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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Friis, Robert H.
Epidemiology for public health practice / Robert H. Friis and Thomas Sellers.—5th ed.
p. ; cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 978-1-4496-5158-9 (pbk.)
I. Sellers, Thomas A. II. Title.
[DNLM: 1. Epidemiology. 2. Epidemiologic Methods. 3. Public Health. WA 105]
614.4—dc23
2012039130
6048
Printed in the United States of America
17 16 15 14 13 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
Contents
New to This Edition
Introduction
Preface
Acknowledgments
About the Authors
Chapter 1 History and Scope of Epidemiology
Introduction
Epidemiology Defined
Foundations of Epidemiology
Historical Antecedents of Epidemiology
Recent Applications of Epidemiology
Conclusion
Study Questions and Exercises
References
Chapter 2 Practical Applications of Epidemiology
Introduction
Applications for the Assessment of the Health Status of
Populations and Delivery of Health Services
Applications Relevant to Disease Etiology
Conclusion
Study Questions and Exercises
References
Chapter 3 Measures of Morbidity and Mortality Used inEpidemiology
Introduction
Definitions of Count, Ratio, Proportion, and Rate
Risk Versus Rate; Cumulative Incidence
Interrelationship Between Prevalence and Incidence
Applications of Incidence Data
Crude Rates
Specific Rates and Proportional Mortality Ratio
Adjusted Rates
Conclusion
Study Questions and Exercises
References
Chapter 4 Descriptive Epidemiology: Person, Place, Time
Introduction
Characteristics of Persons
Characteristics of Place
Characteristics of Time
Conclusion
Study Questions and Exercises
References
Appendix 4—Project: Descriptive Epidemiology of a Selected
Health Problem
Chapter 5 Sources of Data for Use in Epidemiology
Introduction
Criteria for the Quality and Utility of Epidemiologic Data
Online Sources of Epidemiologic Data
Confidentiality, Sharing of Data, and Record Linkage
Statistics Derived from the Vital Registration System
Reportable Disease Statistics
Screening Surveys
Disease Registries
Morbidity Surveys of the General Population
Insurance Data
Clinical Data Sources
Absenteeism Data
School Health Programs
Morbidity in the Armed Forces: Data on Active Personnel and
Veterans
Other Sources: Census Data
Conclusion
Study Questions and Exercises
References
Chapter 6 Study Designs: Ecologic, Cross-Sectional, Case-Control
Introduction
Observational Versus Experimental Approaches in
Epidemiology
Overview of Study Designs Used in Epidemiology
Ecologic Studies
Cross-Sectional Studies
Case-Control Studies
Conclusion
Study Questions and Exercises
References
Chapter 7 Study Designs: Cohort Studies
Introduction
Cohort Studies Defined
Sampling and Cohort Formation Options
Temporal Differences in Cohort Designs
Practical Considerations
Measures of Effect: Their Interpretation and Examples
Summary of Cohort Studies
Conclusion
Study Questions and Exercises
References
Chapter 8 Experimental Study Designs
Introduction
Hierarchy of Study Designs
Intervention Studies
Clinical Trials
Community Trials
Conclusion
Study Questions and Exercises
References
Chapter 9 Measures of Effect
Introduction
Absolute Effects
Relative Effects
Statistical Measures of Effect
Evaluating Epidemiologic Associations
Models of Causal Relationships
Conclusion
Study Questions and Exercises
References
Appendix 9—Cohort Study Data for Coffee Use and Anxiety
Chapter 10 Data Interpretation Issues
Introduction
Validity of Study Designs
Sources of Error in Epidemiologic Research
Techniques to Reduce Bias
Methods to Control Confounding
Bias in Analysis and Publication
Conclusion
Study Questions and Exercises
References
Chapter 11 Screening for Disease in the Community
Introduction
Screening for Disease
Appropriate Situations for Screening Tests and Programs
Characteristics of a Good Screening Test
Evaluation of Screening Tests
Sources of Unreliability and Invalidity
Measures of the Validity of Screening Tests
Effects of Prevalence of Disease on Screening Test Results
Relationship Between Sensitivity and Specificity
Evaluation of Screening Programs
Issues in the Classification of Morbidity and Mortality
Conclusion
Study Questions and Exercises
References
Appendix 11—Data for Problem
Chapter 12 Epidemiology of Infectious Diseases
Introduction
Agents of Infectious Disease
Characteristics of Infectious Disease Agents
Host
The Environment
Means of Transmission: Directly or Indirectly from Reservoir
Measures of Disease Outbreaks
Procedures Used in the Investigation of Infectious Disease
Outbreaks
Epidemiologically Significant Infectious Diseases in the
Community
Conclusion
Study Questions and Exercises
References
Appendix 12—Data from a Foodborne Illness Outbreak in a
College Cafeteria
Chapter 13 Epidemiologic Aspects of Work in the Environment
Introduction
Health Effects Associated with Environmental Hazards
Study Designs Used in Environmental Epidemiology
Toxicologic Concepts Related to Environmental Epidemiology
Types of Agents
Environmental Hazards Found in the Work Setting
Noteworthy Community Environmental Health Hazards
Conclusion
Study Questions and Exercises
References
Chapter 14 Molecular and Genetic Epidemiology
Introduction
Definitions and Distinctions: Molecular Versus Genetic
Epidemiology
Epidemiologic Evidence for Genetic Factors
Causes of Familial Aggregation
Shared Family Environment and Familial Aggregation
Gene Mapping: Segregation and Linkage Analysis
Genome-Wide Association Studies (GWAS)
Linkage Disequilibrium Revisited: Haplotypes
Application of Genes in Epidemiologic Designs
Genetics and Public Health
Conclusion
Study Questions and Exercises
References
Chapter 15 Social, Behavioral, and Psychosocial Epidemiology
Introduction
Research Designs Used in Psychosocial, Behavioral, and Social
Epidemiology
The Social Context of Health
Independent Variables
Moderating Variables
Dependent (Outcome) Variables: Physical and Mental Health
Conclusion
Study Questions and Exercises
References
Chapter 16 Epidemiology as a Profession
Introduction
Specializations within Epidemiology
Career Roles for Epidemiologists
Epidemiology Associations and Journals
Competencies Required of Epidemiologists
Resources for Education and Employment
Professional Ethics in Epidemiology
Conclusion
