% %
%
%
%
H
6
3
0
7
3 6
2
9 1
2
0
0
G
.
l
.
4
. .
.
.
.
. .
.
.
.
I
a
2
8
0
9
0 8
7
1
1
r
0
H
1
3
2
1
7 6
1
1
u
0
R
1
F
Y
%
%
%
%
%
% % %
%
%
%
%
O
T
4
2
9
5
7
5 8 6
6
4
9
0
I
.
.
.
-
.
.
.
. . .
.
.
.
Y
N
6
r
3
0
0 8 0
9
8
n
0
E
U
1
u
4
2
2 6 3
6
a
0
V
M
b
b
M
1
R
u
O
U S
%
%
%
% % %
%
%
%
%
C
%
S
5
8
9
4 2 1
3
0
3
4
n
0
.
.
.
. . .
.
.
.
.
a
.
L
2
3
4
8 6 9
1
7
1
0
b
0
A
2
1
5 2 3
6
2
1
r
0
U
U
1
N
%
%
%
%
% % %
%
% % %
%
N
9
8
3
9
4 6 8
4 4
9
8
l
0
A
-
.
.
.
.
. .
. . .
.
.
a
.
o
1
1
0
5
6 5 7
7
4
i
0
H
r
L
4
2
1
2 6 2
6
h
0
T a
O
c
P
1
4
O
2
H
%
%
%
%
% %
%
% %
%
%
%
C
6
7
9
9
0 7
6
0
5
4
5
0
S
e
.
-
.
.
.
.
. .
.
.
.
.
.
t
i
4
4
7
8 4
1
4
0
3
0
F
a
r
1
3
2
5 2
5
4
v
O
0
P
1
%
% %
%
%
%
%
%
%
E
% %
%
6
5 4
2
8
8
4
6
4
9 7
P
0
c
.
. .
.
.
.
.
.
.
. .
Y
.
i
3 9
1
3
9
4
1 2
T
0
l
1 1
4
2
6
7
1 1
0
b
1
u
P
%
%
% % %
%
%
%
%
6
7
9 8 5
5
5
0 1
r
.
.
. . .
.
.
.
.
e
6
2
1 7 0
6
8
5
0
h
2
1
5 2 4
1
7
0
t
1
O
%
% %
%
% %
%
%
%
%
%
4
4 4
1
6 1
3
4
0
3
c
0
-
.
. .
.
. .
.
.
.
.
.
i
s
1
1 1
7
8 7
4
1
4
0
0
n
i
1 1
4
6 2
1
7
1
0
a
H
1
p
%
%
% % %
%
% %
%
%
%
9
6
8 5 6
0
1 2
5
6
8
n
.
.
. . .
. . .
.
.
.
a
r
E 2
4 3 2
6 5
0 3
2
7
e
i
C
2
3 4 2
6 6
2
0
m
s
A
1
A
A
R
%
%
%
% %
%
%
%
%
%
%
3
8
8
9 6
8
0
9
9
9
3
-
.
.
.
.
. .
.
.
.
.
.
n
i
r
3
4
3
3 2
8
3
0
3
1
a
r
e
1
2
6 4
1
1
0
6
2
c
f
m
1
A
A
%
%
%
% % %
%
% %
%
%
%
5
7
6
6 8 5
4 6
0
2
2
6
n
.
.
.
. .
. . .
. .
.
.
a
-
0
3
8 3 9
9
0
0
9
i
u
2
1
6 2 3
1
0
7
a
s
1
C
a
c
% %
%
%
%
%
% %
%
%
%
%
8
6
8
0
9
3 7
1
8
2
0
0
e
.
.
.
.
. .
.
.
.
.
.
.
l
0
9
3
7
3
6
1
1
0
a
2
3
1
6
2
1
1
7
0
m
1
e
X
F
E
%
% %
%
%
% %
% % %
S
%
%
6
6
5 5
9
9 4
5 1 0
e
1
0
.
.
. .
. .
.
. . .
.
l
.
6
1 1
7
7 4 6
7
a
0
L
1
4 2
2
6 2 6
E
M
0
O
N
1
O
O
H
%
%
%
%
D %
%
%
% %
%
%
%
C
8
0
8
3
5
5
7
8
4
0
0
1
S
L
.
.
.
.
.
.
U .
.
.
.
.
.
A
4
0
0
O 4
8
7
0
0
0
T
R
1
2
4
Y 2
1
6
7
1
0
O
U
1
T
O
.
E
Y
C
V
N
A k
T
I
H r k
A
y
o o
,
a
G w ho
G
S
s
N e cb
N
N
t s
I m r
I
O
s e
W u aa
T
I
e
O h n
A
T
t n
L og
E
A
a
L s Mn
H
C
r
O ' i
C
I
o f
F e rd
N
o
s oa
S
U
z e
E l e
I
t
M
i t v
H e sr
i
M
u r o
T e
N
O
q a b
e td
s
O
C
p a
F n oi
e
M
n s
a
O o No
o
M
o n
L
d e
e v
d e
O
m e
A
n e h
H m fa
r
C
m p
N
o z t
C o f
r
y a
o p r
O
i
e
I s io
d r
c a e
W
I
d r f
w
H lt
o
h w
O
T
e a o
s
W d C
b y
y s
H
A
t i
n
e s
y t
l r n
L
C
a g e
a
. i de
r t
r e a
.
A
U
e a n
8 p et
e e
i v
7
T
D
h l o
o
o so
v r
a e o
O
E
C P N
N
0 C UN
E P
F N N
T
Q
i
U
S
R
E
V
E
I
H
C
A
%
%
% %
%
%
%
%
%
%
%
H
8
1
2 9
8
2
2 a
7
4
6
0
G
.
.
.
l
.
. .
.
.
.
.
.
1
I
a
3
2
0 4
3
1
9
2
0
r
H
1
6 2
4
4
0
u
1
R
F
%
% %
Y
%
%
%
%
%
%
%
%
9
O
4
1 6
T
1
3
1
1
9
5
0
.
.
I
. .
.
-
.
.
.
.
.
.
6
Y
N
1 1
r
7
2
9
3
7
0
1
E
n
U
u
6 2
5
2
0
a
b
V
M
1
b
u
M
R
S
O
U
%
%
%
%
%
%
% %
%
C
S
5
%
9
9
8
5
5
4 0
6
n
.
0
.
.
.
.
.
. .
.
a
L
1
.
2
4
0
4
9
8 2
5
b
A
0
1
6
2
4
3
r
U
0
U
N
1
%
%
%
%
%
%
%
% %
N
% 4
9
7
5
4
9
5
7
9
l
A
.
0
-
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
a
a 5
.
3
0
3
3
3
5
2
i
H
r
1
L
0
6
2
6
2
h
T
a
O
0
c
P
4
O
1
2
H
% %
%
%
%
%
%
%
%
C
%
6
2 4
7
5
3
2
7
3
e
S
.
0
. .
-
.
.
.
.
.
.
t
.
i
7 3
8
3
1
3
1
0
a
F
r
0
2 2
4
5
3
1
v
P
O
0
1
% %
%
%
%
%
%
%
%
%
E
%
5 0
0
5
3
2
8
3
2
0
P
c 0
.
. .
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
Y
1
i
.
2 3
3
2
4
3
0
9
T
l
0
2 1
6
4
4
b
0
u
1
P
%
%
% %
%
%
%
%
%
9
8
6 5
5
5
6
6
r
0
.
.
. .
.
.
.
.
e
.
3
3
4 1
2
7
0
5
h
0
1
6 2
4
4
t
0
O
M
1
%
%
%
% %
%
%
%
%
4
7
3
9 0
S
3
6
9
c
0
I
.
.
-
.
. .
.
.
A
i .
.
1
s 5
4
2 0
4
8
n
2
0
i
7 2
M
4
a
4
H
0
p
1
%
% %
%
%
%
%
%
%
%
%
Y
9
4
9 8
9
6
6
5
6
8
0
n
.
.
.
. .
.
.
.
.
.
P
.
a
r
E
0
2
3 4
3
2
2
7
0
i
e
O
C
1
7 1
6
2
0
s
m
A
1
C
A
A
R
%
%
% %
%
%
%
%
%
%
D
5
3
8 5
8
2
3
2
6
0
N
T
.
.
.
-
. .
.
.
.
.
.
A
n
2
2
i
3 1
r
0
3
S
9
6
E
0
a
r
1
7 1
e
a
4
4
G
0
E
c
W
f
m
E
1
A
O
%
B
A % %
%
%
%
%
%
% %
L
%
R
0
5 7 8
3 6 2
0 5 4
L
0
R
.
.
n
. .
.
.
.
. .
.
O
.
O
6
a
-
8 4
2
8
9 3
6
C
0
B
1
u
i
5 2
4
3
0
a
s
R
1
C
R
a
O
O
c
%
%
%
%
%
%
% %
F
%
%
%
9
3
8
9
3
6
5 8
5
0
3
M
.
e
.
.
.
.
.
. .
Y
.
.
.
A
l
3
3
1
4
3 2
9
9
A
0
R
a
1
6
2
4
3
P
0
G
m
1
O
e
X
O
R
F
E
%
%
%
%
%
%
% T
% %
%
S
P
N
7
2
3
8
8
2
5
1 4
0
e
O
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
. .
R
.
E
l
I
6
9
3
2
2
7
0 7
E
0
C
a
T
2
1
5
3 5
N
0
I
M
A
N
1
V
R
A
R
E
%
%
%
%
M
%
%
%
% %
%
E
%
D
9
9
1
3
1
1
3 7
0
8
9
S
I
.
L .
.
.
.
.
L
. .
.
.
.
S
A
4
3
1
8
3 2
A
0
8
6
L
N
E
T
1
2
6
4
N
0
3
A
O
O
G
O
1
N
T
C
E
I
.
O
L
T
C
I
T
L
I
N
s
T
N
O
,
,
D
I
t
s A
A
C
t
.
A
n
u N
s
T
e
,
R
e
o
p
R
A
. ,
S
T
c
d
m A
O g
i , .
N
u
a
i f
P
F
m e
,
O
E
t
c N
b o
O
M
, e .
.
I
H
s
I
I
.
d t i
T
T
,
, e
N
e
e s
A
f
.
. T
e p
O
T
t y ,
C
N
o
i
e R
t y
I
S
a s s
I
I
. A
a t
T
O
s c c
N
r
i P
t /
C
M
p o k i
,
U
S
e
s e
E
i l e m
s
M
N
b e
- p y
, n E
L
E
h e e
t
M
A
m c
f o e
E e a K
H
s s r d
n
s
O
O
u i
o c n
S
f l A
T
r i G a
w
o
C
L
n v
- s o
i p T
o
a c
c
r
t
t m
R
l
S
l l , a
L
Y
, e
u ,
U
l D
I
o o e
t
A
l
A
. S
o n e
O
f a L
h o f f m
i
l
N
P
e
5
/ o h
Y
o e U
r r
c h i o u
T
a
O
E
. l
e i t
e e
m O
s c l l
A
h
m
I
R
i a
t t
N
1
w r w
y W
s y u
s
H
c
T
n
a a w
I
s e s
/
t ,
, l t c
W
u
A
, o
y
t t o
n h n
i s .
s e a i i
m
L
C
t
e i
s u r
a t a
l m 0
n r i l r
.
A
U
i
z t
- p r
i
a r 1
a e c a r
w
9
T
t
D
i a
n e o
o e o
u o
o h o u u
o
O
.
E
S N
i r B
N N N
Q d 0
l W s Q c
H
T
.
I
C