Environmental Security in the Arctic Ocean

477 Pages·2013·6.88 MB·English

by  Arturo Nikolayevich Chilingarov (auth.)

Environmental Security in the Arctic Ocean
NATO Science for Peace and Security Series
This Series presents the results of scientifi c meetings supported under the NATO
Programme: Science for Peace and Security (SPS).
The NATO SPS Programme supports meetings in the following Key Priority areas:
(1) Defence Against Terrorism; (2) Countering other Threats to Security and (3) NATO,
Partner and Mediterranean Dialogue Country Priorities. The types of meeting supported
are generally “A dvanced Study Institutes” and “Advanced Research Workshops”. The
NATO SPS Series c ollects together the results of these meetings. The meetings are
co-organized by scientists from NATO countries and scientists from NATO’s “Partner”
or “Mediterranean Dialogue” countries. The observations and recommendations made
at the meetings, as well as the contents of the volumes in the Series, re fl ect those of
participants and contributors only; they should not n ecessarily be regarded as refl ecting
NATO views or policy.
Advanced Study Institutes (ASI) are high-level tutorial courses to convey the latest
developments in a subject to an advanced-level audience
Advanced Research Workshops (ARW) are expert meetings where an intense but
informal exchange of views at the frontiers of a subject aims at identifying directions for
future action
Following a transformation of the programme in 2006 the Series has been re-named
and re-organised. Recent volumes on topics not related to security, which result from
meetings supported under the programme earlier, may be found in the NATO Science
Series.
The Series is published by IOS Press, Amsterdam, and Springer, Dordrecht, in conjunction
with the NATO Emerging Security Challenges Division.
Sub-Series
A. Chemistry and Biology Springer
B. Physics and Biophysics Springer
C. Environmental Security Springer
D. Information and Communication Security IOS Press
E. Human and Societal Dynamics IOS Press
http://www.nato.int/science
http://www.springer.com
http://www.iospress.nl
Series C: Environmental Security
Environmental Security
in the Arctic Ocean
edited by
Paul Arthur Berkman
Arctic Ocean Geopolitics Programme
Scott Polar Research Institute/Judge Business School
University of Cambridge, United Kingdom
and
Alexander N. Vylegzhanin
Legal Department of the Council for the Study of Productive Resources
Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russian Federation
Published in Cooperation with NATO Emerging Security Challenges Division
Proceedings of the NATO Advanced Research Workshop on
Environmental Security in the Arctic Ocean
Cambridge, United Kingdom
13–15 October 2010
Library of Congress Control Number: 2012940845
ISBN 978-94-007-4751-7 (PB)
ISBN 978-94-007-4712-8 (HB)
ISBN 978-94-007-4713-5 (e-book)
DOI 10.1007/978-94-007-4713-5
Published by Springer,
P.O. Box 17, 3300 AA Dordrecht, The Netherlands.
www.springer.com
Cover illustration: The cover image from 16 September 2012 shows the minimum
extent of sea ice ever recorded in the Arctic Ocean from satellites, starting in 1979.
The Bering Strait to the Pacific Ocean is on the left and Greenland extending into
the Atlantic Ocean is on the right side with the Northern Sea Route towards the top
and the Northwest Passage towards the bottom of the image. The yellow outline
shows the average sea-ice minimum from 1979 through 2010. Analysis of satellite
data by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) and NASA-
supported National Snow and Ice Data Center (NSIDC) indicate that the 2012 sea-ice
minimum covered only 3.41 million square kilometers, decreasing more than
750,000 square kilometers (an area larger than Texas) compared to the previous
Arctic sea-ice minimum set in September 2007. Moreover, the 2012 sea-ice mini-
mum was 11.83 million square kilometers less than the sea-ice maximum on 20
March 2012, reflecting the environmental state-change from a polar marine system
dominated by old multi-year sea ice to a new Arctic Ocean dominated by young first-
year sea ice. Overall, the coverage of sea ice in the Arctic Ocean has been dimin-
ishing faster than 10% per decade. Sea-ice extent is derived from data captured by
the Scanning Multichannel Microwave Radiometer aboard the Nimbus-7 satellite
from NASA and the Special Sensor Microwave Imager aboard multiple satellites
from the United States Defense Meteorological Satellite Program. NSIDC deter-
mined the 16 September 2012 minimum based on a 5-day trailing average of sea-
ice extent. This image is generously provided by the NASA Goddard Space Flight
Center (GSFC) Scientific Visualization Studio with the Next Generation Blue Marble
data courtesy of Reto Stockli (NASA/GSFC) through www.nasaimages.org.
Printed on acid-free paper
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Contents
NATO Advanced Research Workshop Participant Photograph............... xi
Foreword ........................................................................................................ xiii
Lloyd N. Axworthy
Preface: International, Interdisciplinary and Inclusive Perspectives ...... xix
Acknowledgments ......................................................................................... xxvii
About the Authors ......................................................................................... xxix
Part I Opening Remarks
1 Opening Remarks ................................................................................... 3
Arturo Nikolayevich Chilingarov
2 Opening Remarks ................................................................................... 7
Inuuteq Holm Olsen
3 Opening Remarks ................................................................................... 11
Jan Arild Ellingsen
Part II Environmental State-Change in the Arctic Ocean
4 Diminishing Sea-Ice Extent and Thickness
in the Arctic Ocean ................................................................................. 15
Peter Wadhams
5 Arctic Climate Change: Security Challenges
and Stewardship Opportunities ............................................................. 31
Kenneth S. Yalowitz
vii
viii Contents
6 Sustainable Development Considerations in the Arctic ...................... 37
Nikolaj Bock
7 Arctic Impact Assessment: Setting the Stage ....................................... 59
Robert W. Corell
Part III Geopolitics of the Arctic Ocean
8 Impacts on Indigenous Peoples from Ecosystem
Changes in the Arctic Ocean .................................................................. 75
Patricia A.L. Cochran
9 United States Policy in the Arctic .......................................................... 81
Raymond V. Arnaudo
10 The Environmental Component of the National Maritime
Policy of the Russian Federation in the Arctic Ocean ......................... 93
Dariya V. Vasilevskaya, Alexander V. Nikolaev, and Grigory I. Tsoy
11 Keynote Speech: ‘Canada’s Arctic Foreign Policy’ ............................. 103
James R. Wright
12 Perspectives from a Non-Arctic Nation: The Case of France ............. 109
Maggy Heintz
13 Observations on the Evolution of NATO’s Science Programme ......... 117
James McQuaid
14 Arctic Futures: The Power of Ideas ...................................................... 123
Oran R. Young
Part IV Risks of Instabilities from the Arctic Ocean State-Change
15 Gaps in International Regulatory Frameworks
for the Arctic Ocean ................................................................................ 139
Timo Koivurova
16 Environmental Security Challenges and the Arctic
Council’s Arctic Marine Shipping Assessment .................................... 157
Lawson W. Brigham
17 Oil and Gas Development and Opportunities
in the Arctic Ocean ................................................................................. 175
Robert J. Blaauw
18 The Arctic Ocean and UNCLOS Article 76:
Are There Any Commons? ..................................................................... 185
Lars Kullerud, Yannick Christian Beaudoin, Jean-Nicolas Poussart,
Peter Prokosch, and Harald Sund
Contents ix
19 Cooperation or Conflict in the New Arctic?
Too Simple of a Dichotomy! ................................................................... 195
Rob Huebert
20 The Security Implications of Climate Change
in the Arctic Ocean ................................................................................. 205
Kristian Åtland
Part V Arctic Ocean Infrastructure Considerations
21 Global Change, Northern Transformations,
and a Changing Socio-Economic Landscape ........................................ 219
Joan Nymand Larsen
22 Legal Aspects of Navigation Through the Northern Sea Route ......... 231
Ivan V. Bunik and Vladimir V. Mikhaylichenko
23 Ensuring Safe, Secure and Reliable Shipping
in the Arctic Ocean ................................................................................. 241
Heike Deggim
24 The Challenges of Oil Spill Response in the Arctic ............................. 255
Staff Working Paper No. 5, National Commission on the BP Deepwater
Horizon Oil Spill and Offshore Drilling
25 Transatlantic Policy Options to Address
the Rapidly Changing Arctic ................................................................. 281
Sandra Cavalieri and R. Andreas Kraemer
Part VI Promoting Cooperation and Preventing
Con fl ict in the Arctic Ocean
26 Political Stability and Multi-level Governance in the Arctic .............. 297
Olav Schram Stokke
27 Arctic Science in the Common Interest ................................................. 313
Steven C. Bigras
28 Achieving Environmental Security in the Arctic Ocean:
The Institutional Challenges .................................................................. 323
Ingo Winkelmann
29 Can Competent Authorities Cooperate for the Common
Good: Towards a Collective Arrangement
in the North-East Atlantic ...................................................................... 333
David Johnson
x Contents
30 Cooperation Across Boundaries in the Arctic Ocean:
The Legal Framework and the Development of Policies ..................... 345
Rolf Einar Fife
31 Cooperation in the Arctic Region: Legal Aspects ................................ 359
Marie Jacobsson
Part VII Conclusions
32 Conclusions: Building Common Interests
in the Arctic Ocean ................................................................................. 371
Paul Arthur Berkman and Alexander N. Vylegzhanin
Appendices ....................................................................................................... 405
Appendix 1: Workshop Agenda ............................................................. 406
Appendix 2: Workshop Participants ..................................................... 410
Appendix 3: A greement on Cooperation on Aeronautical
and Maritime Search and Rescue in the
Arctic / French / Russian (Nuuk, Greenland,
12 May 2011) with Signatures .......................................... 425
Index ................................................................................................................. 443