Table Of ContentResearch and Perspectives in Neurosciences
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Paolo Sassone-Corsi (cid:129) Yves Christen
Editors
Epigenetics,
Brain and Behavior
Editors
PaoloSassone-Corsi YvesChristen
SchoolofMedicine,Centerfor FondationIPSENpourla
MetabolismandEpigenetics RechercheThe´rapeutique
UniversityofCaliforniaatIrvine BoulogneBillancourt
Irvine,California France
USA
ISSN0945-6082
ISBN978-3-642-27912-6 ISBN978-3-642-27913-3(eBook)
DOI10.1007/978-3-642-27913-3
SpringerHeidelbergNewYorkDordrechtLondon
LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2012950324
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Foreword
Theabilitytostoreinformationoverlongperiodsoftimeliesattheheartofcellular
identity. This cellular ‘memory’ is encoded in the specific pattern of expressed
genes andallows acellto ensure that it “remembers” who it is and how it should
move along elaborate pathways during cellular development and differentiation.
Nerve cells become hard-wired during their differentiation, through changes that
allowthemtoproperlycontrolcognitiveandbehavioralfunctions.Howcouldone
relatively fixed genetic blueprint permit flexibility to accommodate variability
resultingfromsignalsoriginatedfromenvironmental,dietaryandotherinfluences?
Neurons are submitted to an exceptional variety of stimuli and are able to
convert these into high order functions, such as storing memories, controlling
behavior, and governing consciousness. These unique properties are based on the
highlyflexiblenatureofneurons,acharacteristicthatiscommonlythoughttorely
onthecomplexmolecularmachinerythatcontrolsgeneexpression.Whatliesatthe
heart of neuronal plasticity? Accumulating evidence points to epigenetics. This
wordoriginallyindicatedpotentiallyheritablemodificationsingeneexpressionthat
donotinvolvechangesinDNAsequence.Todaythisdefinitionismuchlessstrict,
and epigenetic control is thought to include DNA methylation, histone
modifications, histone variants, microRNA metabolic pathways and non-histone
proteins modifications. Thus, while neuronal plasticity is rightly thought to be
intimately associated to genomic control, it is critical to appreciate that there is
much more to the genome than DNA sequence, permitting variability beyond the
Watson-Crick doublehelix. The multitudeof epigenetic mechanismsoperatingin
all cells, but specifically in neurons, begs the question of how these may be
coordinated.
Recent years have seen spectacular advances in the field of epigenetics. These
have attracted the interest of researchers in many fields and evidence connecting
epigenetic regulation to brain functions has been accumulating. Neurons daily
convert a variety of external stimuli into rapid or long-lasting changes in gene
expression. A variety of studies have centered on the molecular mechanisms
implicated in epigenetic control and how these may operate in concert. It will be
critical to unravel how specificity is achieved. Importantly, specific modifications
v
vi Foreword
seem to mediate both developmental processes and adult brain functions, such as
synapticplasticityandmemory.Manyaspectsoftheresearchinneurosciencesand
endocrinologyduringtheupcomingdecadewillbedominatedbythedecipheringof
epigenetic control. The idea of the IPSEN Colloque Medecine et Recherche on
‘Epigenetics, Brain and Behavior’ held in Paris on April 18, 2011, was to indeed
bringtogethersomeoftheleadersinthefieldtodiscussmostrecentdevelopments
and exciting new directions. The physiological implications of epigenetic regula-
tioninthecontrolofneuronalfunctionswerehighlighted,aswellastheincreasing
understandingofthemolecularmechanismsthatoperatewithinneuronstotranslate
epigeneticcontrolintolong-lastingneuronalresponses.Theseproceedingsconsti-
tuteacompendiumofthemostupdatedviewsinthefield.Wetrustthatitwillbeof
use to those colleagues who will be picking up the challenge to unravel the
epigenetic pathways that will ultimately allow future development of specific
pharmacologicalstrategiestowardsneurodegenerativepathologies.
PaoloSassone-Corsi
YvesChristen
Contents
NucleosomeRemodellingandEpigenomeDiversification. . . . . . . . . . . . 1
PeterB.Becker
SynapticEpigenesisandtheEvolutionofHigher
BrainFunctions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
Jean-PierreChangeux
PlasticityoftheCircadianSystem:LinkingMetabolismtoEpigenetic
Control. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
LorenaAguilar-Arnal,LoredanaZocchi,SelmaMasri
SayakoKatada,andPaoloSassone-Corsi
EpigeneticsandtheEnvironmentalRegulationofGenomicStructure
andFunction:ImplicationsforHealth. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
CarineI.Parent,Tie-YuanZhang,andMichaelJ.Meaney
EpigeneticInheritanceinMammals. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
JohannesBohacekandIsabelleM.Mansuy
ControlofNeuronalGeneTranscriptionandBehaviorbytheEpigenetic
SuppressorComplexG9a/GLP. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
AnneSchaefer
TheRoleofHistoneAcetylationinLong-Term
MemoryStorage.. . . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . . . .. 71
ShaneG.PoplawskiandTedAbel
DNAMethylationinMemoryFormation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81
J.DavidSweatt
EpigeneticMechanismsRegulatingMemoryFormationinHealth
andDisease. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . . .. . . .. 97
Li-HueiTsai
vii
viii Contents
GeneticsandEpigeneticsofAutismSpectrumDisorders. . . . . . . . . . . . 105
ThomasBourgeron
AnalysisofMeCP2FunctionintheCNS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133
EgeT.KavalaliandLisaM.Monteggia
EpigeneticMechanismsofDrugAddiction. . . . .. . . . . .. . . . .. . . . . .. 145
IanMazeandEricJ.Nestler
Index. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161
Contributors
Ted Abel Department of Biology, University of Pennsylvania, 204G Carolyn
LynchLaboratory,Philadelphia,PA19104,USA,[email protected]
Lorena Aguilar Arnal Center for Metabolism and Epigenetics, U904 Inserm
‘Epigenetics and Neuronal Plasticity’, School of Medicine, University of
California,Irvine,CA92697,USA
Peter B. Becker Adolf-Butenandt-Institute, Schillerstr. 44, D-80336 Munich,
Germany,[email protected]
JohannesBohacek BrainResearchInstitute,MedicalFacultyoftheUniversityof
Zu¨rich and Department of Biology, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology,
Winterthurerstrasse190,CH-8057Zu¨rich,Switzerland
Thomas Bourgeron Human Genetics and Cognitive Functions, Institut Pasteur,
25rueduDocteurRoux,75015Paris,France,[email protected]
Jean-Pierre Changeux De´partement de Neurosciences, Colle`ge de France,
Place Marcellin Berthelot, Paris, Institut Pasteur, 25 Rue de Docteur Roux, Paris,
France,[email protected]
Sayako Katada Center for Metabolism and Epigenetics, U904 Inserm
‘Epigenetics and Neuronal Plasticity’, School of Medicine, University of
California,Irvine,CA92697,USA
EgeT.Kavalali DepartmentofNeuroscienceandPsychiatry,UniversityofTexas
SouthwesternMedicalCenter,Dallas,TX75390-9070,USA
Selma Masri Centerfor Metabolismand Epigenetics, U904 Inserm ‘Epigenetics
andNeuronalPlasticity’,SchoolofMedicine,UniversityofCalifornia,Irvine,
CA92697,USA
IsabelleM.Mansuy MedicalFacultyoftheUniversityofZu¨richandDepartment
of Biology, Brain Research Institute, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology,
Winterthurerstrasse190,CH-8057Zu¨rich,Switzerland,[email protected]
ix
