Ergonomic Models of Anthropometry, Human Biomechanics, and Operator-Equipment Interfaces

114 Pages·05.34 MB·English

1989017973
https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19890017973 2018-10-30T11:05:04+00:00Z
P589-175491
_;,: Ergonomic Models of Anthropometry, Human
Biomechanics, and Operator-Equipment
Interfaces: Proceedings of a Workshop
National Research Council, Washington, DC
Prepared for
Office of Naval Research, Arlington, VA
1988
1989017973-002
r -
The Committee on Human Factors was established in October
1980 by the Commission on Behavioral and Social Sciences and
Education of the National Research Council. The committee is
sponsored by the Office of Naval Research, the Air Force Office i
of Scientific Research, the Army Research Institute for the Be-
havioral and Social Sciences. the National Aeronautics and Space
Administration, and the National Science Foundation. The prin-
cipal objectives of the committee are to provid_ new perspectives
on theoretical and methodological issues, to identify basic research
needed to expand and strengthen the scientific basis of human fac-
tors, and to attract scientists both within and outside the field for '
interactive communication and to perform needed research. The
goal of the committee is to provide a solid foundation of research
as a base on which effective human factors practices can build.
Human factors issues arise in every domain in which humans
interact with the products of a technological society. In order to
perform its role effectively, the committee draws on experts from
a wide range of scientific and engineering disciplines. Members of
the committee include specialists in such fields as psychology, en-
gineering, biomechanics, physiology, medicine, cognitive sciences,
machine intelligence, computer sciences, sociology, education, and
human factors engineeringe'Other disciplines are represented in
the working groups, workshops, and symposia. Each of these
:; contributes to the basic data, theory, and methods required to
:ii improve the scientific basis of human factors.
1989017973-003
1989017973-004
Ergonomic Models of
Anthropometry, Human
Biomechanics,and
Operator-Equipment
Interfaces
Proceedings of a Workshop
Karl H.E. Kroemer, Stover H. Snook,
Susan K. Meadows, and Stanley Deutsch, edt'tor_
Thomas B.Sheridan, Chair
Committee on Human Factors
Committee on Hurnan Factors
Commission on Behavioral and Social Sciences and Education
National Research Council
NATIONAL ACADEMY PRESS
,; Washington, D.C. 19NN
NOTICE: The project that is the subject of this report was approved by the Governing
Board of the National Research Council, who_ members are drawn from the councils
of the National Academy of Sciences, the National Academy of Engineering, and the
Institute of Medicine. The members of the committee responsible for the report were
chosen for their special competences and with regard for appropriate balance.
This report has been reviewed by a group other than the authors according to
procedures approved by a Report Review Committee consi= ing of members of the
National Academy of Sciences, the National Academy of Engineering, and the Institute i
of Medicine.
The National Acz_lemy ofSciences is a private, nonprofit, self-perpetuatlng society
of distinguished scholars engaged in sclendfic and engineering research, dedicated to the
furtherance of science and technology and to their use for the general welfare. Upon
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a mandate that requires it to advise the federal government on scientific and technical
matters. Dr. Frank Press is president of the National Academy of Sciences.
The National Academy of Engineering was estabJlshecl in 1964, under the charter
of the National Academy of Sciences, 'L,a parallel organlsatlon of outstanding engineers.
It is autonomous in its administration and in the selection of its members, sharing with
the National Academy of Sciences the responsibility for advising the federal government.
The National Academy of Engineering also sponsors engineering programs aimed at
meeting nationalneeds,encourageseducationand research,and recognisesthesuperior
achievements of engineers. Dr. Robert M. White is president of the National Academy
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The Institute of Medicine was established in 1970 by the National Academy of
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underthe responsibilitygiventotheNationalAcademy ofSciencesbyitscongressional
charter to be an adviser to the t'ederal government and, upon _ts own initiative_ to
identifyissuesof medicalcare,research,and education.Dr.Samuel O.Thlerispresident
oftheInstituteofMedicine.
The NationalResearchCouncilwas organizedby theNationalAca_lemy ofSciences
in1916toassociatethebroadcommunity ofscienceand technologyw_ththeAcademy's
purposes of furthering knowledge and advlslng the federal government. Fuactionlng in
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Academy of Englneer[ng inprov[dlngservicestothe government_ the public,and the
scientificand engineerlngcommunities. The Council is_mlnlstered jointlyby both
Academies and the InstituteofMedicine.Dr. FrankPressand Dr.Robert M. White are
chairman and vicechairman,respectivelyo,ftheNational ResearchCouncil.
Thls work relatesto Department ofthe Navy Grant N00014-85-G-0093 issuedby the
OfficeofNavalResearch under Contract Authorlty NR 196-167. However, thecontent
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portmn _fthiswork.
Printed in the Uaited States of America
...................................... 1989017973-00
..... " ......................................1..9..89017973-006
WORKSHOP ON INTEGRATF, D I_.RGONOMICMODELING
KARL H.E.KROEMER (Cochair)D,epartmentofIndustrial
EngineerinagndOperationsResearchV,irginiPaolytechnic
InstitutaendStateUniversity
STOVER H.SNOOK (Cocha£r)H,opkintonResearchCenter,
LibertyMutualInsuranceCompany,Hopkinton,
Massachusetts
M.M. AYOUB, ErgonomicsInstitutTee,xasTechnicaUlniversity
ALVAH C.BITTNER, JR.,AnalyticsI,nc.,WillowGrove,
Pennsylvania
BENJAMIN CUMMINGS, U.S.Army Human Engineering
LaboratoryA,berdeenProvingGrounds,Maryland
NEVILLE HOGAN, DepartmentofMechanicalEngineering,
MassachusettIsnstitutoefTechnology
INTS KALEPS, HarryG.ArmstrongAerospaceMedical
ResearchLaboratoryU,.S.AirForce,Wright-PattersAoinr
ForceBase,Ohio
ALBERT I.KING, BioengineeriCnegnter,Wayne State
University
JAMES L.LEWIS, NationalAeronauticasndSpace
AdministratioJno,hnsonSpaceCenter_Houston,Texas
WILLIAM S.MARRAS, DepartmentofIndustriaalndSystems
EngineeringO,hioStateUniversity
HUGO W. McCAULEY, CrewSystemsDesign,Northrop
AircrafDtivisionH,awthorne,California
JOHN T.McCONVILLE, AnthropologyResearchProjectI,nc.,
YellowSpringsO,hio
JOE W. McDANIEL, HarryG.ArmstrongAerospaceMedical
ResearchLaboratoryU,.S.AirForce,Wright-PattersAoinr
ForceBase,Ohio
ALBERT B.SCHULTZ, DepartmentofMechanicalEngineering,
UniversitoyfMichigan
HOWARD W. STOUDT, DepartmentofCommunity Health
ScienceM,ichiganStateUniversity
STANLEY DEUTSCH, WorkshopOrganizer
SUSAN K.MEADOWS, ResearchAssociate
ELIZABETH F.NEILSEN, StaffAssistant
1989017973-007
/
COMMITTEE ON HUMAN I_ACTORS
I THOMAS B. SHERIDAN (Chair), Department of Mechanical
Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology
NANCY S. ANDERSON, Department of Psychology, University
ofMaryland
CLYDE H. COOMBS, Department of Psychology, University of
Michigan, Ann Arbor
JEROME I. ELKIND, Information Systems, XEROX
Corporation, Palo Alto, California
OSCAR GRUSKY, Department ofSociology, University of
California, Los Angeles
ROBERT M. CUION, Department of Psychology, Bowling Green
State Uni7ersity
DOUGLAS H. HAF.RIS, Anacapa Sciences, Santa Barbara,
California
JULIAN HOCHBERG, Department of Psychology, Columbia
University
THOMAS K. LANDAUER, Information Sciences Division, Bell
Communication Research, Morristown, New Jersey
JUDITH REITMAN OLSON, Graduate School of Business
Administration, University of Michigan
RICHARD W. PEW, Experimental Psychology Department,
Computer and Information Sciences Division, Bolt Beranek
and Newman Laboratories, Cambridge, Massachusetts
STOVER H. SNOOK, Hopkinton Research Center, Liberty
Mutual Insurance Compar, y, Hopkinton, M_ssachusetts
CHRISTOPHER I. WICKENS, Aviation Research Institute,
University of Illinois
ROBERT C. WILLIGES, Department of Industrial Engineering
and Operations Research, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and
State University
HAROLD P. VAN COTT, Study Director
STANLEY DEUTSCH, Study Director (1984-1987)
iv
1989017973-008
Foreword
The Committee on Human Factors was established inOctober
1980 by the Commission on Behavioral and Social Sciences and
Education of the National Research Council. The committee is
sponsored by the Office of Naval Research, the Air Force Office
of Scientific Research, the Army Research Institute for the Be-
havioral and Social Sciences, the National Aeronautics and Space
Administration, and the National Science Foundation. The prin-
cipal objectives of the committee are to provide new perspectives
on theoretical and methodological issues, to identify basic research
needed to expand and strengthen the scientific basis ofhuman fac-
tors, and to attract scientists both within and outside the field for
interactive communication and to perform needed research. The
goal of the committee is to provide a solid foundation of research
as a base on which effective human factors practices can build.
Human factors issues arise in every domain in which humans
interact with the products of a technological society. In order to
perform its role effectively, the committee draws on experts from
a wide range ofscientific and engineering disciplines. Members of
the committee include specialists in such fields as psychology, en-
gineering, biomechanics, physiology, medicine, cognitive sciences,
machine intelligence, computer sciences, sociology, education, and
human factors engineering. Other disciplines are represented in
the working groups, workshops, and symposia. Each of these
contributes to the basic data, theory, and methods required to
improve the scientific basis ofhuman factors.
1989017973-009
Contents
PREFACE ....................................................... xi
1 INTRODUCTION ........................................... 1
2 ANTHROPOMETRIC MODELS ........................... 4
The Anthropometric Data Base, 4
Anthropometric Computer Models, 11
Three-Dimensional Anthropometry, 13
Discussion, 16
3 BIOMECItANICAL MODELS ............................. 19
Iiistory of B:omechanical Models, 20
Review of Biomechanical Models, 22
Models of Bones, 25
Models of Single Joints, 26
Models of the Hip and Knee Joints, 26
Models of Joints of the Upper Extremity, 28
Models of Intervertebral Joints, 28
Models of Multiple Body Segments and
the Whole Body, 29
Models of Fingers and the Thumb, 29
Models of the Lower Extremities, 30
Models of the Spinal Column, 32
Models of the Thorax, 32 !
Models of the Whole Body, 33
Discussion, 33
vii
1989017973-01(
]
4 HUMAN-MACHINE INTERFACE MODELS ............. 43
BOEMAN, 45
Computerized Accommodated Percentage Evaluation
(CAPE) Model, 46
Crewstation Assessment of Reach (CAR) Model, 46
System for Aiding Man-Machine Interaction
Evaluation (SAMMIE), 51
Articulated Total Body (ATB) Model, 53
Computerized Biomechanical Man-Model
(COMBIMAN), 55
CREW CHIEF, 58
PLAID and TEMPUS, 60
Discussion, 64
5 GENERAL DISCUSSION .................................. 68
Conclusions, 68
Requirements, 69
Criteria for the Development of an Integrated
Model, 69
Standardization, 71
Approaches to the Development of an Integrated Model, 71
Supermodel Approach, 72
Modular Approach, 72
Data Requirements, 73
Analysis of Muscle and Joint Dynamics, 78
Body Segments and Effects of Trauma: 79
Bone and Link Dynamics, 79
Motivation and Fatigue, 80
6 RESEARCH RECOMMENDATIONS ..................... 81
REFERENCES ............................................. 85
viii