Table Of ContentNATO Science for Peace and Security Series - C:
Environmental Security
Environmental Security
Assessment and Management
of Obsolete Pesticides
in Southeast Europe
Edited by
Lubomir I. Simeonov
Fliur Z. Macaev
Biana G. Simeonova
AB3
Environmental Security Assessment
and Management of Obsolete Pesticides
in Southeast Europe
NATO Science for Peace and Security Series
This Series presents the results of scientific meetings supported under the NATO
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SeriesC:EnvironmentalSecurity
Environmental Security Assessment
and Management of Obsolete
Pesticides in Southeast Europe
editedby
Lubomir I. Simeonov
SpaceResearch andTechnologyInstitute
Bulgarian Academyof Sciences
Sofia, Bulgaria
Fliur Z. Macaev
Institute ofChemistry
Academyof Sciences of theRepublic of Moldova
Chisinau, Moldova
and
Biana G. Simeonova
Institute ofElectronics
Bulgarian Academyof Sciences
Sofia, Bulgaria
Published inCooperation withNATO EmergingSecurity ChallengesDivision
Proceedings of theNATOAdvancedStudy Institute on
Environmental Security AssessmentandManagement of Obsolete
Pesticidesin SoutheastEurope
Varna,Bulgaria
11–17 September2012
Libraryof Congress Control Number: 2013937992
ISBN 978-94-007-6493-4 (PB)
ISBN 978-94-007-6460-6 (HB)
ISBN 978-94-007-6461-3 (e-book)
DOI 10.1007/978-94-007-6461-3
Published bySpringer,
P.O.Box17, 3300AA Dordrecht,TheNetherlands.
www.springer.com
Printedon acid-freepaper
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Preface
The book is developed on the basis of the contributions at the NATO Advanced
Study Institute on Environmental Security Assessment and Management of
ObsoletePesticidesinSoutheastEurope,whichtookplaceinGoldenSandsResort
nearVarna,Bulgaria,between11and17ofSeptember2012.Themaingoalofthe
NATO Advanced Study Institute was to evaluate the current extent of improper
disposal of obsolete pesticides in the region of Southeast Europe, to estimate the
associated impact on environmental health and to develop recommendations to
mitigateoreliminatethreatsposedtotheenvironment,biodiversityandhumanlife.
Theindustrialproductionanduseofpesticideshasarelativelyshortbutcontro-
versial history. Pesticides are chemicals specifically manufactured to be toxic to
target organisms and pests and are deliberately introduced in the environment in
large amounts. Yet without pesticides, the modern development of agriculture
would be impossible and public health could, in some cases, be compromised.
The extensive use and/or improper use of pesticides can entail risks for human
health,fornon-targetorganismsandfortheenvironmentonawhole.Riskassess-
ment and management of pesticide exposure should be a key activity in any
country, particularly in countries with economies in transition. In such cases,
special attention must be given to the issue of obsolete pesticides. Examples of
obsoletepesticidesarethosethatareunwantedbecausethemanufacturer’sexpira-
tion date has passed, the material is “left over” after the pest problem has been
resolved, the material was purchased in excess quantities, the material is banned
because of environmental or public health reasons or the material has undergone
degradationandalterationtocreatenewhazardouschemicalby-productsasaresult
of improper storage. Because of the enormous chemical complexity, at present
the only accepted management option for obsolete pesticides is their immediate
environmentallysaferemovalanddestruction.
The objectives of the NATO Advanced Study Institute included the following
issuesinmoredetail:toconsiderthetransportandfateofpesticidesandassociated
contaminated materials in different environmental media and to identify the prin-
cipal sources, emission routes and patterns of environmental pollution with pesti-
cides; to identify the most suitable methods for environmental sampling analysis
v
vi Preface
and sample preparation; to evaluate current methods and techniques for chemical
analysisofenvironmentalandbiologicalsamplesanddiscussthemetrologicaland
qualityaspectsoftraceanalysisandissuessuchasmethodvalidation,dataproces-
singanduncertaintyevaluationforpesticidepollutantdetermination;tocharacter-
ize the environmental and human health impactsofpesticide pollution, the health
effects associated with acute and chronic exposure, and associations between
pesticidepollutionandhumandiseases;topresentadvancedresearchtechnologies
and specialized computer models relating to exposure assessment, chemical fate
and transport, and risk assessment; to discuss of issues such as model sensitivity,
availability,uncertaintyandpredictivevalue;topresenttheadvantagesanddraw-
backsofconventionalvs.emergingtechnologiesforeliminationanddestructionof
obsoletepesticidesandby-products;tosurveytheinternationalconventions,direc-
tivesandstandardsconcerningpesticideuse.
TheNATOAdvancedStudyInstitutecontributedfortheexchangeofknowledge
betweenexperiencedscientistsandyoungresearchersfromNATOandpartnering
countries; for the identification of data gaps and opportunities for international
collaborationonresearchpriorities;forthepriorityandresponseactionsettingfor
contaminated environmental media; for the risk-based management efforts to
reduce theimpactofobsoletepesticidesontheenvironment;fortheprioritization
and recommendation for urgent, short-term and long-term policies intended to
prevent,orlimit,theimpactsofobsoletepesticidesontheenvironmentandpublic
health;forthestimulationofnationalpoliciesandstrategiesforchemicalsafetyand
pollutionpreventionbasedonriskanalyses;andfortheharmonizationofregulatory
policies,personneltrainingandeducationandincreasinggeneralpublicawareness
oftheproblemsofobsoletepesticideuse.
LubomirI.Simeonov
SpaceResearchandTechnologyInstitute
BulgarianAcademyofSciences
Sofia,Bulgaria
FliurZ.Macaev
InstituteofChemistry
AcademyofSciencesofMoldova
Chisinau,Moldova
BianaG.Simeonova
InstituteofElectronics
BulgarianAcademyofSciences
Sofia,Bulgaria
Acknowledgements
TheorganizerswishtoexpresstheirgratitudetothestaffoftheNATOSciencefor
Peace and Security Programme, Emerging Security Challenges Division, for the
approvaloftheAdvancedStudyInstituteandtheFinancialAwardprovided,which
madetheeventpossible.Ourspecial thanksgotoDr.DenizBeten,SeniorSPS&
Partnership Cooperation Adviser, and to Ms. Lynne Campbell-Nolan, SPS
ProgrammeandESCD.
The editors are especially grateful to the Publishing Editor of the book,
Mrs. Annelies Kersbergen, from the Springer/NATO Publishing Unit for the
collaboration and assistance in the preparation of this publication following the
NATO Advanced Study Institute on Environmental Security Assessment and
Management of Obsolete Pesticides in Southeast Europe, Golden Sands Resort,
Varna,Bulgaria,between11and17ofSeptember2012.
vii
Contents
1 ObsoletePesticides–AThreattoEnvironment,
BiodiversityandHumanHealth........................................ 1
EzraJ.Mrema,FedericoM.Rubino,andClaudioColosio
2 DesigningGoodSamplingPlansforCharacterizing
PesticidePollution....................................................... 23
ThomasA.Lewandowski
3 AnalyticalApproachesforSamplingandSamplePreparation
forPesticidesAnalysisinEnvironmental,FoodandBiological
Samples................................................................... 37
ElisabetaChirilaandCameliaDra˘ghici
4 TheProblemofSeekingEnvironmentallySoundDevelopment:
TheCaseofObsoletePesticidesAssessmentModels................. 55
GannaKharlamova
5 ExposureAssessmenttoHazardousPesticides–Strategies
toReduceHumanandEnvironmentalRisks.......................... 69
MariadeLurdesDinisandAnto´nioFiu´za
6 PsychosomaticandPsychosocialAspectsofRiskPerception........ 85
VladimirBencko
7 EnantioselectivityofChiralPesticidesintheEnvironment.......... 91
CameliaDra˘ghici,ElisabetaChirila,andMihaelaSica
8 HealthEffectsAssociatedwithAcuteandChronic
ExposuretoPesticides................................................... 103
AlinaFarcas,AndreeaValceanuMatei,CristinaFlorian,
MihaelaBadea,andGheorgheComan
ix
