Enzymes in the Valorization of Waste: Enzymatic Hydrolysis of Waste for Development of Value-added Products

269 Pages·2022·11.364 MB·English

by  Pradeep Verma

Enzymes in the
Valorization of Waste
Enzymes play a vital role in the enzymatic hydrolysis of waste for its conversion
to useful value-added products. Enzymatic Hydrolysis of Waste for Development
of Value-added Products focusses on the role of key enzymes such as cellulase,
hemicellulases, amylases, and auxiliary enzymes (LMPOs), used in the hydrolysis
step of the biorefinery setup. Further, it discusses the role of enzymes in the gen-
eration of reducing sugars and value-added compounds, with major emphasis on
recent advances in the field. The mechanism, importance, type, evolution, and role
of enzymes in hydrolysis constitute the crux of this volume, which is illustrated with
examples and pertinent case studies.
Features:
• Explores the role of hydrolyzing enzymes in the breakdown and transfor-
mation of biomass hydrolysis.
• Discusses the potential of auxiliary enzymes (LPMOs) for enhancing
hydrolysis potential.
• Covers recent developments in the field of enzymatic-assisted hydrolysis of
waste for conversion of waste to value-added products.
• Deliberates all possible products that can be generated from enzymatic
hydrolysis of waste and their potential utilization.
• Elucidates the limitations and advantages of enzyme-based hydrolysis and
possible strategies for moving from the laboratory to large scale industries.
This book is aimed at graduate students, researchers and related industry profession-
als in biochemical engineering, environmental science, wastewater treatment, bio-
technology, applied microbiology, biomass-based biorefinery, biochemistry, green
chemistry, sustainable development, waste treatment, enzymology, microbial bio-
technology, and waste valorization.
Novel Biotechnological Applications for Waste to Value
Conversion
Series Editors: Neha Srivastava, IIT BHU Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India and
Manish Srivastava, IIT BHU Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India
Solid waste and its sustainable management is considered as one of the major global
issue due to industrialization and economic growth. Effective solid waste manage-
ment (SWM) is a major challenge in the areas with high population density, and
despite significant development in social, economic and environmental areas, SWM
systems is still increasing the environmental pollution day by day. Thus, there is an
urgent need to attend to this issue for green and sustainable environment. Therefore,
this proposed book series is a sustainable attempt to cover waste management and
their conversion into value added products.
Utilization of Waste Biomass in Energy, Environment and Catalysis
Dan Bahadur Pal and Pardeep Singh
Nanobiotechnology for Safe Bioactive Nanobiomaterials
Poushpi Dwivedi, Shahid S. Narvi, Ravi Prakash Tewari and Dhanesh Tiwary
Sustainable Microbial Technologies for Valorization of Agro-Industrial Wastes
Jitendra Kumar Saini, Surender Singh and Lata Nain
Enzymes in the Valorization of Waste
Enzymatic Pre-treatment of Waste for Development of Enzyme based Biorefinery
(Vol I)
Pradeep Verma
Enzymes in the Valorization of Waste
Enzymatic Hydrolysis of Waste for Development of Value-added Products (Vol II)
Pradeep Verma
Enzymes in the Valorization of Waste
Next-Gen Technological Advances for Sustainable Development of Enzyme based
Biorefinery (Vol III)
Pradeep Verma
Biotechnological Approaches in Waste Management
Rangabhashiyam S, Ponnusami V and Pardeep Singh
Agricultural and Kitchen Waste
Energy and Environmental Aspects
Dan Bahadur Pal and Amit Kumar Tiwari
For more information about this series, please visit: www.routledge.com/Novel-
Biotechnological-Applications-for-Waste-to-Value-Conversion/book-series/NVAWVC
Enzymes in the
Valorization of Waste
Enzymatic Hydrolysis of Waste for
Development of Value-added Products
Edited by
Pradeep Verma
First edition published 2023
by CRC Press
6000 Broken Sound Parkway NW, Suite 300, Boca Raton, FL 33487-2742
and by CRC Press
4 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon, OX14 4RN
CRC Press is an imprint of Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
© 2023 selection and editorial matter, Pradeep Verma; individual chapters, the contributors
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cannot assume responsibility for the validity of all materials or the consequences of their use. The authors
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ISBN: 978-1-032-03509-3 (hbk)
ISBN: 978-1-032-03510-9 (pbk)
ISBN: 978-1-003-18768-4 (ebk)
DOI: 10.1201/9781003187684
Typeset in Times
by SPi Technologies India Pvt Ltd (Straive)
Contents
Preface ......................................................................................................................vii
Acknowledgments .....................................................................................................ix
Editor .........................................................................................................................xi
Contributors ............................................................................................................xiii
Abbreviations .........................................................................................................xvii
Chapter 1 Bioprocessing Approaches for Enzyme-based Waste Biomass
Saccharification ....................................................................................1
Navnit Kumar Ramamoorthy, Puja Ghosh, S. Renganathan,
and V. Venkateswara Sarma
Chapter 2 Developments in Hydrolysis Processes Toward Enzymatic
Hydrolysis in Biorefinery ...................................................................39
Liya Thurakkal, Anna Jose, and Mintu Porel
Chapter 3 Overview of the Mechanism of Hydrolytic Enzymes
and Their Application in Waste Treatment .........................................61
Pradipta Patra, Manali Das, Bharat Manna, Amit Ghosh,
and P. K. Sinha
Chapter 4 Cellulase in Waste Valorization ..........................................................91
Manswama Boro, Ashwani Kumar Verma, Dixita Chettri,
and Anil Kumar Verma
Chapter 5 Cellulosic Bioethanol Production from Liquid Wastes
Using Enzymatic Valorization ..........................................................109
Surinder Singh, Diksha, Mohd. Aseel Rizwan, S. K. Kansal,
S. Suresh, Mamta Bhagat, Sarika Verma, and S. Arisutha
Chapter 6 The Role of Pectinases in Waste Valorization ..................................127
Cecil Antony, Praveen Kumar Ghodke,
and Saravanakumar Thiyagarajan
Chapter 7 Recent Advances in Enzyme-assisted Hydrolysis of Waste
Biomass to Value-added Products ....................................................155
Ria Majumdar, Umesh Mishra, Biswanath Bhunia,
and Muthusivaramapandian Muthuraj
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vi Contents
Chapter 8 Valorization of Recalcitrant Feather-waste by Extreme
Microbes ...........................................................................................183
Sanket K. Gaonkar and Irene J. Furtado
Chapter 9 The Role of Halophilic Enzymes in Bioremediation of Waste
in Saline Systems .............................................................................227
Sushama U. Dessai and Irene J. Furtado
Index ......................................................................................................................247
Preface
The modern era can be called an era of waste. Rapid population growth has increased
the needs of people and accommodating these requirements of a modern fast-paced
life has led to the generation of huge amounts of waste. Different anthropogenic
activities result in the generation of waste from non-biodegradable plastics to biode-
gradable organic or biological products (for example, from agriculture, animal prod-
uct processing, forest product processing, marine and municipal waste, and food,
feed, textile, pulp, leather processing industries etc.). Waste disposal has been con-
sidered one of the most critical issues in current times. Nevertheless, humankind
always surprises with a great ability to turn a crisis into an opportunity.
With this aim in the past few decades, several processes have been developed to
convert these wastes into value-added compounds such as: biobutanol, bioethanol,
and other high-value essential compounds. Several physical and chemical methods
have been developed to facilitate these conversions and resource recoveries from
waste. But the cost involved, environmental concerns and the non-sustainable nature
of physical and chemical methods has led the focus to shift toward biological meth-
ods. Among several biological methods, the role of enzymes in these important steps
of bioconversion of waste to value has been critical.
Waste-based biorefineries focus on an integrated system for complete valorization
of wastes generated by generation of value-added compounds. The waste biomass
consists of lignin, hemicelluloses, cellulose, starch, pectin, lipids and so on that can
be used as precursor compounds for generation of several building block chemicals
as well as fuels. The production of suitable liquid or gaseous fuel and value-added
compounds occur through a series of steps. The role of different enzymes is impor-
tant to the biorefinery concept with a critical role in the two most rate-limiting steps
of biorefinery: pretreatment and hydrolysis. These enzymes by their action on differ-
ent components of the waste can lead to generation of specific oligomers and mono-
mers. These oligomeric and monomeric compounds can be subsequently converted
to biofuels or can be used as the building block for commercially important chemi-
cals. In order to understand the role of enzymes in these two critical steps, their
source, structural and mechanistic properties, and technological advancements in the
field of enzymology for their application in waste-to-value generation need to be
understood. Thus, this book as a part of the book series Novel Biotechnological
Applications for Waste-to-Value Conversion consists of nine chapters under the the-
matic areas associated with the hydrolysis step of biorefinery. This book provides an
insight into enzyme-assisted waste biorefinery via presenting basic information on
waste biomass saccharification and the development of the enzymatic hydrolysis
process. This book also gives mechanistic insight into enzymatic hydrolysis during
waste biomass valorization, with special emphasis on production, purification and
overexpression of cellulases and pectinases, and their implementation in waste bio-
refinery. Furthermore, recent advances in enzyme-assisted hydrolysis of waste bio-
mass to value-added product generation has also been highlighted in this book.
Additionally, the role of extreme microbes in the valorization of recalcitrant feather
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viii Preface
waste and the bioremediation of saline waste using halophilic enzymes have been
systematically presented. This book can provide insight to researchers, students, aca-
demicians, scientists, and professionals working in the area of enzyme-mediated
waste biomass hydrolysis, valorization, and bioremediation.
Acknowledgments
First, I would like to convey my gratitude to the series editors, Dr. Neha Srivastava
and Dr. Manish Srivastava for inviting us to submit this book in the book series Novel
Biotechnological Applications for Waste-to-Value Conversion. I am thankful to CRC
Press for accepting my proposal to act as editor for the current book volume. The
current volume of this book series is only possible because of the support from all
the researchers and academicians who contributed to this book, therefore the editor
is thankful for their contributions. I would also like to thank my PhD scholar Dr.
Bikash Kumar, currently working as Post-doctoral Researcher at the Indian Institute
of Technology, Guwahati for providing me with editorial assistance and technical
support during all stages of book development. I am also thankful to the Central
University of Rajasthan (CURAJ), Ajmer, India for providing infrastructural sup-
port and a suitable teaching and research environment. The teaching and research
experience at CURAJ has provided the necessary understanding of the needs of aca-
demicians, students, and researchers that was greatly helpful during the development
of this book. I am also thankful to the Department of Biotechnology for providing
me with funds through sponsored projects (Grant No. BT/304/ NE/TBP/2012 and
BT/PR7333/PBD/26/373/2012), for setting up my laboratory the Bioprocess and
Bioenergy Laboratory. I am always thankful to God and my parents for their bless-
ings. I also express my deep sense of gratitude to my wife and children for their sup-
port both during the development of this book and in life.
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