Environmental Regulatory Calculations Handbook

585 Pages·2008·7.609 MB·English

by  Leo Stander, Louis Theodore(auth.)

ENVIRONMENTAL
REGULATORY
CALCULATIONS
HANDBOOK

ENVIRONMENTAL
REGULATORY
CALCULATIONS
HANDBOOK
LEO STANDER
LOUIS THEODORE
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LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData:
Stander,Leo.
Environmentalregulatorycalculationshandbook/byLeoStanderandLouisTheodore.
p.cm.
Includesindex.
ISBN978-0-471-67171-8(cloth)
1. Environmentallaw–UnitedStates. 2. Environmentalpolicy–UnitedStates.
I. Theodore,Louis. II. Title.
KF3775.S732007
344.7304’6–dc22
2007040462
PrintedintheUnitedStatesofAmerica
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
To Linda,Lisa, Elaine, Jeremy, Sally, Liam, andHenry.
Thanks for your support and patience.
(LS)
Toour grandson, Elias. A true joy!
(LT)
CONTENTS
PREFACE xxiii
INTRODUCTION xxvii
1 EARLY ENVIRONMENTAL HISTORY 1
Introduction / 1
TheFirst Humans / 2
TheDevelopment of Agriculture / 3
Colonization of the New World / 4
TheIndustrial Revolution / 6
References / 8
2 CURRENT ENVIRONMENTAL REGULATORY FRAMEWORK 9
Introduction / 9
TheRegulatory System / 10
Laws and Regulations: The Differences / 11
TheRole of the States / 13
Resource Conservation and Recovery Act / 13
Major Toxic Chemical Laws Administered bythe USEPA / 15
Legislative Tools for Controlling WaterPollution / 17
vii
viii CONTENTS
TheSuperfundAmendmentsand Reauthorization
Act of 1986 / 20
TheClean Air Act / 22
Occupational Safety and Health Act (OSHA) / 27
USEPA’s Risk ManagementProgram / 28
ThePollution Prevention Act of 1990 / 29
References / 30
3 CLEANAIR ACT (CAA) 31
Qualitative Problems (LCAA) / 31
LCAA.1 EarlyLegislation / 31
LCAA.2 RecentKey Clean Air Act (CAA) Regulatory Actions / 33
LCAA.3 Sources of Air Pollution / 34
LCAA.4 Nanotechnology Regulations: Air / 34
LCAA.5 Acronyms / 35
LCAA.6 Environmental Law Enforcement / 35
LCAA.7 Bubble Policy / 36
LCAA.8 National Ambient Air Quality Standard (NAAQS) / 36
LCAA.9 Standards for New and Modified Stationary Sources (NSPS) / 38
LCAA.10 Major Stationary Sources (40 CFR52.21) / 41
LCAA.11 Small Sources / 42
LCAA.12 Title V Operating Permits / 43
LCAA.13 Hazardous Air Pollutants (HAPs) / 44
LCAA.14 Continuous Monitoring / 50
LCAA.15 Ozone DepletingSubstances (ODS) Program / 50
LCAA.16 Identifying Ozone Depleting Substances / 52
LCAA.17 Mechanism of Ozone Destruction / 53
LCAA.18 Estimation of GaseousEmissions / 53
LCAA.19 Ethylene Oxide Information / 54
LCAA.20 Bulk Gasoline Terminal / 56
LCAA.21 Pipeline Breakout Station / 57
LCAA.22 Definitions of Volatile Organic Compounds / 58
LCAA.23 Industrial Surface Coating / 60
CONTENTS ix
LCAA.24 Surface Coating Emissions / 62
LCAA.25 Emission Factors / 62
LCAA.26 Furniture Maximum Achievable Control Technology(MACT) / 64
LCAA.27 Wood Furniture Manufacturing Operations / 65
LCAA.28 Halogenated Solvent Cleaning Maximum AchievableControl
Technology (MACT) / 66
LCAA.29 AcidRain Provisions (CAA, Title IV) / 66
LCAA.30 Solvent Selection / 67
LCAA.31 Selecting a Plant Site / 68
Quantitative Problems (TCAA) / 69
TCAA.1 Calculations for Standard Volume (40 CFR §50.3) / 69
TCAA.2 Stack Velocity / 70
TCAA.3 Check for Emission Standards Compliance / 70
TCAA.4 Cyclone Selection / 71
TCAA.5 Electrostatic Precipitation (ESP) Design Procedure / 74
TCAA.6 Filter Bag Fabric Selection / 74
TCAA.7 Collection Efficiency for Particles Smaller
than 1Micron / 76
TCAA.8 Nanoparticle Behavior / 77
TCAA.9 Design Procedure for an Absorption Column / 77
TCAA.10 Design of a Fixed-Bed Adsorber / 78
TCAA.11 Carbon Monoxide Design Value Calculation / 79
TCAA.12 Calculating Percent Volatile Organic
Compounds from Liquid Samples / 80
TCAA.13 NESHAP Compliance Calculation / 81
TCAA.14 Emission Factor Calculation / 83
TCAA.15 Basic Calculations forVolatile OrganicCompound
(VOC) Coatings / 85
TCAA.16 VOC Transfer Efficiency / 88
TCAA.17 VOC Coating Compliance Determinations / 89
TCAA.18 VOC Surface Coating Equivalency Determination / 91
TCAA.19 Equivalency Calculations for a Can
Coating Operation / 93
TCAA.20 Compliance Determination for Auto Plant
Primer Surface (Guide Coat) Operation / 95
x CONTENTS
TCAA.21 Determining Compliance for a Large Appliance
Coating Line Using Several Types of Spray
Equipment / 98
TCAA.22 Estimating Ozone Exceedances for a Year / 101
TCAA.23 Calculation of 8-Hour Ozone Standard / 102
TCAA.24 Estimation of ChloroformEmission from
a Chloromethane Process / 103
TCAA.25 Emulsion Asphalt / 104
TCAA.26 Degreaser Emissions Reductions / 105
TCAA.27 Bakery Emission Rates / 110
TCAA.28 Dry Cleaning Shop / 112
TCAA.29 Bulk Terminal Application / 113
TCAA.30 Pipeline Breakout Station Application / 115
TCAA.31 Plan Review of a Direct Flame Afterburner / 116
TCAA.32 Plan Review of a Catalytic Afterburner / 119
TCAA.33 Sizing a Packed Tower with No Data / 122
TCAA.34 Packed Tower Absorber Design with No Data / 125
TCAA.35 Calculations on an Adsorption Canister / 126
TCAA.36 Atmospheric Discharge Calculation / 127
TCAA.37 Dispersion of Nanoparticles / 128
TCAA.38 Instantaneous“Puff” Model / 131
TCAA.39 Gasoline Service Stations Application / 132
TCAA.40 Stripping of Ethylene Oxide / 134
4 CLEANWATER ACT (CWA) 135
Qualitative Problems (LCWA) / 135
LCWA.1 Clean Water Act History / 135
LCWA.2 The Clean WaterAct / 136
LCWA.3 Water Quality Standards (WQS) / 137
LCWA.4 Water Quality Criteria (WQC) / 138
LCWA.5 Total MaximumDaily Loads (TMDLs) / 139
LCWA.6 TMDL Details / 140
LCWA.7 TMDL Misconception / 142
LCWA.8 Regulatory Explanations / 142
CONTENTS xi
LCWA.9 Wastewater Characteristics / 144
LCWA.10 Key Regulatory Wastewater Characteristics / 144
LCWA.11 Biochemical OxygenDemand(BOD) and Chemical Oxygen
Demand (COD) / 147
LCWA.12 Clean Water Act and Priority WaterPollutants (PWPs) / 150
LCWA.13 Priority Water Pollutants (PWPs) List / 150
LCWA.14 PWP Definitions / 150
LCWA.15 Impact of the Clean Air Act on
Wastewater Treatment Plants / 153
LCWA.16 Biological Treatment / 154
LCWA.17 Processes InvolvingNitrogen / 156
LCWA.18 Chemical TreatmentProcesses / 157
LCWA.19 Physical Treatment / 158
LCWA.20 Role of Physical Treatmentfor Wastewater / 159
LCWA.21 National Standards forSecondary Treatment / 160
LCWA.22 Radioactive Classification / 160
LCWA.23 Priority Water Pollutant (PWP)Chemical
Formulas / 161
LCWA.24 Polychlorinated Biphenyl (PCB)-1016 / 162
LCWA.25 Methylene Chloride / 163
LCWA.26 Types of Sludge / 164
LCWA.27 Wastewater Sludge Management / 166
LCWA.28 HexavalentChromium / 166
Quantitative Problems (TCWA) / 167
TCWA.1 Suspended Particulate Concentration Units / 167
TCWA.2 Trace Concentration / 168
TCWA.3 Expressing ConcentrationTerms / 169
TCWA.4 Ultimate Oxygen Demand / 169
TCWA.5 Theoretical Carbon Oxygen Demand(ThCOD) / 170
TCWA.6 Total Organic Carbon (TOC)of a Glucose Solution / 171
TCWA.7 Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD) Discharge / 171
TCWA.8 Nitrogen Concentration in Acid / 172
TCWA.9 pH Calculations / 173
TCWA.10 pH of Wastewater / 174