Environmental Risk Reduction Strategy and Analysis of Advantages and Drawbacks for ...

348 Pages·2005·1.12 MB·English

Environmental Risk Reduction Strategy and
Analysis of Advantages and Drawbacks
for Hexavalent Chromium
Under Framework Contract: CPEC 24
Final Report
prepared for the Department for Environment,
Food and Rural Affairs
RPA
October 2005

Environmental Risk Reduction Strategy and Analysis of
Advantages and Drawbacks for Hexavalent Chromium
Under Framework Contract: CPEC 24
Final Report – October 2005
prepared for
Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs
by
Risk & Policy Analysts Limited,
Farthing Green House, 1 Beccles Road, Loddon, Norfolk, NR14 6LT, UK
Tel: [phone] Fax: [phone]
Email: [email protected]
Web: www.rpaltd.co.uk
RPA REPORT – ASSURED QUALITY
Project: Ref/Title J501b/Cr(VI) RRS
In accordance with Project Specification, Scoping
Approach:
Meeting Discussions and Steering Group Discussions
Report Status: Final Report
Prepared by: Panos Zarogiannis, Senior Consultant, Project Manager
Approved for issue by: Meg Postle, Project Director
Date: 31 October 2005
If printed by RPA, this report is published on chlorine free, 100% recycled paper.

Risk & Policy Analysts
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
ABBREVIATIONS iii
LIST OF TABLES vii
LIST OF FIGURES xi
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY xiii
1. INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background to the Study 1
1.2 Objectives and Approach 2
1.3 Structure of this Report 3
2. USES AND MARKETS FOR HEXAVALENT CHROMIUM
2.1 Production of Hexavalent Chromium Substances 5
2.2 Overview of Uses and Markets for Hexavalent Chromium Substances 8
2.3 Metal Finishing 11
2.4 Leather Tanning Salts 35
2.5 Wood Preservation Products 39
2.6 Pigments and Dyes 47
2.7 Vitamin K Manufacture 50
2.8 Chromium Metal Manufacture 50
2.9 Magnetic Tapes 51
2.10 Montan Wax 52
2.11 Catalysts 53
2.12 Other Uses 53
2.13 Country-specific Data 54
3. RESULTS OF THE ESRRISK ASSESSMENT
3.1 Overview 61
3.2 Background to the Environmental Risk Assessment 61
3.3 Lifecycle Areas Associated with Conclusion (iii) 76
3.4 Lifecycle Stages Excluded from the Environmental RRS 76
3.5 Overview of Conclusions of Human Health Risk Assessment 84
4. EXISTING CONTROLS ON EMISSIONS AND EXPOSURE TO HEXAVALENT
CHROMIUM
4.1 EU-wide Legislation Controlling Emissions and Exposure 87
4.2 Other International Initiatives 127
4.3 National Measures 133
4.4 Voluntary Action by Industry 170
4.5 Current Control Technologies and Techniques for Risk Reduction 174
4.6 Existing Controls – Consultation Findings 184
4.7 Other Emissions Data 196
4.8 Summary of Applicability and Effectiveness of Existing Controls 197
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Contents
5. POSSIBLEFURTHER RISKREDUCTION MEASURES
5.1 Overview 207
5.2 The Range of Possible Measures 207
5.3 Identification of Possible Measures 207
5.4 Possible Means of Implementation 212
5.5 EU Strategy for a Future Chemicals Policy (REACH) 218
6. ALTERNATIVES TO HEXAVALENT CHROMIUM COMPOUNDS
6.1 Overview 221
6.2 Alternatives for Hexavalent Chromium in Metal Finishing 221
7. ASSESSMENT OF POSSIBLE FURTHER RISK REDUCTION MEASURES
7.1 Overview 233
7.2 Cessation or Phase-Out of Use 235
7.3 Legislation to Reduce Emissions and Exposure 242
7.4 Economic Instruments 250
7.5 Provision of Information 256
7.6 Negotiated Voluntary Agreements 259
7.7 Summary of Assessment of Further Risk Reduction Options 265
8. RECOMMENDATIONS FOR A RISK REDUCTION STRATEGY
8.1 The RAR and the Underlying Uncertainties 269
8.2 Links between the Environmental and Human Health RRSs 271
8.3 Recommendations for a Risk Reduction Strategy 271
9. REFERENCES 277
ANNEX 1: PROJECT SPECIFICATION
ANNEX 2: LIST OF CONSULTEES
ANNEX 3: UKCODE OF PRACTICE FOR DESIGN AND OPERATION OF TIMBER
TREATMENT INSTALLATIONS
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Risk & Policy Analysts
ABBREVIATIONS
AbfKlärV Klärschlammverordnung
AbwV Abwasserverordnung
AWPA American Wood Preservers’ Association
BAT Best Available Techniques
BATNEEC Best Available Technology not Entailing Excessive Costs
BBodSchG Bundesbodenschutzgesetz
BCSP Polish Bureau for Chemical Substances and Preparations
BEP Best Environmental Practice
BfR German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment
BIME Brussels Institute for Management of the Environment
BPD Biocidal Products Directive
BREF Best Available Technique Reference
BRE Building Research Establishment
BS British Standard
BSTSA British Surface Treatment Suppliers Association
CASS Copper-accelerated Salt-spray
CC Copper Chromium
CCA Copper Chromium Arsenate
CCB Copper Chromium Borate
CCF Copper Chromium Fluoride
CCL Copper clad laminate
CCP Copper Chromium Phosphate
CEC Commission of the European Communities
CEN European Committee for Standardisation
COMMPS Combined Monitoring-Based and Modelling-Based Priority Setting
CORP UK Control of Pesticides Regulations
COSHH Control of Substances Hazardous to Health
CSR Chemical Safety Report
CSTEE Scientific Committee on Toxicity, Ecotoxicity and the Environment
CTBA Centre Technique du Bois et de l'Ameublement (France)
Cu-HDO Bis-(N-cyclohexyldiazeniumdioxy)-copper
Defra UK Department for Environment Food and Rural Affairs
DG Directorate-general
DIBt Deutschen Instituts für Bautechnik (German Institute for Constructional
Engineering)
DIY Do-It-Yourself
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Abbreviations
DWI Drawn wall ironed
ECCS Electro chromium coated steel
EEC European Economic Community
EIPPCB European Integrated Pollution Prevention and Control Bureau
ELV End of Life Vehicles
EN European Norm
EPA Environmental Protection Agency
EPER European Pollutant Emission Register
EPR Electron Paramagnetic Resonance
EQS Environmental Quality Standard
ESR Existing Substances Regulation
EU European Union
FEI Finnish Environment Institute
GDP Gross Domestic Product
Helcom Baltic Marine Environment Protection Commission (Helsinki Commission)
HSE UK Health and Safety Executive
IBC Intermediate Bulk Container
IC Industry Category
ICDA International Cadmium Development Association
ICRCL Interdepartmental Committee for the Redevelopment of Contaminated Land
IPPC Integrated Pollution Prevention and Control
IR Infrared
IRG International Research Group on Wood Protection
ISO International Organisation for Standardisation
MAPP Major Accident Prevention Plan
NWPC Nordic Wood Preservation Council
OECD Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development
OEM Original Equipment Manufacturer
OHSAS Occupational Health and Safety Management System
OSPAR Oslo-Paris Convention for the Protection of the Marine Environment of the
North East Atlantic
PBB Polybrominated biphenyls
PBDE Polybrominated diphenylether
PEC Predicted Environmental Concentration
PNEC Predicted No Effect Concentration
RAR Risk Assessment Report
RBD River Basin District
RBMP River Basin Management Plan
REACH Registration, Evaluation and Authorisation of Chemicals
RIVM Rijksinstituut voor Volksgezondheid en Milieu
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Risk & Policy Analysts
RIZA Rijksinstituut voor Integraal Zoetwaterbeheer en Afvalwaterbehandeling
(Institute for Inland Water Management and Waste Water Treatment)
RoHS Reduction of Hazardous Substances
RPA Risk & Policy Analysts Ltd.
RRS Risk Reduction Strategy
SEA UK Surface Engineering Association
SME Small to Medium Enterprise
SNFPI Lithuanian State Non Food Products Inspectorate
TGD Technical Guidance Document
TNsG Technical Notes for Guidance (for the Biocidal Products Directive)
TWG Technical Working Group
UES Uniform Emission Standard
USGS United States Geological Survey
UV Ultraviolet
WEEE Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment
WFD Water Framework Directive
WQO Water Quality Objective
WWTP Wastewater treatment plant
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Abbreviations
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