Equine Clinical Pathology

296 Pages·2013·27.892 MB·English

by  Raquel M. Walton

EQUINE
CLINICAL
PATHOLOGY
Raquel M. Walton

Equine Clinical
Pathology

Equine Clinical
Pathology
Edited by
Raquel M. Walton
VMD,PhD,DiplomateACVP(ClinicalPathology)
SeniorClinicalPathologist
IdexxLaboratories,Inc.
AnimalMedicalCenter
NewYork,NewYork,USA
Thiseditionfirstpublished2014(cid:2)C 2014byJohnWiley&Sons,Inc.
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Equineclinicalpathology/editedbyRaquelM.Walton.
p.;cm.
Includesbibliographicalreferencesandindex.
ISBN978-0-8138-1719-4(hardback:alk.paper)–ISBN978-1-118-49197-3–ISBN
978-1-118-49198-0–ISBN978-1-118-49199-7–ISBN978-1-118-71870-4
I.Walton,RaquelM.
[DNLM:1.HorseDiseases–pathology. 2.Pathology,Clinical–methods.SF951]
SF951
636.1(cid:3)089607–dc23
2013010436
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1 2014
Contents
Contributors xi
Preface xiii
1 GeneralLaboratoryMedicine 3
RaquelM.Walton
Generallaboratorymedicine 3
Basichematologictechniques 4
Point-of-caretesting 6
Testvalidationandreferencevalues 10
References 14
2 EquineHematology 15
RaquelM.Walton
Completebloodcountinterpretation 15
Erythrocyteindices 15
Leukogram 20
Platelets 22
Bloodfilmevaluation 23
Erythrocytesandplatelets 25
Leukocytes 30
References 33
3 ImmunohematologyandHemostasis 37
KarenV.Jackson
Immunohematologytesting 39
Bloodtyping 39
Crossmatching 41
Antibodyscreeningandjaundicedfoalagglutinationtest 42
Immune-mediatedhemolyticanemia 44
Neonatalisoerythrolysis 46
Infection-associated(Clostridial,EIA,R.equi,S.equi) 48
Drug-associated 50
Neoplasia-associated 50
v
vi Contents
Coagulationtesting 51
Physiologyofhemostasis 51
Coagulationtestinganddisorderscausingabnormalities 60
References 66
4 TheLiver 71
DennisJ.MeyerandRaquelM.Walton
Liverenzymes 71
Hepatocellularenzymes 73
Hepatobiliaryenzymes 74
Liverfunctiontests 76
Excretoryfunctiontests 76
Testsdependentonsynthetic/metabolicfunctions 77
Othertests 79
Hepaticdiseases 80
Toxins 80
Infections 82
Hepaticlipidosis 83
Serumhepatitis(Theiler’sdisease) 83
Hepatocellularneoplasia 84
References 84
5 LaboratoryEvaluationoftheEquineRenalSystem 87
AndreaA.Bohn
Laboratoryassessmentofthekidney 87
Glomerularfiltrationrate 89
Reabsorptionandelectrolyteregulation 90
Waterconservationandbloodvolumeregulation 91
Otherrenalfunctions 92
Urinalysis 92
Grossevaluation 92
Urine-specificgravity 92
Reagentteststrips 94
Urinesedimentexam 95
Laboratoryabnormalitiesassociatedwithdifferent
diseasestates 98
Acuterenalfailure 98
Chronicrenalfailure 98
Urinarytractrupture 99
“Early”renaldisease 100
Strenuousexercise 101
References 101
Contents vii
6 Acid-BaseandElectrolytes 103
AndreaA.Bohn
Acid-base 103
Stepstoevaluatingacid-basestatus 104
Bicarbonate 104
Metabolicacidosisandalkalosis 105
Respiratoryacidosisandalkalosis 106
Compensatorymechanisms 106
Baseexcess 107
Electrolytes 107
Sodium 107
Chloride 109
Potassium 110
Calcium 112
Magnesium 114
Phosphate 115
References 116
7 Proteins 119
KorandaWallace
Plasmaproteins 119
Albumin 119
Globulin 120
Acutephaseproteins 120
Proteindisorders 124
Hypoalbuminemiawithhypoglobulinemia 124
Hypoalbuminemiawithnormalorincreasedglobulins 125
Hypoglobulinemiawithnormaltoincreasedalbumin 125
Hyperalbuminemia 126
Hyperalbuminemiaandhyperglobulinemia 126
Hyperglobulinemia 126
Hyperfibrinogenemia 127
References 127
8 LaboratoryAssessmentofLipidandGlucoseMetabolism 131
RaquelM.Walton
Lipids 131
Triglyceridemetabolism 132
Laboratorycharacterizationoflipidmetabolism 133
Equinehyperlipidemias 136
Glucose 138
Glucosemetabolism 139
Insulinresistance 140
viii Contents
Laboratorycharacterizationofglucosemetabolism 140
Diseasesassociatedwithglucosemetabolicdefects 145
References 149
9 SkeletalMuscle 153
AllisonBillings
Laboratoryevaluationofequinemuscledisorders 153
Generalcausesofincreasedserumenzymes 153
Serumenzymesdetectingmuscleinjury 154
AdditionalfactorsaffectingCKandASTenzymeactivity 158
Othermarkersdetectingmuscleinjury 159
Equinemusclediseases 161
Immune-mediatedmyopathies 161
Infectiousmyopathies 163
Traumaticmyopathies 165
Inheritedorcongenitalmyopathies 166
Toxicmyopathies 169
Nutritionalmyopathies 171
Myopathiesofunknowncause 171
Othermyopathies 173
References 173
10 EndocrineEvaluation 181
JillBeech
Testingforpituitaryparsintermediadysfunction(PPID) 181
Cortisolconcentrations 182
Adrenocorticotropin(ACTH)concentration 184
α
Alpha-melanocyte-stimulatinghormone( -MSH)
concentrations 186
α
ACTHand -MSHconcentrationresponsesfollowing
thyrotropinreleasinghormone(TRH)administration 186
Insulinconcentrations 187
Testingthyroidfunctioninhorses 189
Thyroiddysfunction 189
Thyroidhormones 189
Extrathyroidaleffectsonthyroidhormones 190
Nonthyroidalillnesssyndrome 192
Thyroidhormoneevaluation 192
Thyroidstimulatinghormone(TSH)concentration 193
Thyrotropinreleasinghormone(TRH)stimulation 194
TSHstimulationtest 194
T3suppressiontest 195
References 195