Environmental protection : climate change: national programme for CO2 emissions

37 Pages·1992·6.5 MB·English

by  Great Britain. Department of the Environment

E
FOREWORD BY THE SECRETARY OF
STATE FOR THE ENVIRONMENT
EarlierthisyearthePrimeMinistersignedtheUnitedNationsFramework
ConventiononCInnateChangeonbehalfoftheUK.ThisConventionwasthe
culminationofmanyyearsofscientificandtechnicalanalysisbytheinternational
community,andtwoyearsofintensenegotiationsundertheauspicesoftheUnitedNations
GeneralAssembly.IbelievetheConventionisasignificantstepforwardinthe
internationalresponsetothethreatofclimatechange.
TheConventionhasnowbeensignedbyoverISOnations.Onentryintoforceit
willcommitdevelopedcountrypartiestodrawupprogrammesofmeasuresaimedat
returningemissionsofcarbondioxide(CO2)andothergreenhousegasestotheir1990
levelsbytheyear2000. TheGovernmentwillbeworkingtoensurethattheConventionis
translatedintoeffectiveinternationalaction.AspartofthisprocessweinBritainmust
nowdrawupourownprogrammesforimplementingtheConventionagreements.The
firstpriorityisC02.
IdonotbelievethatitwouldbelightfortheGovernmentalonetodeterminethe
contentofourC02programme.Businessesandindividualscanmakeasignificant
contributionbytheirownactions.NearlyhalfofourC02emissionsareattributableto
energyusedbyindustryandcommerce.Individualhouseholds(includingprivateuseof
cars)accountforafurther40%ofnationalemissions.
ThroughthisdiscussiondocumentIaminvitingbusinesstocommititselftotaking
actionaspartofournationalprogramme.AndIamseekingviewsonthescopefor
individualstotakefurthervoluntaryaction.Themoreeachsectorofoureconomycan
achievethroughvoluntaryactiontomeetself-imposedtargets,thelesswillbetheneedfor
Governmentintervention.
ButtheGovernmentisnotshirkingitsownresponsibilities. Weneedtodecide
whatactiontotaketosupplementandsupportactionbyindustry commerceand
,
households.Theoptionsaresetoutinthisdocument.Iinviteviewsonthischoice.
Theoverallaimmustbetochoosethemostcost-effectivecombinationofmeasures.
Devisingeffectiveandefficientmeansoflimitingemissionsmeetstwogoals.Itwillenable
ustomaintain,perhapsinsomesectorsoftheeconomyevenimprove,oureconomic
performance.Anditcanmakeitmucheasiertopersuadeothercountriesthattheytoo
shouldplaytheirfullpart.Ilookforwardtoafulldebateontheseissuesoverthenext
threemonths.
REF ti£Nvfe oH.i,.\
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RtHonMichaelHoward,QCMP
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PREFACE
Thisdiscussiondocumentisintendedtostimulatepublicdebateabouttheways
inwhichindividuals,businessesandotherorganisationscancontributetotheUK’s
nationalprogrammeforlimitingemissionsofcarbondioxide(C02),themain
greenhousegas,uptotheyear2000.Thedocumentdoesnotdiscusstheeffectof
changesinthebalanceoffuelsusedintheelectricitygeneratingsector.Theseissues
willbeaddressedinthelightofdecisionstakenpursuanttotheCoalReviewannounced
bythePresidentoftheBoardofTradeon26October.
Chapter1describesthemainprinciplesoftheClimateChangeConvention.
Chapters2and3thenlookatthesourcesofC02emissionsintheUKandthe
prospectsfortheyear2000.
Chapters4-7describetheopportunitiesforindividuals,businessesandpublic
sectorbodiestotakeactiontoreduceC02emissions.Viewsareinvitedonthescope
forvoluntaryactiontocontributetotheprogramme.
Chapter8describestheoptionsforGovernmentmeasures.Arangeof
instrumentsisavailable.Economicinstrumentsarelikelytoprovidethemostflexible
andcost-effectivewayofencouragingactiontolimitemissions,althoughtheymay
needtobesupplementedbyothermeasuresdirectedatspecificproblems.
Respondentstothispaperareinvitedtofocusonthefollowingspecificissues:
• Whatcanbeachievedbyvoluntary7actiononthepartofindividualstolimit
theemissionsforwhichtheyareresponsible(chapter4)
• Whatcanbeachievedbybusinesstolimittheemissionsforwhichtheyare
responsible(chapter5)
• Howfarcanindustryandcommercecontributebyproducinggoodsandservices
thathelpotherstoreduceC02emissions(chapter6)
• InsofarasfurtherGovernmentmeasuresareneeded,whatmeasuresarecost-
effectiveandW'ouldbesthelpindividualsandbusinessestoreduceemissions
(chapter8)
Twocopiesofresponsesshouldbesentby31.March1993to:
AlsCJones
DepartmentoftheEnvironment
GlobalAtmosphereDivisionn
RoomB247
RomneyHouse
43MarshamStreet
LondonSW'lP3PY
TheDepartmentmaywishtopublishresponsestothisdocumentinduecourse,
ordepositthemintheLibrariesoftheHousesofParliamentortheDepartment’s
library7.Wewouldincludeallresponses,unlesswearespecificallyrequestedtotreata
responseasconfidential.Confidentialresponseswillnonethelessbeincludedinany
statisticalsummary7ofnumbersofcommentsreceivedandviewsexpressed.
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CONTENTS
Chapter Page Chapter Page
1 THETHREATOFCLIMATE 7 VOLUNTARYACTION-
CHANGEANDTHE THEPUBLICSECTOR 21
INTERNATIONALRESPONSE * 4 •ActionUnderway
•GreenhouseGases •OptionsfortheFuture
• ImprovingOurKnowledge
•TheNeedforPrecautionand 8 OPTIONSFOR
InternationalCooperation GOVERNMENTMEASURES 24
•TheConvention'sApproach •MeasuresOutsidethe
•TheNationalProgramme TransportSector
• Monitoring •Transport
•SummaryofMainOptions
2 CARBONDIOXIDE forGovernmentMeasures
EMISSIONSINTHEUK~
SOURCES 6 9 THENATIONALPROGRAMME 29
•WhatCausesUKCarbon •FormoftheProgramme
DioxideEmissions? •ThePotentialContribution
•CurrentEmissions ofVoluntaryAction
•TheOptionsfor
3 THEPROSPECTSFORC02 GovernmentMeasures
•EMISSIONSTO2000 7 •IllustrativeCombinations
•TrendsinC02Emissions ofOptions
•TheSavingsNeeded
• CombinedHeat 10 BEYOND2000 31
andPower • RenewableEnergy
• EnergyEfficiency •NuclearPower
•Transport
4 VOLUNTARYACTION~
ANNEX:CURRENTACTION
THEINDIVIDUALCITIZEN 10
• UnderlyingTrends TOREDUCEC02EMISSIONS 33
•OptionsforAction •CurrentActiontohelp
individualstoreduce
5 VOLUNTARYACTION~ emissionsattributableto
INDUSTRY&COMMERCE 13 energyuseinthehome
• UnderlyingTrends •CurrentActiontoreduce
emissionsattributabletoenergy
• OptionsforAction:
~MajorEnergyUsers usebyindustryandcommerce,
~LightIndustry, andthepublicsector
Commerce& •Transport
SmallBusinesses NOTES 35
6 VOLUNTARYACTION~ LISTOFABBREVIATIONS 36
PROVIDINGENERGY FURTHERREADING 37
EFFICIENTPRODUCTS
ANDSERVICES 18 FURTHERINFORMATION 37
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THE THREAT OF CLIMATE CHANGE
AND THE INTERNATIONAL
RESPONSE
GREENHOUSE GASES
1.1 TheClimateChangeConventionisconcernedwithreducingtheriskofclimate
changebylimitingtheincreaseinemissionsofgreenhousegases.Manyofthesegases,
suchascarbondioxideandmethane,arealreadypresentintheatmosphere.Theytrap
thesun’sheat,warmingtheearth’ssurfaceandkeepingtheworldhabitable.However
overthelasthundredyearstheconcentrationsofsomeofthesegaseshavebegunto
rise.Emissionsfromhumanactivity,suchasfossilfuelburningandwidespread
deforestation,arethemaincause.
1-2 Theconcentrationsofgreenhousegasesintheatmospherearenowapproaching
levelsunprecedentedforatleastthelast100,000years,sothereisnoeasywayof
judgingfromthepastwhattheeffectoffurtherincreasesingreenhousegaseswouldbe.
Wecanonlyusecomputersimulations.Theseneedsomeoftheworld’slargestand
fastestcomputers-andthemodelsofman-madeclimatechangestillneedfurther
development.Yetourobjectivemustbe,asidentifiedintheClimateChange
Convention,toensurethattheman-madegreenhouseeffectdoesnotproduce
dangerousclimatechange,andthatchangedoesnotoccurataratetoofastfornatural
eco-systemstoadapt,orataratethatwoulddisruptworldfoodproduction.
IMPROVING OUR KNOWLEDGE
13 Itmustbeourveryfirstprioritytoimproveourscientificknowledgeofclimate
change. Thescaleofthescientificchallengemeansthatitcanonlybemetbyan
internationaleffort.1heClimateChangeConventionhasanArticlededicated
specificallytointernationalco-operationinassessingthepossiblechangestoclimate
andtheconsequentimpacts.TheUKwillbeplayingitsfullpartthroughtheworkof
theHadleyCentreattheMeteorologicalOffice,andthroughtheworkoftheResearch
Councils.Howeveritisclearthatitwilltakesometentofifteenyearsforthemain
scientificuncertaintiestoberesolved.InthattimeworldemissionsofCO-,maybe25%
higherthroughthecontinuedgrowthoftheworldeconomyandworldpopulation.
1.4 TheUNEPAVMOIntergovernmentalPanelonClimateChangehasassessed
thebestevidenceavailable.Theyhaveconcludedthatifemissionscontinuetogrowat
theircurrentprojectedratestheworldcouldbegintowarmatsomethreetim.esthe
rateseeninthepast,thatsealevelsmaybegintoriseastheseaswarm,andthatrainfall
andotherregionalclimaticpatternsmaybegintomove,withdryinginsomeimportant
areasofagriculturalproduction.Whilewecanbegintoassesstheglobalimpactsof
climatechange,itwillbesometimebeforewecanaccuratelypredictnationaloreven
regionalimpacts.
THE NEED FOR PRECAUTION AND INTERNATIONAL
COOPERATION
13 ThePanel’sreportrecognisesthemanyuncertaintiesintheseprojectionsofthe
effectofcontinuingemissionsofgreenhousegases,givenourpresentstateof
knowledge.However,thegasesconcernedareintimatelyconnectedwithhuman
society.Emissionscannotjustbeturnedoffovernightifweexperienceunwanted
cumatechange.Thisproblemiscompoundedforsomegreenhousegasessuchas
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carbondioxidewhich,oncereleased,remainsintheatmosphereforverymanydecades.
Inthelightofthescientificconsensusthatthethreatofman-madeclimatechangeis
bothrealandserious,precautionisnecessary.
1.6 Thecontrolofgreenhousegasesisnotinthegiftofanyonenation.Eventhe
largestemitterofcarbondioxide(theUSA)onlyaccountsfor24%ofworldemissions.
TheUK’scontributionisbarely3%ofworldemissions.Ifwearetocontainpotentially
damagingordangerouschangestoourclimate,wemustworktogetherwithallour
globalneighbours.
THE CONVENTION’S APPROACH
1.7 TheClimateChangeConventionreflectsboththeneedtotakeaprecautionary
stepbystepapproach,andtheneedforactionatagloballevel.Itrequiresallcountries
totakeappropriatemeasuresonthecontrolofgreenhousegases.Inparticular
developedcountrypartiesundertaketodrawupnationalprogrammeswiththeaimof
returningtheiremissionsofeachgreenhousegasto1990levelsby2000.Inrecognition
oftheneedcontinuallytoreassessthedevelopingstateofscientificknowledge,the
Conventionsetsthedeadlineof1998forareassessmentofthescienceand
considerationofwhatfutureaimsmightbeappropriate.
THE NATIONAL PROGRAMME
1.8 Britaincontinuestoplaceimportanceontheacceptancebyothercountriesof
theirConventioncommitmentssoastoensureeffectiveaction.AttheG7summitin
MunichinJuly1992theleadingindustrialisedcountriesurgedothercountriestojoin
theminseekingtoratifytheConvention,andinpublishingtheirfirstnational
programmesundertheConvention,bytheendof1993.
1.9 TheseprogrammeswillneedtocoveralltheConventioncommitments,andall
greenhousegases.Thefirstpriorityistodrawupaprogrammeforlimitingemissions
ofC02,themaingreenhousegas.Inordertodemonstratethatwewillmeetthe
Conventioncommitment,thisprogrammemustsetoutclearlythemeasuresthatwill
betakentolimitemissionsandtheeffectthesewillhaveonemissionsintheyear2000.
MONITORING
1.10 TheConventionincludesarequirementforperiodicupdatingofnational
programmes.Wewillneedtomonitortheeffectsoftheprogrammeusingenergy
consumptiondatatoensurethatweremainoncourseandreviewtheprogrammeas
necessary.
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CARBON DIOXIDE EMISSIONS IN
THE UK ~ SOURCES
WHAT CAUSES UK CARBON DIOXIDE EMISSIONS?
2.1 96%oftheUK’sman-madecarbondioxideemissionscomefromtheburningof
fossilfuelsforenergyuse.1Thisdiscussiondocumentlooksatwaysinwhichwemight
adjustourenergyuseinordertolimitCO?emissions.Themainfossilfuelsarecoal,oil
andgas.HoweveragivenamountofenergyconsumptionwillleadtodifferentC02
TEambilsesi2o.n1:Coefficients ecmairsbsoinoninstednespietyn.diCnogalonistthheefmuoesltusceadr.bTohniisntisenbseicvaeufsueeld,ifafnedregnatsftuheleslveaasrtycianrtbhoenir
intensive.
1990 kgC/kWh 2.2 Table2.1givesCO?emissioncoefficientsforeachofthemainfossilfueltypes.
Gas 0.06 MgiovsetsreilseectirnidciirteycitslygetnoeCraOt?edemfirsosmiobnusr.nTihngeftoasbslilefiunecllsuadtespoanweerstsitmaattioenosfstohietsauvseeraagleso
Oil 0.08
Coal 0.09 effectivecarboncontentofelectricity,basedonthecurrentpatternoffuelusefor
Coke 0.10 electricitygeneration.
Othersolidfuel 0.13 CURRENT EMISSIONS
Electricity 0.20
2e.m3issioCns0i2ne1m9i9s0sitoontaelslteidm1at6e0smairlelidoenritvoendnefsroomfceanrebrogny(cMontsCu)m2p.tTiaobnleda2t.a2.sUhKowsC0U2K
CO?emissionsin1990bysource(thatisaccordingtowherethefuelisfirstused).For
households,industryandagriculture,andthecommercialandpublicsectors,this
excludesemissionsattributabletotheiruseofelectricity.Table2.3showsemissionsin
1990withpowerstation,refineryandotherfuelprocessingemissionsattributedtothe
endusersoftheenergy.3
C02Emissions:
bySource
C02Emissions, 1990
Table2.2: Table2.3
bySource byFinal E
MtC % MtC %
1PowerStations 54 34 — —
1Refineries 5 3 —
1Households 22 14 41 26
1Industryandagriculture 37 23 56 35
1Commercialandpublicsector 8 5 24 15
byFinal EneCr0gy2CEmoinsssuiomnesr: f1ROtohaedrtrtarnasnpsoprotrt3 340 129 335 213
TOTAL 160 160
2.4 Justoverhalfoftransportemissionsin1990wereaccountedforbyprivateuseof
carsandoveraquarterbyindustrial,commercialandpublicsectoruseofroad
transport(seetable9.1).
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THE PROSPECTS FOR C0
EMISSIONS TO 2000 2
TRENDS IN COj EMISSIONS
3.1 ChangesinC02emissionsdependonchangesinenergyconsumptionandin
thetypesofenergyused.
3.2 Changesinenergyconsumptionarerelatedtochangesineconomicactivity,but
therelationshipisnotstraightforward.Overthelast100yearstheUKhasexperienced
adeclineintheamountofenergyusedtoproduceagivenamountofeconomicoutput
(theenergy:GDPratio).Thishasbeentheresultpartlyofthegradualshiftinoutput
fromhighlyenergyintensiveactivities(egheavyengineering)tolessenergyintensive
activities(tightermanufacturingindustriesandservices),andpartlyofthegradual
improvementinenergyefficiencyasaconsequenceoftechnologicalchangeandthe
continuingmodernisationofcapitalequipment.
3.3 Overalltheenergy:GDPratiohasimprovedatarateofabout1.25%ayear
since1945,improvingmorequicklyattimesofhighenergyprices(eginthemidtolate
1970s)andlessquicklyattimesoflowenergyprices.Thisimprovementisexpectedto
continueoverdiedecadeto2000,buttherateofimprovementwillcontinuetodepend
tosomeextentonthelevelofenergyprices.
3.4 Thetypeofenergyusedisalsoimportantgiventhedifferencesincarbon
intensitiesbetweenenergytypes(seetable2.1).Inthepast,ashiftfromcoaltogasuse
byhouseholdershashelpedtoreduceC02emissions.Thisisnowlevellingoff.
Differencesinthebalanceoffuelusedintheelectricitygeneratingsectorcan
significantlyaffectC02emissions.Withcurrenttechnology,generatingelectricityfrom
gasproducesabouthalftheC02emissionsperunitofelectricitycomparedwith
generationfromcoal.Thegrowthinenergyusedforroadtransportasaproportionof
totalenergydemandisalsoanimportantfactorastheonlyfuelscurrentlywidelyused
fortransportarederivedfromoil.
3.5 ProjectionsofenergydemandandC02emissionsunderarangeofassumptions
aboutfutureeconomicgrowthandenergypriceswerepublishedin1989inEnergy
Paper58.Thesewererevisedduring1991andtherevisedprojectionspublishedas
EnergyPaper59(EP59).
3.6 TherangeofemissionsgiveninEP59fortheyear2000is157to179MtC,
comparedwithemissionsin1990of160MtC.OnthebasisofEP59,aprojectionof
around170MtC,correspondingtothecentralgrowthscenariocombinedwiththe
lowerenergypriceassumption,wouldbeareasonablebaselineforournational
programme.Howeversomeoftheassumptionsunderlyingtheseprojectionswillcome
underscrutinyintheCoalReviewand,inmonitoringprogresswiththenationalC02
programmeduringthe1990s,wewillneedtokeeptheunderlyingprojectionunder
review.Changesinlong-runtrendsineconomicgrowthratesorexogenouschangesin
energyprices(whichareunpredictable)couldchangetheunderlyingtrendin
emissions.SinceEP59waspreparedagreementhasbeenreachedontheestablishment
ofanewEnergySavingTrust(seepage25).Thiscouldreduceemissionsby2-3.5MtC
by2000.
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Table3.1:EmissionprojectionsbysectorunderthecentralscenarioinEP596
milliontonnescarbon(MtC)
1990 1995 2000 2005 2020
j
Households 41 39 41 42 42 !
Industry/agriculture 56 56 58 61 7! j
Commercial/public 24 23 26 30 45 I
Transport 38 41 45 49 62
TOTAL 160 159 170 183 221
|
THE SAVINGS NEEDED
3.7 Savingscaninprinciplebemadeinthreeways:switchingtolesscarbon
intensivesourcesofenergy,supplyingdeliveredenergymoreeffectively
(particularlythroughtheuseofcombinedheatandpower),orusinglessenergyat
thepointoffinaluse(egbyimprovingtheenergyefficiencyofappliancesand
processes).ThisDiscussionDocumentlooksattheoptionsforindividuals,
businessesandthepublicsectortocurbC02emissionsbyimprovingenergy
efficiency,andtheoptionsforGovernmentmeasurestosupportsuchactivity.
COMBINED HEAT AND POWER
3.8 Inconventionalelectricitygenerationsome50-70%ofthefuelinputis
rejectedasheattotheatmosphere.Byusingcombinedheatandpower(CHP)much
ofthisheatcanberecoveredandhencetheenergycanbesuppliedabouttwiceas
efficiently.Theheatcanbeusedforindustrialprocessesorforheatingbuildings.
CHPhasasignificantpotentialtoreduceCO?emissions,perhapsbyasmuchas
10%.CHPcurrentlycomprises3%ofUKelectricitygeneration.TMheW
Government’scurrentobjectiveistodoublethatcapacityto4000 bytheyear
2000.Theultimatepotentialcouldbeashighas20,000MW.
ENERGY EFFICIENCY
3.9 Thereisconsiderablescopeforfurtherimprovementstobemadeinthe
efficiencywithwhichenergyisused.Improvedenergyefficiencywouldallow
energyconsumptiontobereducedwithoutaffectingtheoutputofgoodsand
servicesorthelivingconditionsofhouseholds.Muchinvestmentinenergy
efficiencyiscosteffective,thatisthevalueofthesavingsfromreducedenergy
consumptionoutweighsthecostoftheinitialinvestmentinpresentvalueterms.
Suchinvestmentscanthereforebringenvironmentalimprovementsthrough
reducedemissionsatnoneteconomiccost.
3.10 Thepotentialforcost-effectiveenergyefficiencysavingsisestimatedat20%
ofcurrentenergyconsumptionoutsidethetransportsector,equivalentto24MtC.
Wemightrealisejustoveronethirdofthispotential(about9MtC)throughthe
continuationofcurrentpoliciesandtrends.Thesewillincludeimprovements
arisingashouseholdersinvesttomodernisetheirpropertiesandasindustry,
commerceandthepublicsectorinvesttocutcostsandincreasetheefficiencyof
theiroperations,andtheimpactoftheEnergyEfficiencyOffice’scontinuing
programmesofinformation,adviceandgrants,whichencouragesuchinvestmentto
takeplace.TheEP59C02projectionsincorporatethesesavings.
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3.11 Howeveritshouldbepossibletofindwaysofexploitingtheremainingpotential
ofupto15MtCforcost-effectiveenergyefficiencyimprovements.Thiswouldenable
ustofindasignificantpartofthesavingslikelytoberequiredbyourConvention
commitmentsatnoneteconomiccost.Thisrequiresactionbyeverybody.Government
actionalreadyunderwayissummarisedintheAnnex,buttheGovernment,acting
alone,cannotensurethatthepotentialforsavingswhichexistsineverysectorofthe
economyisrealised.Thisdocumentthereforelooksfirstatthescopeforindividuals,
businessesandpublicsectorbodiestotakeactionthemselvestocuttheirenergybillsby
investinginmoreefficientproductsandinenergysavingmeasures,ortoswitchtoless
carbonintensivefuels(chapter4-7).Chapter8thenlooksatfartherpossible
Governmentmeasureswhichmightbetakentosupplementorsupportsuchvoluntary
action.Chapter9looksathowtheseoptionsmightbeputtogethertocontributetoa
nationalprogrammethatwillmeetourConventioncommitment.Chapter10then
looksattheprospectsbeyond2000.
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VOLUNT \ IY ACTION ~
THE INDIVIDUAL CITIZEN
UNDERLYING TRENDS
4.1 Energyusebyindividualsaccountedfornearly40%oftotalUKC02emissions
in1990.Over25%ofallUKC02emissionsaredirecdyorindirecdyattributableto
energyuseinthehome(chieflyelectricalappliances,heatingandhotwater).Privatecar
travel(excludinguseforbusinessmileage)contributesafurther13%oftotalUKC02
emissions.
4.2 TheillustrationbelowshowstrendsinC02emissionsduetoindividuals’energy
use.7Althoughenergyconsumptioninthehomerosebyabout10%between1970and
1990,CO?emissionsfellbyalmostone-fifth,duetoincreaseduseofnaturalgasasa
domesticfuel,andfuelswitchingandimprovedefficiencywithintheelectricitysupply
industry.
4.3 OnunchangedpoliciesC02emissionsattributabletoenergyuseinthehome
areexpectedtoremainbroadlyconstantbetween1990and2000,asincreasedenergy
consumptionisoffsetbyfuelswitchingfromcoaltogasintheelectricitysupply
industry.(ThisassumptionwillcomeunderscrutinyintheCoalReview.)Bycontrast,
C02emissionsfromprivatecartravelareexpectedtorisebysome19%between1990
and2000onacentralprojection.
Analysis8ofhouseholdC02emissions(MtC) 1970-2000
1SpaceHeating
1HotWater
1Cooking
ILights&Applications
iCarTravel9
Safi 33CQKt'ime
ths trCiPSi 3-? OPTIONS FOR ACTION
falTsg amLsfi©*;;$
frp'ti SDlfigy s 4.4 TheEP59projectionsincludetheeffectofcontinuingimprovementsinthe
m the lisitfsal insulationstandardsofhousingandintheenergyefficiencyofdomesticappliances.But
Iffiat cuffSts gfsii© tefhfeercetiivsepoitmepnrtoiavlemteonatcshiienveenaefrugrytheefrfi4c-ie5ncMyt.CIndsiavviidnugalisncCo0ul2debmeisesnicoonsurtahgreodugtohdcoost
t©limit emissions more,andtothinkmorecarefullyabouttheirtransportchoices.Thereisgrowing
fromcars? awarenessandconcernfortheenvironment.Manypeoplewanttohelptotacklethe
Wfcat threatofglobalwarmingbutdonotknowhow.
contributioncast 4.5 TheEnergyEfficiencyOffice’s“HelpingtheEarthBeginsAtHome”campaign
individuals make isexplainingtohouseholdershowtheycanimprovetheenergyefficiencyoftheir
t©iitenational homes.Literatureisavailabletoexplainthevariousenergyefficiencymeasuresthatcan
_ programme! betakenandtheextenttowhichthesereducefuelbillsandCO?emissions.
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