Environmental Pollutants and Their Bioremediation Approaches

473 Pages·2017·8.886 MB·English

by  Ram Naresh Bharagava

ENVIRONMENTAL
POLLUTANTS
AND
THEIR BIOREMEDIATION
APPROACHES

ENVIRONMENTAL
POLLUTANTS
AND
THEIR BIOREMEDIATION
APPROACHES
Edited by
Ram Naresh Bharagava
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LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData
Names:Bharagava,RamNaresh,editor.
Title:Environmentalpollutantsandtheirbioremediationapproaches/editor,
RamNareshBharagava.
Description:BocaRaton:Taylor&Francis,CRCPress,2017.|Includesbibliographical
references.
Identifiers:LCCN2016057862|ISBN9781138628892(hardback:alk.paper)
Subjects:LCSH:Bioremediation.
Classification:LCCTD192.5.E95652017|DDC628.5--dc23
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Contents
Preface......................................................................................................................vii
Editor.........................................................................................................................ix
Contributors..............................................................................................................xi
Chapter1 Bioremediation:AnEco-SustainableGreenTechnology:Its
ApplicationsandLimitations...............................................................1
RamNareshBharagava,PankajChowdhary,andGauravSaxena
Chapter2 OrganicandInorganicPollutantsinIndustrialWastes:
EcotoxicologicalEffects,HealthHazards,and
BioremediationApproaches...............................................................23
GauravSaxenaandRamNareshBharagava
Chapter3 PesticidesContaminationintheEnvironment:Toxicological
Effects,andBiodegradationandBioremediationMechanisms
forEnvironmentalSafety...................................................................57
NamasivayamVasudevanandOdukkathilGreeshma
Chapter4 UraniumRadionuclideContaminationintheEnvironment:
EcotoxicologicalEffects,HealthHazards,and
Bioremediation.................................................................................103
MeenakshiNandalandMansiRastogi
Chapter5 DyesContaminationintheEnvironment:Ecotoxicological
Effects,HealthHazards,andBiodegradationandBioremediation
MechanismsforEnvironmentalCleanup.........................................127
UmaShankarPrasadUday,NibeditaMahata,
SoumyaSasmal,TarunKantiBandyopadhyay,
AbhijitMondal,andBiswanathBhunia
Chapter6 LindaneContaminationintheEnvironment:Toxicological
EffectsandBioremediationApproaches..........................................177
SiddharthBoudhandJayShankarSingh
v
vi Contents
Chapter7 ToxicMetalsContaminationintheEnvironment:
ToxicologicalEffectsandBioremediationApproaches
forEnvironmentalCleanup............................................................209
JanardhanReddyKoduru,ShivShankar,NandkishorS.More,
Shikha,LakshmiPrasannaLingamdinne,andJiwanSingh
Chapter8 BioremediationofNonaqueousPhaseLiquids(NAPLs)-
PollutedSoil-WaterResources.......................................................241
PankajKumarGuptaandBrijeshKumarYadav
Chapter9 MicrobialStrategiesforEnhancedPhytoremediationofHeavy
Metal-ContaminatedSoils..............................................................257
JyotiSinghandAjayVeerSingh
Chapter10 MicrobialCellulasesandTheirApplicationsinthePulpand
PaperIndustry:AnEmergingParadigm........................................273
ShivShankar,M.Gupta,andShikha
Chapter11 Phytoremediation:AGreenTechnologyforRemediationof
Metal-ContaminatedSites..............................................................305
ManojKumarandRajeshSingh
Chapter12 SolidWaste:EnvironmentalThreatsandManagement.................337
V.SudharsanVarmaandAjayS.Kalamdhad
Chapter13 PollutantsinTanneryWastewater:Pharmacological
Effects,andBioremediationApproachesforHumanHealth
ProtectionandEnvironmentalSafety.............................................369
SwetlanaGautam,GauravKaithwas,RamNaresh
Bharagava,andGauravSaxena
Chapter14 ConstructedWetlands:AnEmergingPhytotechnologyfor
DegradationandDetoxificationofIndustrialWastewaters...........397
RamNareshBharagava,GauravSaxena,andPankajChowdhary
Chapter15 BiomedicalWastes:EnvironmentalThreats
andManagement............................................................................427
SaharMohamedSolimanandAmelIbrahimAhmed
Index......................................................................................................................443
Preface
The contamination of environments (soil/water/air) with toxic environmental pollu-
tantsreleasedfromvarioussources,theirecotoxicologicaleffects,andhealthhazards
isaseriousconcernworldwide.Thedegradationanddetoxificationoftoxicenviron-
mental pollutants for environmental safety are global challenges. The wastes/pollu-
tants released from various natural and anthropogenic sources are widespread in
mostofthecountries,causingeitherthedirectpollutioninsoilandaquaticresources
orindirectpollutionofthesurfacewaterandgroundwater.Governmentsaroundthe
globe are strictly advocating for the mitigation of environmental pollution. Hence,
the removal/elimination of toxic pollutants from contaminated environments is of
utmost importance to promote the sustainable development of our society with low
environmental impact. Conventional remediation technologies are expensive,envir-
onmentallydestructive,andnotaestheticallypleasing.Inthisregard,bioremediation
hasrecentlyemergedasan“eco-friendly”and“cost-effective”sustainablealternative
forenvironmentalcleanup.
Bioremediation is an environment-friendly and cost-effective approach, which
uses microbes such as bacterial/fungi/algae/yeast/cyanobacteria etc., green plants,
or their enzymes, to degrade/detoxify toxic environmental pollutants from polluted
soilsandwaterresources.Thus,detailedknowledgeofthevarioustypesofenviron-
mentalpollutants,theirtoxicologicaleffectsinenvironments,inhumans,inanimals,
and in plants as well as various bioremediation approaches for their degradation/
detoxification are urgently required for environmental cleanup and safety of human
and animals. However, the degradation and detoxification potential of microbes
and their interactions with environmental pollutants has been studied in past few
years, but detailed knowledge of the various types of environmental pollutants,
theirtoxicologicaleffectsinenvironments, humans,andanimals,aswellasvarious
bioremediation approaches used for their degradation/detoxification is scanty and
notavailableasacollection.
This book will provide detailed, comprehensive knowledge of various types of
toxicenvironmentalpollutants,suchastoxicmetals,pesticides,azodyes,petroleum
hydrocarbons,plasticswastes,phenols,chlorophenols,etc.,dischargedfromnatural
aswellasanthropogenicsources;theirtoxicologicaleffectsinenvironments,humans,
and animals; and their biodegradation and bioremediation through microbes/plants
and/orbytheirenzymesaswellasbyconstructedwetlandtreatmentapproachesfor
environmentalcleanup.Anumberofexpertsfromcolleges,universities,andresearch
laboratories have contributed their valuable knowledge for this book in the areas of
biodegradationandbioremediationofenvironmentalpollutants.
Thisbook will also serve as aninvaluable source of basic knowledge andrecent
advances in biodegradation and bioremediation of toxic environmental pollutants
thatwidenitsscopeforadiversecommunityofprofessionalshavinginterestsinbior-
emediation technologies. All the chapters compiled in this book cover different
aspectsofenvironmentalproblemsandtheirremedieswithup-to-datedevelopments
inthefieldofbiodegradationandbioremediation.Thisbookwillbeofgreatvalueto
vii
viii Preface
researchers,environmentalchemistsandscientists,microbiologistsandbiotechnolo-
gists, eco-toxicologists, waste treatment engineers and managers, environmental
science managers, administrators and policy makers, industry persons, and students
at bachelor’s, master’s, and doctoral level in the relevant field. At last, I sincerely
extendmyheartfeltthankstoalltheleadingexpertsforcontributingvaluablechapters
tothisbookandtomyresearchscholarMr.GauravSaxenaforhelpingmeinvarious
waysduringthisbookproject.Thus,inthisbook,readerswillfindtheupdatedinfor-
mationaswellasthefuturedirectionforresearchinthefieldofbiodegradationand
bioremediationofenvironmentalpollutants.
RamNareshBharagava
BabasahebBhimraoAmbedkarCentralUniversity
Lucknow,UttarPradesh,India
Editor
Dr.RamNareshBharagavawasbornin1977andcompleted
his education in Government Schools at Lakhimpur Kheri,
India. He received a BSc degree (1998) in zoology, botany,
and chemistry from the University of Lucknow, India, and an
MSc degree (2004) in molecular biology and biotechnology
from Govind Ballabh Pant University of Agriculture and
Technology (GBPUAT), Pantnagar, India. He received a PhD
(2010)intheareaofmicrobiologyjointlyfromtheenvironmen-
talmicrobiologydivision,IndianInstituteofToxicologyResearch(IITR)Councilof
Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), Lucknow, India, and Pt. Ravishankar
Shukla University, Raipur, India. He was the Junior Research Fellow (JRF) during
his PhD, qualified twice (2002 & 2003) on the CSIR-National Eligibility Test
(NET) and Graduate Aptitude Test in Engineering (GATE) in 2003. His major
research work during his PhD focused on the bacterial degradation of recalcitrant
melanoidin from distillery wastewater. He has authored one book and edited two
books. He has also written many chapters for national and international books. He
has published many popular science articles in national newspapers, and national
and international magazines. Dr. Bharagava has presented many research papers
relevant to his research areas in national and international conferences. He has also
served as a potential reviewer for various national and international journals in his
respective areas of the research. Dr. Bharagava was awarded a postdoctoral
appointment at CSIR-IITR, Lucknow, India, but left and subsequently joined
(2011) Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar (Central) University, Lucknow, India. He is
currently working as an assistant professor of environmental microbiology and
activelyengagedinteachingatthepostgraduateanddoctorallevelsandconducting
research on the various Government of India (GOI)–sponsored projects in the area
of environmental toxicology and bioremediation at Laboratory for Bioremediation
and Metagenomics Research (LBMR) under the Department of Environmental
Microbiology (DEM). His research has been supported by the University Grants
Commission (UGC) and Department of Science and Technology (DST), India. He
hasbeentheadvisortomorethan40postgraduatestudentsandcurrently,thementor
of 1 project fellow and 6 doctoral students. His major areas of research include the
environmental toxicology, biodegradation, and bioremediation of environmental
pollutants/industrial wastewaters, metagenomics, and wastewater microbiology. He
is a life member of the Academy of Environmental Biology (AEB), Association
of Microbiologists of India (AMI), and Biotech Research Society, India (BRSI),
ix