Equine Nutrition and Feeding, Third Edition

662 Pages·2004·4.34 MB·English

EQUINE NUTRITION
AND FEEDING
EQUINE NUTRITION
AND FEEDING
THIRD EDITION
DAVID FRAPE
PhD, CBiol, FIBiol, FRCPath
© 1986 by Longman Group UK Ltd
© 1998, 2004 by Blackwell Publishing Ltd
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First published 1986 by Longman Group UK Ltd
Second edition published 1998 by Blackwell Science
Reissued in paperback 1998
Third edition published 2004 by Blackwell Publishing
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Frape, David L. (David Lawrence), 1929–
Equine nutrition and feeding / David Frape. – 3rd ed.
p. cm.
Includes bibliographical references (p. ).
ISBN 1-4051-0598-4 (alk. paper)
1. Horses – Feeding and feeds. 2. Horses – Nutrition. I. Title.
SF285.5.F73 2004
636.1¢085 – dc22
2004043712
ISBN 1-4051-0598-4
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Contents
Introduction to the Third Edition vii
Acknowledgements ix
List of Abbreviations x
1 The Digestive System 1
2 Utilization of the Products of Dietary Energy and Protein 30
3 The Roles of Major Minerals and Trace Elements 51
4 Vitamin and Water Requirements 88
5 Ingredients of Horse Feeds 116
6 Estimating Nutrient Requirements 186
7 Feeding the Breeding Mare, Foal and Stallion 244
8 Growth 277
9 Feeding for Performance and the Metabolism
of Nutrients During Exercise 300
10 Grassland and Pasture Management 366
11 Pests and Ailments Related to Grazing Area, Diet and Housing 423
12 Laboratory Methods for Assessing Nutritional Status
and Some Dietary Options 487
Appendix A: Example Calculation of Dietary Composition Required
for a 400kg Mare in the Fourth Month of Lactation 506
Appendix B: Common Dietary Errors in Studs and Racing Stables 510
Appendix C: Chemical Composition of Feedstuffs Used for Horses 515
v
vvii LCiosnt toefn tAsbbreviations
Appendix D: Estimates of Base Excess of a Diet and of Blood Plasma 525
Glossary 527
References and Bibliography 568
Conclusion 635
Index 636
Introduction to the Third Edition
The increased attention given to equine nutritional issues during the last 6–7 years
by research groups around the world, has prompted me to revise the 2ndedition of
this book. The preparation of this edition entailed the careful reading of the previ-
ous edition and with it the embarrassing discovery of a few errors, including one or
two in equations, which I have now corrected.
It has been necessary to revise all chapters and other sections, some to a greater
extent than others. The increased understanding of gastrointestinal tract function
has led to a considerable number of changes to Chapters 1 and 2. The volume of
work that has been undertaken with regard to skeletal growth and development
(Chapters 7 and 8) has partly explained the mechanisms involved in endochondral
ossification, but the story is incomplete. Work has been undertaken into the
causes of several metabolic diseases (Chapter 11), but as yet their aetiology is
obscure. The role of calcium in bone formation has been understood for many
years, yet recent evidence has required that dietary needs be revised (Chapter 3). A
similar situation has arisen with several vitamins and other minerals/trace minerals
to which reference is made in Chapters 3 and 4. A brief account of several novel
feeds, supplements and toxins is given and this has led to the extension of Chapter
5. Exercise physiology has continued to interest many research groups so that
Chapters 6 and 9 have been revised. This has included a summary of procedures
adopted, both historically and today, to measure energy consumption. Novel acro-
nyms and terms have invaded scientific speech for which textual definitions are
given.
A note on nomenclature: EC numbers have been used throughout when referring
to specific enzymes. More detailed information about this system may be found in
Chapter 12, p. 488.
Finally, I trust that an immanent characteristic of this 3rd edition is as a source
reference for each of the more recent and important pieces of evidence in each of
the areas covered. This may assist research workers and provide students with what
I hope is a useful brief account upon which they might base their future activities;
vii
vviiiiii LInitsrto odfu Actbiobnr etvoi athtieo nTshird Edition
but I must pay tribute to the authors of the papers upon which these pages have
depended. Whereas valid disagreements in the literature have been aired, an eclec-
tic set of references has, I hope, been distilled into a readable and comprehensible
discourse.
David Frape
Acknowledgements
I should like to thank Professor Franz Pirchner for reading and providing helpful
comments on the amendments to Chapter 6 and to thank my wife, Margery, for her
encouragement and support.
ix
List of Abbreviations
AAT aspartate aminotransferase
acetyl-CoA acetyl coenzyme A
ACTH adrenocorticotropic hormone
ADAS Agricultural Development and Advisory Service
ADF acid detergent fibre
ADP adenosine diphosphate
a.i. active ingredient
AI artificial insemination
ALP alkaline phosphatase
ALT alanine aminotransferase
AMP adenosine monophosphate
AN adenine nucleotides
AST aspartate aminotransferase
ATP adenosine triphosphate
BAL bronchoalveolar lavage
BE base excess
BFGF basic fibroblast growth factor
BHA butylated hydroxyanisole
BHT butylated hydroxytoluene
BMR basal metabolic rate
BSP BromsulphaleinTM (sulphobromophthalein)
BW body weight
CCO cytochrome c oxidase
CF crude fibre
CFU colony-forming unit
CK creatine kinase
COPD chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
CP crude protein
DCAB dietary cation–anion balance
DCAD dietary cation–anion difference
x
List of Abbreviations xi
DCP digestible crude protein
DDS distiller’s dark grains
DE digestible energy
DM dry matter
DMG N,N-dimethylglycine
DMSO dimethylsulphone
2
DOD developmental orthopaedic disease
ECF extracellular fluid
EDM equine degenerative myeloencephalopathy
EE ether extract
EMND equine motor neuron disease
ERS exertional rhabdomyolysis syndrome
EU European Union
EVH-1/4 equine herpesvirus
FAD flavin adenine dinucleotide
FE fractional electrolyte excretion
FFA free fatty acid
FSH follicle-stimulating hormone
FTH fast twitch, high oxidative
FT fast twitch, low oxidative
FTU fungal titre unit
GE gross energy
GGT gamma-glutamyltransferase
GI gastrointestinal
GLC gas-liquid chromatograph
GnRH gonadotropin-releasing hormone
GSH-Px glutathione peroxidase
GSH glutathione
Hb haemoglobin
hCG human chorionic gonadotropin
HI heat increment
HPLC high performance liquid chromatography
HPP hyperkalaemic periodic paralysis
ICF intracellular fluid
IGER Institute of Grassland and Environmental Research
IMP inosine monophosphate
INRA Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique
iu international unit
i.v. intravenous
LBS Lactobacillus selection
LDH lactic dehydrogenase
LH luteinizing hormone
LPL lipoprotein lipase
LPS lipopolysaccharides