Ephesians and Artemis

134 Pages·2010·0.99 MB·English

Ephesians and Artemis

The influence of the religious climate of western Asia
Minor of the first century AD on the content and
terminology of Paul’s prayer in Ephesians 1:15-23

by

André Jacobus Visagie

Thesis presented in partial fulfilment of the degree of Master of
Theology at the Faculty of Theology, University of Stellenbosch.

Old and New Testament
Faculty of Theology
Supervisor: Professor Jeremy Punt
March 2010
DECLARATION

By submitting this dissertation electronically, I declare that the entirety of the work
contained therein is my own, original work, that I am the owner of the copyright
thereof (unless to the extent explicitly otherwise stated) and that I have not
previously in its entirety or in part submitted it for obtaining any qualification.

Signed:

8 February 2010
Date:

Copyright © 2009 Stellenbosch University
All rights reserved
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ABSTRACT

This thesis interacts with the generally held view that Ephesians is a general
epistle with no concrete historical context and contingency, by arguing that this
letter addresses particular religious concerns and beliefs of the believers of
Ephesus and surrounds. A focussed literary survey of the religious-historical
material of the western Mediterranean region in the first century AD is conducted,
with particular attention paid to the cult of the Ephesian Artemis and the
prevalence of magic. Special focus is placed upon Ephesians 1:15-23, which is
exegeted using both grammatical-historical and socio-rhetorical methods of
interpretation to gain insights into how the author employed and reformulated
contemporary terms and concepts to demonstrate the lordship of Jesus Christ.
Serious consideration of the religious and magical context of the first century
Greco-Roman world when interpreting this letter to the Ephesians may open
many possible avenues for future study, particularly in the area of understanding
the letter in an African context.

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OPSOMMING

Hierdie studie tree in dialoog met die algemene opvatting dat die Efesiërs-brief ’n
algemene brief of omsendskrywe was, wat geen besondere historiese konteks of
dringende saak aangespreek het nie. Die studie oordeel dat die brief spesifieke
religieuse sake en oortuigings van die gelowiges in Efese en omgewing
aangespreek het. Deur ’n literêre oorsig is daar gefokus op die religieus-
historiese materiaal van die westelike Mediterreense area in die eerste eeu nC,
met besondere nadruk op die Artemis-kultus en wydverspreide magie. Spesiale
klem is geplaas op Efesiërs 1:15-23, wat met behulp van beide grammatikaal-
historiese en sosio-retoriese metodes geëksegetiseer is ten einde te bepaal hoe
die outeur kontemporêre terme en konsepte wat die heerskap van Jesus Christus
demonstreer, gebruik en herformuleer het. Noukeurige oorweging van die
religieuse en magiese konteks van die eerste-eeuse Grieks-Romeinse wêreld ten
tyde van die interpretasie van Efesiërs mag deure open vir moontlike verdere
areas van studie, veral met die oog op die verstaan van die brief in ’n Afrika-
konteks.

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DEDICATION

This thesis is dedicated to my beautiful wife, Lizanne, for her love, support and
patience. Thank you very much.

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

I would like to thank my parents for their support, both emotionally and financially,
as this has enabled me to complete this degree.

I am thankful to the elders of Christ Church Tygerberg who granted study leave in
order for me to work on this thesis.

I deeply appreciate the guidance, wisdom, advice, tolerance and thoroughness of
Professor Jeremy Punt, even when we did not see eye to eye on some issues.

I am grateful to my wife, Lizanne, for her love and encouragement.

I am also acutely grateful to our Christ Jesus, who is ὑπεράνω πάσης ἀρχῆς καὶ
ἐξουσίας (Ephesians 1:21) and of whom this thesis is really about, for his power,
his love, his perseverance and his generosity.

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

DECLARATION.....................................................................................................i
ABSTRACT...........................................................................................................ii
OPSOMMING......................................................................................................iii
DEDICATION.......................................................................................................iv
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS.....................................................................................v
TABLE OF CONTENTS.......................................................................................vi
LIST OF FIGURES ...............................................................................................x
CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION.......................................................................1
1.1 Statement of the Problem..........................................................................1
1.2 Hypothesis................................................................................................4
1.3 Research Methodology.............................................................................5
1.4 Motivation and contribution.......................................................................6
1.5 Outline of Chapters...................................................................................7
1.6 Theological Framework.............................................................................9
CHAPTER TWO: BACKGROUND OF EPHESIANS..........................................10
2.1 The author of Ephesians.........................................................................10
2.1.1 The issue .........................................................................................10
2.1.2 The main arguments for rejecting Paul as author ............................10
2.1.3 The main arguments for accepting Paul...........................................11
2.1.3.a The New Testament Canon........................................................12
2.1.3.b The ethics of pseudonymity........................................................13
2.1.3.c The natural development of human thought...............................14
2.1.3.d The internal evidence..................................................................14
2.1.3.e Mountains out of mole hills (statistics on words).........................15
2.1.3.f Literary dependence on Colossians............................................15
2.1.4 Conclusion.......................................................................................16
2.2 The Recipients of Ephesians...................................................................16
2.2.1 The text of 1:1..................................................................................16
2.2.2 Possible theories..............................................................................17
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2.2.3 Conclusion.......................................................................................17
2.3 The Religious Climate in Ephesus ..........................................................18
2.3.1 The Greco-Roman Religious Climate...............................................18
2.3.2 The Ephesian Artemis......................................................................19
2.3.3 Other Roman and Greek gods.........................................................22
2.3.4 Empire..............................................................................................22
2.3.5 Magical beliefs and practices...........................................................23
2.3.6 Magic in Ephesus.............................................................................24
2.3.7 Types of Magic.................................................................................24
2.3.7.a Love potions and love charms....................................................24
2.3.7.b Curses........................................................................................24
2.3.7.c The Evil Eye................................................................................25
2.3.7.d Protection....................................................................................25
2.3.7.e Spirit guides................................................................................26
2.3.8 Hostile powers .................................................................................26
2.4 Conclusion to chapter two.......................................................................27
CHAPTER THREE: PAUL’S WORLDVIEW CONCERNING THE SPIRIT WORLD
............................................................................................................................29
3.1 Old Testament Background.....................................................................29
3.1.1 One God..........................................................................................30
3.1.2 One people of God...........................................................................30
3.1.3 One future with God.........................................................................30
3.1.4 The existence of evil powers in the Old Testament..........................31
3.1.4.a Satan..........................................................................................31
3.1.4.b The other gods of the heavens...................................................33
3.1.4.c Fallen Angels, Demons and Evil Spirits......................................34
3.1.5 Summary..........................................................................................36
3.2 Second Temple Judaism.........................................................................36
3.3 The Greco-Roman world.........................................................................39
3.4 Jesus and God’s Victory..........................................................................40
3.4.1 The Issue..........................................................................................41
3.4.2 The Trial in the Wilderness ..............................................................44
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3.4.3 The Beelzebul Controversy..............................................................44
3.4.4 Like Lightening from Heaven...........................................................45
3.4.5 The Parable of the Soils...................................................................46
3.4.6 Conclusion.......................................................................................46
3.5 A cursory glance at Paul’s view of Satan and the powers of evil, including
the “principalities” and “powers”...............................................................47
3.5.1 Paul’s Terminology...........................................................................48
3.5.2 The Issue.........................................................................................51
3.5.3 Summary..........................................................................................55
3.6 Conclusion to chapter three....................................................................56
CHAPTER FOUR: THE LETTER TO THE EPHESIANS....................................58
4.1 Preliminary considerations......................................................................59
4.1.1 Genre of Ephesians.........................................................................59
4.1.2 Ephesians and Rhetoric...................................................................60
4.1.3 Structure of Ephesians.....................................................................61
4.1.4 Structure of Ephesians 1..................................................................62
4.1.5 Contents of Ephesians 1..................................................................63
4.2 Exegesis of Ephesians 1:15-23...............................................................67
4.2.1 1:15-16a Thanksgiving for the Readers...........................................67
4.2.2 1:16b-19 Intercession for the Readers.............................................68
4.2.2.a Reason One: The hope of his calling (1:18b)..............................73
4.2.2.b Reason Two: The wealth of his glorious inheritance (1:18c).......74
4.2.2.c Reason Three: The exceeding greatness of God’s power in
believers (1:19)...........................................................................75
4.2.3 1:20-23 Praise to God for Enthroning Jesus...................................77
4.2.3.a God’s power was demonstrated by raising and enthroning Jesus
(1:20-21).....................................................................................78
4.2.3.b God’s power was demonstrated by subjecting everything under
Jesus’ feet (1:22a)......................................................................81
4.2.3.c God’s power was demonstrated by giving Jesus as head of the
church (1:22b-23) .......................................................................83
4.2.4 Conclusion.......................................................................................87
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4.3 Overview of power and the “powers” in Ephesians.................................88
4.3.1 Ephesians 1:15-23...........................................................................88
4.3.2 Ephesians 2:1-3...............................................................................89
4.3.3 Ephesians 2:6..................................................................................91
4.2.4 Ephesians 3:10................................................................................93
4.3.5 Ephesians 3:16-19...........................................................................95
4.3.6 Ephesians 3:20-21...........................................................................98
4.3.7 Ephesians 4:8-10 4..........................................................................99
4.3.8 Ephesians 4:26-27.........................................................................101
4.3.9 Ephesians 6:10-12.........................................................................102
4.4 Conclusion to chapter four....................................................................105
CONCLUSION: TOWARDS SOME POSSIBLE IMPLICATIONS OF THE
SUPREMACY OF CHRIST AS PRESENTED IN EPHESIANS IN AN AFRICAN
CONTEXT.........................................................................................................107
5.1 Dealing with the fear of the spirit realm (1:17-18)..................................108
5.2 The supremacy of Christ Jesus in African theology (1:20-23)...............109
5.3 The African believers’ protection from the “powers” (1:19)....................110
5.4 Conclusion............................................................................................112
BIBLIOGRAPHY...............................................................................................113

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