Table Of ContentABOUT ISLAND PRESS
Island Press, a nonprofit organization, publishes, markets, distributes the
most advanced thinking on the conservation of our natural resources-books
about soil, land, water, forests, wildlife, and hazardous and toxic wastes. These
books are practical tools used by public officials, business and industry leaders,
natural resource managers, and concerned citizens working to solve both local
and global resource problems.
Founded in 1978, Island Press reorganized in 1984 to meet the increasing
demand for substantive books on all resource-related issues. Island Press pub
lishes and distributes under its own imprint and offers these services to other
nonprofit organizations.
Support for Island Press is provided by Apple Computers, Inc., Mary Rey
nolds Babcock Foundation, Geraldine R. Dodge Foundation, The Educational
Foundation of America, The Charles Engelhard Foundation, The Ford Foun
dation, Glen Eagles Foundation, The George Gund Foundation, The William
and Flora Hewlett Foundation, The Joyce Foundation, The J. M. Kaplan Fund,
and John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation, The Andrew W. Mellon
Foundation, The Joyce Mertz-Gilmore Foundation, The New-Land Founda
tion, The Jessie Smith Noyes Foundation, The J. N. Pew, Jr., Charitable Trust,
Alida Rockefeller, The Rockefeller Brothers Fund, The Florence and John
Schumann Foundation, The Tides Foundation, and individual donors.
ENVIRONMENTAL
RESTORATION
ENVIRONMENTAL
RESTORATION
SCIENCE AND STRATEGIES
FOR RESTORING THE EARTH
EDITED BY
JoHN J. BERGER
RESTORING THE EARTH
IT~IL~WJID:l jp)m,[E~~
Washington, D.C. 0 Covelo, California
© 1990 Restoring the Earth
All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced in any form or by
any means without permission in writing from the publisher: Island Press,
Suite 300, 1718 Connecticut Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20009.
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Restoring the Earth Conference (1988: University of California, Berkeley)
Environmental restoration: science and strategies for restoring the Earth:
selected papers from the Restoring the Earth Conference
I John J. Berger, editor.
p. em.
Includes bibliographical references.
ISBN 0-933280-94-7. - ISBN 0-933280-93-9 (pbk.)
1. Restoration ecology-Congresses. 2. Reclamation of land-Congresses.
I. Berger, John J. II. Restoring the Earth (Organization) III. Title.
QH541.15.R45R49 1988
333.7'153-dc20 89-26719
CIP
Printed on recycled, acid-free paper
Manufactured in the United States of America
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
CONTENTS
Preface ........................................................................ xi
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xv
I. Restoration of Land . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
Agricultural Lands, Barrens, Coastal Ecosystems, Prairies, and
Rangelands . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
The Restoration of Agricultural Lands and Drylands
(Bainbridge) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
Land Imprinting for Dryland Revegetation and Restoration
(Dixon) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
Desert Restoration: The Role of Woody Legumes (Virginia) . . . . 23
Barrens Restoration in the Cretaceous Hills of Pope and
Massac Counties, Illinois (Stritch) 31
00 00 00.00 00.00 00 00 00 00.00 00 00
Dune Revegetation at Buhne Point, King Salmon, California
(Pickart) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
Thermal Microenvironments and the Restoration of Rare
Butterfly Habitat (Weiss and Murphy) 50
00 00 00. 00 00 00 00 00. 00 00 00.
Pest Plants in Woodland Restorations (Harrington and
Howell) .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . ... ..... ... .. .. .. .. .. .. ..... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. 61
Restoration of Dune Habitat at Spanish Bay {Guinon and
Allen) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70
Abstract: Natural Systems Agriculture: Developing
Applications for the Prairie Areas of Minnesota and
Surrounding States (Boody) 81
00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00.00 00
Abstract: Restoration on the Ocean Shore (Hedgpeth) . . . . . . . . . . 82
Temperate Forests and Watersheds 83
00. 00 • 00. 00 00 • 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00
Restoration Reforestation (Horowitz) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84
The Plant-Soil Bootstrap: Microorganisms and Reclamation of
Degraded Ecosystems {Perry and Amaranthus) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94
Mycorrhizal Inoculation of Container Stock for Restoration of
Self-sufficient Vegetation (St. John) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103
Restoration of Degraded Tropical Forests (Hamilton) . . . . . . . . . . . 113
Abstract: Restoration in the Feliz Creek Watershed, California
(Meda) ........................................................... 123
vii
viii Contents
Abstract: Islands of Life: Restoring and Maintaining
Presettlement Plant and Animal Communities in the Ohio
Metropolitan Park District (Nolin) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . 124
Abstract: Urban Woodland Management (Antenen) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125
Mined Land . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127
Revegetation of Abandoned Acid Coal Mine Spoil in South
Central Iowa (Covert) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128
Restoration Symbiosis: Integrating Environmental Programs
into Industrial Operations for Quarry Reclamation Success at
Coaldale, Colorado (Klco) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137
Abstract: Ecological Mining (Hill) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 142
Abstract: Constructed Wetlands for Wastewater Treatment-
An Overview of Applications and Potentials (Brodie,
Hammer, Steiner, Tomlfanovich, and Watson) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143
Soil Bioengineering and Revegetation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145
Introduction to Soil Bioengineering Restoration (Sotir) . . . . . . . . . 146
Erosion Control Effectiveness: Comparative Studies of
Alternative Mulching Techniques (Harding) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149
Abstract: Use of Erosion Control Blankets on Harsh Sites
(Harding, Betts, and Juncker) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157
Urban Issues, Parks, and Waste Treatment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159
Habitat Restoration on a Central Texas Office Building Site
(Mahler and Walther) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 160
Management Strategies for Increasing Habitat and Species
Diversity in an Urban National Park (Cook and Tanacredi) 171
Abstract: Fact or Fantasy: From Landfill to National Park
(Tanacredi) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 178
Abstract: Wastewater Disposal in a Forest Evapotranspiration
System (James) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 180
Solid, Toxic, and Radioactive Waste Management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181
Abstract: Composting and Recycling Organic Wastes: The
Environmental Imperative (Blum) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 182
Abstract: The United States of America's Future in Toxic
Waste Management: Lessons from Europe (Piasecki) . . . . . . . . . 184
Abstract: Environmental Assessment, Site Selection and
Characterization for the California Low Level Radioactive
Waste Disposal Facility (Winsor) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 186
Abstract: The Decommissioning of Nuclear Power Plants
(Manetas) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 188
Contents ix
II. Restoration of Aquatic Systems ........................................ 189
Estuaries, Rivers, and Lakes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 191
Biscayne Bay: A Decade of Restoration Progress {Thorhaug,
Man, and Ruvin) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 192
Willow Ecophysiology: Implications for Riparian Restoration
(Williams and Matthews) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 196
Aquatic Weed Removal as a Nutrient Export Mechanism in
Lake Okeechobee, Florida {Mericas, Gremillion, and
Terczak) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 203
Fisheries and Streams . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 213
Hydrologic and Channel Stability Considerations in Stream
Habitat Restoration (Kondolf) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 214
Volunteer Stream Restoration on an Agricultural Watershed in
Northwest Ohio {Magsig) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 228
Fresh- and Saltwater Wetlands, Seagrass Beds, and
Vernal Pools . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 235
Hydrologic Techniques for Coastal Wetland Restoration
Illustrated by Two Case Studies (Coats and Williams) . . . . . . . 236
Seasonal Freshwater Wetland Development in South San
Francisco Bay (Silverman and Meiorin) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 247
Construction of Cattail Wetlands Along the East Slope of the
Front Range in Colorado (Buckner and Wheeler) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 258
Restoration of Mangroves and Seagrasses-Economic Benefits
for Fisheries and Mariculture (Thorhaug) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 265
Creation and Monitoring of Vernal Pools at Santa Barbara,
California {Pritchett) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 282
III. Strategic Planning and Land Acquisition for Restoration ............ 293
Restoration of Riparian Wetlands Along a Channelized River:
Oxbow Lakes and the Middle Missouri (Sowl) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 294
Land Acquisition for Restoration and Protection (Brumback
and Brumback) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 306
Watershed Planning and Restoration: Achieving Holism
Through Interjurisdictional Solutions (Ford, Glatzel, and
Piro) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 312
Resolving Coastal Restoration Conflicts: Environmental
Protection Guarantees (Shonman) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 321
Restoration of Endangered Species: A Strategy for Conservation
(Falk) ............................................................. 328
State Coastal Zone Resource Restoration and the Common
Law Public Trust Doctrine (Trefts) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 335
