Environmental Pollution Control Microbiology

453 Pages·2005·24.41 MB·English

Environmental
Pollution Control
Microbiology
Ross E. McKinney
Professor Emeritus
University of Kansas
Lawrence, Kansas, U.S.A.
Copyright 2004 by Marcel Dekker, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
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Civil and Environmental Engineering
A Series of Reference Books and Textbooks
Editor
Michael D. Meyer
Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering
Georgia Institute of Technology
Atlanta, Georgia
1. Preliminary Design of Bridges for Architects and Engineers
Michele Melaragno
2. Concrete Formwork Systems
Awad S. Hanna
3. Multilayered Aquifer Systems: Fundamentals and Applications
Alexander H.-D. Cheng
4. Matrix Analysis of Structural Dynamics: Applications and Earthquake
Engineering
Franklin Y. Cheng
5. Hazardous Gases Underground: Applications to Tunnel Engineering
Barry R. Doyle
6. Cold-Formed Steel Structures to the AISI Specification
Gregory J. Hancock, Thomas M. Murray, and Duane S. Ettifritt
7. Fundamentals of Infrastructure Engineering: Civil Engineering Sys-
tems: Second Edition, Revised and Expanded
Patrick H. McDonald
8. Handbook of Pollution Control and Waste Minimization
edited by Abbas Ghassemi
9. Introduction to Approximate Solution Techniques, Numerical Model-
ing, and Finite Element Methods
Victor N. Kaliakin
10. Geotechnical Engineering: Principles and Practices of Soil Mechanics
and Foundation Engineering
V. N. S. Murthy
11. Estimating Building Costs
Calin M. Popescu, Kan Phaobunjong, andNuntapong Ovararin
12. Chemical Grouting and Soil Stabilization: Third Edition, Revised and
Expanded
Reuben H. Karol
Copyright 2004 by Marcel Dekker, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
13. Multifunctional Cement-Based Materials
Deborah D. L. Chung
14. Reinforced Soil Engineering: Advances in Research and Practice
Hoe I. Ling, Dov Leshchinsky, and Fumio Tatsuoka
15. Project Scheduling Handbook
Jonathan F. Hutchings
16. Environmental Pollution Control Microbiology
Ross E. McKinney
Additional Volumes in Production
Copyright 2004 by Marcel Dekker, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
Preface
My interest in environmental pollution control microbiology began at MIT in
1948 when I realized that very little was known about this vital area of sanitary
engineering technology. I became a serious student of environmental pollution
control microbiology in 1950 when I began research on the microbiology and
the biochemistry of floe-forming bacteria in activated sludge. I must admit that
environmental pollution control microbiology has been my area of technical
specialization since 1950. It has been a most interesting experience that I have
never regretted. I was fortunate to have been a researcher, a teacher, and an
engineering consultant on the design and operation of environmental pollution
control systems.
In 1960 I reached a milestone when I decided to move from MIT to the
University of Kansas. I forced myself to put the knowledge I was teaching at
MIT into a book, Microbiology for Sanitary Engineers, published in 1962. As
the years passed, I could never find the time to write a new version of my book
as new information was accumulating at an ever faster rate. I reached a second
milestone in 1993 when I decided to retire from the University of Kansas and
find the time to write the new version of my book. That was 10 years ago. Time
is a precious commodity that slips away before you realize it. My former
students have continued to ask how my book is coming along. They seem most
anxious to see how I have been able to condense all the mass of information that
has been accumulated over the years. I am happy to report that I have finally
succeeded in writing my new book.
Environmental Pollution Control Microbiology is not a compilation of all the
information in this field. It is the summation of the information that I found to be
valuable as a practitioner in the area of environmental pollution control. I hope
this information will be of value to beginning students, practicing design
engineers, plant operators, regulatory personnel, municipal officials, and
industrial plant managers. The need for knowledge and understanding is far
greater than the available information. I have tried to present technical
information in a manner that is understandable to both technical experts and
private citizens. For the experts in our field I commend the technical libraries for
detailed information.
The references at the end of each chapter include general bibliographic
references as well as specific references. Since many students seem to feel that
information over five years old has no real value, I have included many older
references to illustrate when important ideas originated. There is no need to
rediscover important facts every five years; nor is it necessary for young
researchers to disregard previous research in their search for unique ideas. The
Copyright 2004 by Marcel Dekker, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
greatest achievements come from building on earlier knowledge. While much
has been accomplished, much more needs to be learned. The future awaits.
I would like to acknowledge the encouragement and assistance of Dr. Michael
Switzenbaum of Marquette University, Dr. Terry Baxter of Northern Arizona
University, and Dr. Reza Shamskhorzani of U.S.Filter/Jet Tech in helping me to
smooth some of the rough spots in my original manuscript. Other eyes are very
helpful in seeing things differently. My wife, Margie, deserves all my
appreciation for putting up with a decade of writing and rewriting. I know
Margie was pleased when we reached the last page.
I owe a special thanks to all my students at MIT and at the University of Kansas.
Their thirst for knowledge helped raise me to a level that I could not possibly
have achieved alone. We formed a special bond that kept me stimulated, excited,
and young in spirit. I also owe a special thanks to all the practicing engineers,
equipment manufacturers, and treatment plant operators who let me demonstrate
how to convert research results into full scale pollution control plants. We made
progress together and had fun at the same time.
Hope springs eternal, each and every spring.
Ross E. McKinney
Copyright 2004 by Marcel Dekker, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
Contents
Preface
Chapter 1 - INTRODUCTION
Microbiology
Chemistry
Engineering
Pollution Control Microbiology
Things to Remember
Chapter 2 - BACTERIA
Definition and Description
Bacteria Structure
Microscopes
Stains and Staining
Cell Wall
Cell Membrane
Cytosol
Flagella and Pili
Chemical Composition
Metabolism
Energy Reactions
Synthesis Reactions
Coupled Reactions
Nitrogen Fixation
Actinomycetes
Things to Remember
References
Chapter 3 - BACTERIA GROWTH
Batch-Fed Growth Patterns
Continuous Feed Growth Patterns
Variable Loading Rates
Endogenous Respiration
Copyright 2004 by Marcel Dekker, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
Oxygen Metabolism
Effect of Temperature
Effect of pH
Mixing and Turbulence
Death
Things to Remember
References
Chapter 4 - FUNGI AND YEASTS
Fungi
Description
Chemical Composition
Metabolism and Growth
Competition with Bacteria
Moisture
Cell N & P
pH
Oxygen
Antibiotics
Yeasts
Chemical Composition
Metabolism and Growth
Things to Remember
References
Chapter 5 - ALGAE
Description
Metabolism
Cell Nutrients
Chemical Composition
Growth
Environmental Concerns
Things to Remember
References
Copyright 2004 by Marcel Dekker, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
Chapter 6 - PROTOZOA AND OTHER
ANIMALS
Protozoa
Description
Metabolism and Growth
Population Dynamics
Reproduction and Survival
Rotifers
Crustaceans
Nematodes and Other Worms
Environmental Concerns
Things to Remember
References
Chapter 7 - SOIL MICROBES
Soil Characteristics
Precipitation
Microorganisms
Bacteria
Fungi
Actinomycetes
Photosynthetic Microorganisms
Protozoa
Higher Animals
Surface Metabolism
Deep Soils
Things to Remember
References
Chapter 8 - WATER MICROBIOLOGY
River Water Microbiology
Ponds, Lakes, and Reservoirs
Waterborne Pathogens
Viruses
Bacteria
Copyright 2004 by Marcel Dekker, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
Fungi
Protozoa
Pathogen Problems
Water Pollution
Things to Remember
References
Chapter 9 - WATER SUPPLY AND
TREATMENT
Groundwater Supply
Surface Water Supply
Storage
Pre-Sedimentation Tanks
Pre-Chlorination
Chemical Precipitation and Sand Filtration
Softening
Activated Carbon
Disinfection
Environmental Regulations
Things to Remember
References
Chapter 10 - WASTEWATER
CHARACTERISTICS AND
COLLECTION
Wastewater Characteristics
Storm Water
Separate Sewers
Combined Sewers
Rural Runoff
Agricultural Runoff
Domestic Wastewater
5-Day Biochemical Oxygen Demand
Basic Test
Previous Studies
Copyright 2004 by Marcel Dekker, Inc. All Rights Reserved.