ER Vol.01 AARON - ATTENTION

761 Pages·2005·11.63 MB·English

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E N C Y C L O P E D I A O F
R E L I G I O N
SECOND EDITION
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E N C Y C L O P E D I A O F
R E L I G I O N
1
SECOND EDITION
AARON LINDSAY JONES
• EDITOR IN CHIEF
ATTENTION
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Encyclopedia of Religion, Second Edition
Lindsay Jones, Editor in Chief
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LIBRARY OF CONGRESS CATALOGING-IN-PUBLICATION DATA
Encyclopedia of religion / Lindsay Jones, editor in chief.— 2nd ed.
p. cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 0-02-865733-0 (SET HARDCOVER : ALK. PAPER)—
ISBN 0-02-865734-9 (V. 1)— ISBN 0-02-865735-7 (v. 2)—
ISBN 0-02-865736-5 (v. 3) — ISBN 0-02-865737-3 (v. 4) —
ISBN 0-02-865738-1 (v. 5) — ISBN 0-02-865739-X (v. 6) —
ISBN 0-02-865740-3 (v. 7) — ISBN 0-02-865741-1 (v. 8) —
ISBN 0-02-865742-X (v. 9) — ISBN 0-02-865743-8 (v. 10)
— ISBN 0-02-865980-5 (v. 11) — ISBN 0-02-865981-3 (v.
12) — ISBN 0-02-865982-1 (v. 13) — ISBN 0-02-865983-X
(v. 14) — ISBN 0-02-865984-8 (v. 15)
1. RELIGION—ENCYCLOPEDIAS. I. JONES, LINDSAY,
1954-
BL31.E46 2005
200’.3—dc22 2004017052
This title is also available as an e-book.
ISBN 0-02-865997-X
Contact your Thomson Gale representative for ordering information.
Printed in the United States of America
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E D I TO R S A N D C O N S U LTA N TS
EDITOR INCHIEF Program in Religious Studies, SIGMAANKRAVA
LINDSAYJONES University of Wisconsin—Madison Professor, Department of Literary and
Associate Professor, Department of CHARLESH. LONG Cultural Studies, Faculty of Modern
Comparative Studies, Ohio State Professor of History of Religions, Languages, University of Latvia
Baltic Religion and Slavic Religion
University Emeritus, and Former Director of
Research Center for Black Studies, DIANEAPOSTOLOS-CAPPADONA
BOARDMEMBERS University of California, Santa Barbara Center for Muslim–Christian
DAVÍDCARRASCO MARYN. MACDONALD Understanding and Liberal Studies
Neil Rudenstine Professor of Study of Program, Georgetown University
Professor, History of Religions, Le
Art and Religion
Latin America, Divinity School and
Moyne College (Syracuse, New York)
Department of Anthropology, Harvard DIANEBELL
University DALEB. MARTIN Professor of Anthropology and Women’s
Professor of Religious Studies, and
Studies, George Washington University
GIOVANNICASADIO Chair, Department of Religious
Australian Indigenous Religions
Professor of History of Religions, Studies, Yale University
Dipartimento di Scienze KEESW. BOLLE
AZIMNANJI Professor Emeritus of History,
dell’Antichità, Università degli Studi
Professor and Director, The Institute
University of California, Los Angeles,
di Salerno of Ismaili Studies, London
and Fellow, Netherlands Institute for
WENDYDONIGER JACOBOLUPONA Advanced Studies in the Humanities
Mircea Eliade Distinguished Service Professor, African American and and Social Sciences
Professor of the History of Religions, African Studies Program, University History of Religions
University of Chicago of California, Davis MARKCSIKSZENTMIHALYI
GARYL. EBERSOLE MICHAELSWARTZ Associate Professor in the Department
Professor of History and Religious Professor of Hebrew and Religious of East Asian Languages and
Studies, and Director, UMKC Center Studies, Ohio State University Literature and the Program in
Religious Studies, University of
for Religious Studies, University of INÉSTALAMANTEZ
Wisconsin—Madison
Missouri—Kansas City Associate Professor, Religious Studies
Chinese Religions
JANETGYATSO Department, University of California,
Santa Barbara RICHARDA. GARDNER
Hershey Professor of Buddhist Studies,
Faculty of Comparative Culture,
The Divinity School, Harvard
Sophia University
CONSULTANTS
University Humor and Religion
GREGORYD. ALLES
CHARLESHALLISEY Associate Professor of Religious Studies, JOHNA. GRIM
Associate Professor, Department of McDaniel College Professor of Religion, Bucknell
Languages and Cultures of Asia and Study of Religion University and Co-Coordinator,
v
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vi EDITORS AND CONSULTANTS
Harvard Forum on Religion and TEDPETERS Religion, University of Chicago
Ecology Professor of Systematic Theology, Law and Religion
Ecology and Religion Pacific Lutheran Theological Seminary
TODSWANSON
JOSEPHHARRIS and the Center for Theology and the Associate Professor of Religious Studies,
Francis Lee Higginson Professor of Natural Sciences at the Graduate and Director, Center for Latin
English Literature and Professor of Theological Union, Berkeley,
American Studies, Arizona State
Folklore, Harvard University California
University
Germanic Religions Science and Religion
South American Religions
URSULAKING FRANKE. REYNOLDS
Professor Emerita, Senior Research Professor of the History of Religions MARYEVELYNTUCKER
Professor of Religion, Bucknell
Fellow and Associate Member of the and Buddhist Studies in the Divinity
Institute for Advanced Studies, School and the Department of South University, Founder and Coordinator,
University of Bristol, England, and Asian Languages and Civilizations, Harvard Forum on Religion and
Professorial Research Associate, Centre Emeritus, University of Chicago Ecology, Research Fellow, Harvard
History of Religions Yenching Institute, Research Associate,
for Gender and Religions Research,
School of Oriental and African GONZALORUBIO Harvard Reischauer Institute of
Studies, University of London Assistant Professor, Department of Japanese Studies
Gender and Religion Classics and Ancient Mediterranean Ecology and Religion
DAVIDMORGAN Studies and Department of History HUGHB. URBAN
Duesenberg Professor of Christianity and Religious Studies, Pennsylvania Associate Professor, Department of
and the Arts, and State University Comparative Studies, Ohio State
Ancient Near Eastern Religions
Professor of Humanities and Art University
History, Valparaiso University SUSANSERED Politics and Religion
Color Inserts and Essays Director of Research, Religion, Health
CATHERINEWESSINGER
JOSEPHF. NAGY and Healing Initiative, Center for the Professor of the History of Religions
Professor, Department of English, Study of World Religions, Harvard
and Women’s Studies, Loyola
University of California, Los Angeles University, and Senior Research
University New Orleans
Celtic Religion Associate, Center for Women’s Health
New Religious Movements
and Human Rights, Suffolk University
MATTHEWOJO
Healing, Medicine, and Religion ROBERTA. YELLE
Obafemi Awolowo University
Mellon Postdoctoral Fellow, University
African Religions LAWRENCEE. SULLIVAN
Professor, Department of Theology, of Toronto
JUHAPENTIKÄINEN
University of Notre Dame Law and Religion
Professor of Comparative Religion, The
University of Helsinki, Member of History of Religions ERICZIOLKOWSKI
Academia Scientiarum Fennica, WINNIFREDFALLERSSULLIVAN Charles A. Dana Professor of Religious
Finland Dean of Students and Senior Lecturer Studies, Lafayette College
Arctic Religions and Uralic Religions in the Anthropology and Sociology of Literature and Religion
ENCYCLOPEDIA OF RELIGION, SECOND EDITION
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E D I TO R I A L A N D P RO D U C T I O N S TA F F
PUBLISHER Michael R. Fischbach, Rebecca J. INDEXER
Frank Menchaca Frey, Paul R. Greenland, Ellen Coughlin Indexing Services, Inc.
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PUBLISHINGDIRECTOR Kaplan, Eric B. Lagergren, Michael L. PRODUCTDESIGN
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PROJECT EDITORS
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CONTRIBUTINGPROJECT EDITORS Dorothy Bauhoff, Judith Culligan, GRAPHIC ART
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BIBLIOGRAPHY RESEARCHERS
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COMPOSITION
MANUSCRIPTEDITORS TRANSLATORS
Evi Seoud, Mary Beth Trimper
Kari Bethel, Carol Brennan, Sheryl A. Names of translators appear through-
Ciccarelli, Judith A. Clinebell, Tony out the body of the encyclopedia, at
Coulter, Judith Culligan, Andrew the end of each article that has been MANUFACTURING
Cunningham, Anne C. Davidson, rendered into English. Wendy Blurton, Dorothy Maki
vii
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TA B L E O F C O N T E N TS
Preface to the Second Edition. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xi
Visual Essays: Rationale. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xvii
Preface to the First Edition. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xix
Foreword to the First Edition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xxiii
Introduction to the First Edition . . . . . . . . . . . . xxvii
List of Articles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xxxi
List of Contributors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . lxxxvii
Abbreviations and Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . cxliii
ENCYCLOPEDIA OF RELIGION,
SECOND EDITION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
Volume 15 includes Appendix, Synoptic Outline of
Contents, and Index
ix
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P R E FAC E TO T H E S E C O N D E D I T I O N
To participate in a revision of Mircea Eliade’s Encyclopedia of sort. Careful reading reveals enormous diversity of perspec-
Religion, first published in 1987, is an occasion of intense tive among first-edition contributors, far more than is often
humility, but also a grand opportunity. Though not without assumed; and for the revision, even among the principal deci-
its critics, the first edition was suitably heralded as the stan- sion makers, and positively among the contributors, there is
dard reference work in the field, a truly landmark achieve- a very wide spectrum of opinions as to the most serviceable
ment. The work of revision has, at nearly every turn, ampli- definitions of religion and the most worthy purview for the
fied rather than diminished appreciation for the accomplish- field of religious studies.
ment of those original volumes. Dealing firsthand with the
On the one hand, encyclopedias seem by nature vehicles
conceptual and organizational challenges, coupled with the
of convention, destined to simplify, reify, essentialize, and
logistical labors of coordinating the efforts of countless schol-
provide falsely stabilized views of dynamic historical eras,
ars and editors, redoubles a sense of admiration, respect, and
gratitude for the makers of the original version of this ency- religious traditions, doctrines, and practices. Yet, on the other
clopedia. hand, a large percentage of the contributors to this project
understand their academic calling to be primarily one of dis-
If the making of that original set posed innumerable
ruption and destabilization; many have explicitly dedicated
theoretical, organizational, and practical challenges, the revi-
their careers to complicating and calling to question conven-
sion of such a work evokes no fewer questions of balance and
tional wisdoms about religion and things religious. Thus in
compromise. On the one hand, the building and remodeling
order to capitalize on their talents, contributors were provid-
of a work of this wide scope is a preeminently collaborative
ed explicit instructions, tidy scope descriptions, and specific
enterprise. It is born of a vast community of scholars, togeth-
word allotments, but they were also provided a fair measure
er participating in an immensely collective project; the inter-
of space for improvisation and flexibility. One member of the
activity among editors, consultants, and contributors has
editorial board framed the balance this way:
indeed provided perhaps the most rewarding aspects of this
project. Yet, on the other hand, such a large and multifaceted The letters to all contributors should include a general
undertaking has a deeply impersonal, even anonymous, qual- statement that we wish to respect their judgment in
ity. Face-to-face meetings among participants are few, sched- defining the general contours of each article, and the
ules fast, authors and editors far-spaced. By engaging the tal- scope descriptions are meant only to be suggestive,
ents of so many people from so many places, large encyclo- although of course we do hope that we will be taken
pedias, and even more so their revisions, perpetuate the pre- seriously. Also that we are looking for entries that reflect
tense of anonymous, objective, and interchangeable authors; the current state of the field and that we are hoping that
each entry will not gloss over problems of evidence or
numerous hands touch every piece, and the target of respon-
conceptualization in the current state of the field but
sibility either for credit or for blame is not always easy to
will instead frankly acknowledge such problems and
locate.
make them key parts of the entry in a bid to make the
Such an encyclopedia requires, in one respect, a large [second edition of the Encyclopedia of Religion] look to
measure of consensus among contributors as to what religion the future and help to shape things to come.
is and what academic students of religion ought to and ought
not to circumscribe within their view. But, in another The intellectual challenges are likewise reflected in more
respect, it is a scholarly consensus of a very broad and pliant practical tensions and balancing acts. Perhaps most onerous-
xi
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xii PREFACE TO THE SECOND EDITION
ly, the recruitment of literally hundreds of qualified scholars, ASSESSMENTS, ADJUSTMENTS, ANDCONVENTIONS
available and willing to deliver their work in a timely man-
The initial step in the revision process was a comprehensive
ner, is no mean task. For some, participation in an encyclo-
evaluation of every one of the 2,750 first-edition entries. As
pedia of this stature is a high calling, a fortuitous opportuni-
though dealing out an enormous deck of cards, each of the
ty to engage a uniquely wide readership; others, however,
original articles was assigned to suitable members of the
admit far less enthusiasm about undertaking assignments
thirteen-person board of associate editors or the slate of some
construed as diversions from their more technical research,
two dozen consultants. Parity did not apply insofar as a stur-
more public service than privilege. Once aboard, contribu-
dy few were taxed with assessing hundreds of articles, others
tors had to balance the standards of accuracy, sophistication,
with only a handful. In the subsequent entry-by-entry
and scholarly nuance that would satisfy themselves and their
review, a relatively small number of articles were completely
academic peers with the encyclopedia’s incentive to reach a
jettisoned while the huge remainder was assigned to one of
far more broad, less specialized audience.
three categories.
The balancing of word counts is likewise a constant con-
A first category of entries is composed of those approved
cern, and the space allotted to various topics is, to some real
to be reprinted with few or no changes. Though roughly
extent, a telling indicator as to the relative importance of
1,800 articles in this set were to remain largely or fully intact,
those topics, at least in the eyes of the editorial board. Yet,
attempts were made to reach the authors of those
equations of article length and significance, a familiar
first-edition entries both with an invitation to modify or
assumption among reviewers, are invariably too simple, too
update their contribution in ways that they saw fit and with
little aware of the practical exigencies of accepted and
a request that they augment the bibliography with relevant
declined invitations, met and missed deadlines, obeyed and
sources that had appeared in the interim. Of course, many of
ignored editorial recommendations. The most well consid-
those scholars were no longer active in the profession; others
ered intentions and the clearest of visions are, not infre-
did not reply; and others declined to make any alterations to
quently, causalities in the stiff competition for the time of
their original articles. Articles that were, therefore, reprinted
twenty-first century academics. In fact, it is both noteworthy
essentially unchanged have a designation of “(1987)” follow-
and deeply disappointing that several dozen additional new
ing the author’s name. In numerous instances, however, first-
articles were conceived but never successfully assigned, and
edition authors did take the occasion to adjust their own arti-
also that at least three dozen promised articles had not
cles in small or large ways. For these articles, the attribution
arrived by the production deadline, and thus had to be omit-
of authorship is followed by two dates, for example, Eleanor
ted from the revision. Gaps and asymmetries in coverage
Zelliot (1987 and 2005). Additionally, where original
could, therefore, have innumerable explanations.
authors of articles in this set were unavailable or nonrespon-
Be that as it may, perhaps the most vexing acts of bal- sive, many of the respective bibliographies were nonetheless
ance and compromise are built into the very notion of “revi- supplemented with relevant new sources; this accounts for
sion” itself. Neither defense nor attack, revision demands those bylines that include the designation “Revised
commingled attitudes of respect for and discontent with the Bibliography,” which signals that a “New Sources” section is
original. To revise requires, on the one side, that a goodly appended to the bibliography.
portion of the previous work will remain intact; this editori-
A second category of entries comprises those judged to
al board was not afforded a fully fresh point of departure. Yet,
need significant revision or updating. These articles are per-
on the other side, the initiative of revising does afford, even
haps most properly worthy of the title “revised” insofar as
necessitates, changes, reconceptualizations, and wholly new
they both retain a substantial portion of the original work
additions that respond both to recent events and to recent
and introduce substantially new information and/or new
trends in scholarship. Revision is, by nature and by design, a
conceptual formulations. This sort of revision took one of
balancing and a juxtaposition of old and new elements.
three forms. In some cases, original authors were enlisted to
This complex intermingling of first-edition and new rework and update their own articles; those articles (not
components enriches but also greatly complicates the critical unlike those in which authors voluntarily revised their origi-
use and assessment of these volumes. The synoptic outline of nal articles) are consequently attributed to a sole author but
contents, the alphabetical list of entries, and the index pro- with two dates, for example, Davíd Carrasco (1987 and
vide usefully comprehensive guides, but to discover all that is 2005). In many other cases, the revision was undertaken by
new and different between the second edition and its prece- a different scholar, which accounts for those articles that are
dent can, nonetheless, pose a difficult challenge. The remain- attributed to two authors, for example, Robertson Davies
der of this preface works, therefore, to direct attention (1) to (1987) and Eric Ziolkowski (2005). Irrespective of whether
some of the most prominent new elements of this revision; the modifications were completed by the original author or
(2) to the decision-making processes that put those adjust- by someone else, the revisions are, in some instances, mod-
ments in place; and (3) to the conventions in this edition that est, perhaps addressing recent events or attending to an
can assist in ascertaining the precise status of individual important new publication on the topic; but, in other cases,
entries. the adjustments and reconceptualizations are more thor-
ENCYCLOPEDIA OF RELIGION, SECOND EDITION
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PREFACE TO THE SECOND EDITION xiii
oughgoing. All of the revisions and “updates” of these sorts NEWFEATURESANDCONFIGURATIONS
do, however, eventuate in entries that are, at once, old and
In addition to these various layers of revision and replace-
new.
ment, the second edition introduces entries on nearly six
A third variation on this revision theme—and one of the hundred topics that did not appear in the first edition. New
more distinctive features of the second edition of topics and titles are added to almost every portion of the revi-
Encyclopedia of Religion—is a consequence of those situations sion, but especially noteworthy are those that appear in relat-
in which the original article was assessed as a still-valuable ed sets of articles—or so-termed composite entries. Many of
exposition of the topic, worthy of reprinting, but not a treat- these composite sets, which were also a very prominent fea-
ment that could any longer be represented as state-of-the-art. ture of the first edition, provide a means of surveying the
In many of these instances, the first-edition entry provided a geographical distribution of a large tradition: The
“Buddhism” composite entry, for example, is composed of
seminal statement on the subject, but was distinctive, or
articles that treat, in succession, “Buddhism in India,”
sometimes idiosyncratic, in ways that precluded revision or
“Buddhism in Southeast Asia,” “Buddhism in Central Asia,”
updating per se. Thus, instead of reworking the original, it
and so on. In many other cases, however, these composite sets
was more suitable to retain the integrity of that article by
are trained on a broad topic or theme such as “Pilgrimage,”
reprinting it unchanged and then augmenting it with a kind
“Iconography,” “Music,” or “Soul,” which is then addressed
of supplementary addendum. For instance, Mircea Eliade
in a cross-culturally comparative fashion. In the main, these
wrote the first-edition entry “Sexuality: An Overview,” which
thematically configured composites open with a broad
articulates a prominent, still-important exposition of the
overview article, which is then followed by a series of articles
topic, but not one that can be regarded as current in a field
that explore that large theme either in different contexts
of study where there has been enormous activity in the past
and/or from different angles of view. And, although every
two decades. The original entry is, therefore, allowed to stand
sort of composite entry enjoys a measure of revision, it is
with the parenthetical designation “[First Edition]” and then
these thematically linked sets that are subject to the most
is complemented by a completely new entry titled “Sexuality:
venturesome innovation and growth. Several permutations
An Overview [Further Considerations],” which focuses
and outstanding examples deserve quick comment.
attention on research and perspectives that have emerged
since the first edition. This pairing of prominent but now In numerous instances, thematic composite entries that
dated first-edition entries with new complementary pieces— appeared in the original edition were reworked and very sub-
stantially expanded. For example, the first-edition “Afterlife”
there are roughly fifty of these juxtapositions of old and
composite entry included an overview and only two
new—adds a special texture to the revision; it facilitates a
area-specific articles, one on Jewish concepts of the afterlife
kind of historical, even archaeological, appreciation of the
and another on Chinese concepts. In the new edition, how-
unfolding succession of ideas on a topic. But the same edito-
ever, that pair is complemented by completely new entries on
rial tactic also places a special burden on readers.
African conceptions of the afterlife, as well as Australian,
Accordingly, as a cautionary note, it would, in principle,
Oceanic, Mesoamerican, Christian, Islamic, Greek and
never be suitable to rely on one of these “First Edition” pieces
Roman, and Germanic concepts. The first-edition
without reading ahead also to its complimentary, sometimes
“Cosmology” composite is similarly expanded with thor-
quite critical, “Further Considerations” counterpart.
oughly new entries on the cosmologies of Africa, indigenous
In any case, the initial article-by-article assessment of the Australia, Oceania, indigenous North America and
first edition eventuated also in a third category constituted of Mesoamerica, South America, Islam, and finally, so-termed
those entries for which a topic and title were retained but the “Scientific Cosmologies.” Or, to cite just one more such
actual article was completely replaced. There are well over example of the enhancement of a standing composite entry,
three hundred of these new renditions of already-standing the original cluster of entries under the rubric of “Rites of
topics. As a rule, authors of these replacement articles were Passage,” which had included entries solely on Hindu,
invited to employ the original entry as a resource but not Jewish, and Muslim rites, is fleshed out to include new arti-
necessarily a model, that is, to compose an essentially new cles on African, Oceanic, Mesoamerican, and Neopagan rites
treatment of the existing topic. Not surprisingly, one can find of passage.
instances in which there is considerable continuity between Other second-edition composite entries—article sets
the original and present articles while, in other cases, the that provide some of the most notable new contributions to
first-edition article and its new, second-edition iteration the revision—result from cases in which a topic that had
share little beyond the title. That is to say, the great majority received fairly limited coverage in the first edition becomes
of these so-termed replacement articles are, for all practical the subject of a much more extensive block of new articles.
purposes, thoroughly new entries. Consequently, author For instance, where the original edition had modest-length
attribution for these articles includes a parenthetical date pre- and broadly-framed articles devoted to “Healing,”
cisely like other new articles, for example, Mary MacDonald “Medicine,” and “Diseases and Cures,” the revision explores
(2005). those themes far more fully via a composite entry that opens
ENCYCLOPEDIA OF RELIGION, SECOND EDITION