Environmental Policy Change in Emerging Market Democracies: Eastern Europe and Latin America Compared

266 Pages·2013·1.791 MB·English

by  Jale Tosun

ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY CHANGE IN EMERGING
MARKET DEMOCRACIES
Central and Eastern Europe and Latin America Compared
Studies in Comparative Political Economy and Public Policy
E ditors: M ICHAEL HOWLETT, DAVID LAYCOCK (Simon Fraser
University), and STEPHEN MCBRIDE (McMaster University)
Studies in Comparative Political Economy and Public Policy is designed to
showcase innovative approaches to political economy and public pol-
icy from a comparative perspective. While originating in Canada, the
series will provide a(cid:308) ractive off erings to a wide international audience,
featuring studies with local, subnational, cross-national, and interna-
tional empirical bases and theoretical frameworks.
Editorial Advisory Board
Jeff rey Ayres, St Michael’s College, Vermont
Neil Bradford, Western University
Janine Brodie, University of Alberta
William Carroll, University of Victoria
William Coleman, University of Waterloo
Rodney Haddow, University of Toronto
Jane Jenson, Université de Montréal
Laura Macdonald, Carleton University
Rianne Mahon, Wilfrid Laurier University
Michael Mintrom, Monash University
Grace Skogstad, University of Toronto
Leah Vosko, York University
Kent Weaver, Georgetown University
Linda White, University of Toronto
Robert Young, Western University
For a list of books published in the series, see page 251.
Environmental Policy
Change in Emerging Market
Democracies
Central and Eastern Europe and
Latin America Compared
JALE TOSUN
UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO PRESS
Toronto Buff alo London
© University of Toronto Press 2013
Toronto Buff alo London
www.utppublishing.com
Printed in Canada
ISBN 978-1-4426-4409-0

Printed on acid-free, 100% post-consumer recycled paper with vegetable-
based inks.
Library and Archives Canada Cataloguing in Publication
Tosun, Jale, author
Environmental policy change in emerging market
democracies: Central and Eastern Europe and Latin America
compared / Jale Tosun.
(Studies in comparative political economy and public policy)
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 978-1-4426-4409-0 (bound)
1. Environmental policy – Europe, Central. 2. Environmental policy –
Europe, Eastern. 3. Environmental policy – Latin America. I. Title. 
II. Series: Studies in comparative political economy and public policy
GE170.T68 2013  363.7  C2013-903343-2
University of Toronto Press acknowledges the fi nancial assistance to its
publishing program of the Canada Council for the Arts and the Ontario
Arts Council.

University of Toronto Press acknowledges the fi nancial support of the
Government of Canada through the Canada Book Fund for its publishing
activities.
Contents
List of Illustrations  vii
Preface   ix
List of Abbreviations   xi
1 Introduction  3
2 Theories of Policy and Institutional Change  17
3  Explaining Changes in Environmental Policies and
Institutions in Emerging Market Democracies  38
4 Research Design and the Measurement of Change  66
5 Descriptive Analysis of Policy and Institutional Change  89
6  Economy, Politics, Institutions, or Demand? A Causal
Analysis of Change  119
7  Case Studies on Changing Regulation of Genetically
Modifi ed Maize  154
8  Stability and Change in Emerging Market Democracies:
Concluding Remarks  178
Appendices   195
Notes   199
References   203
Index   237
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Illustrations
Tables
3.1 A(cid:308) itudes towards the prevention of environmental
pollution (1981–2008) 40
3.2 Summary of hypotheses 64
4.1 Countries included in the analysis 68
5.1 Standards for biological oxygen demand in Central
and Eastern Europe 92
5.2 Standards for biological oxygen demand in Latin America 94
5.3 Ozone standards in Central and Eastern Europe 97
5.4 Ozone standards in Latin America 98
5.5 Standards for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons
in Central and Eastern Europe 101
5.6 Standards for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons
in Latin America 102
5.7 Cultivation bans for genetically modifi ed maize 105
5.8 Top-ranking countries 111
6.1 Random-eff ects Tobit models for the standards
for biological oxygen demand 123
6.2 Findings for the standards for biological oxygen demand 126
6.3 Random-eff ects Tobit models for ozone standards 128
6.4 Findings for ozone standards 130
6.5 ZINB models for the standards for polycyclic
aromatic hydrocarbons 132
6.6 Findings for the standards for polycyclic aromatic
hydrocarbons 134
viii Illustrations
6.7 Comparison of event history models for genetically
modifi ed maize 136
6.8 Log-normal models for the regulation of genetically
modifi ed maize 137
6.9 Exponential event history models for the regulation of
genetically modifi ed maize 140
6.10 Findings for the regulation of genetically modifi ed maize 141
6.11 Comparison of event history models for sustainable
forest management 143
6.12 Weibull models for sustainable forest management 143
6.13 Findings for sustainable forest management 145
6.14 Comparison of event history models for
environmental procuracies 147
6.15 Gompertz models for environmental procuracies 147
6.16 Findings for environmental procuracies 148
6.17 Overview of the support for the explanatory model 150
A1 Summary statistics of independent variables 195
A3 Results of the quadrature check for the dependent variable
“standards for biological oxygen demand” 196
A5 Results of the quadrature check for the dependent variable
“ozone standards” 197
A7 Gompertz models for the dependent variable “environmental
procuracies” with NGOs 198
Figures
5.1 Standardized diff usion pa(cid:308) erns for sustainable
forest management 108
5.2 Standardized diff usion pa(cid:308) erns for environmental
procuracies 115
A2 Histogram and kernel density plot of the dependent variable
“standards for biological oxygen demand” 196
A4 Histogram and kernel density plot of the dependent variable
“ozone standards” 197
A6 Histogram and kernel density plot of the dependent variable
“standards for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons” 198
Preface
This book is the result of a lengthy research project that I was able to
conduct at the Department of Politics and Public Administration of the
University of Konstanz, Germany. It builds on and extends my doc-
toral thesis, which I completed in December 2009 under the supervision
of Christoph Knill. This book would not have been possible without
his continuous professional and personal support. In addition, this
study benefi ted greatly from many thoughtful remarks of Katharina
Holzinger, who co-supervised my doctoral thesis. I made many signifi -
cant changes to the original thesis during a research stay at the Edward
J. Bloustein School of Planning and Public Policy of Rutgers University,
from March until June 2010. I want to thank Radha Jagannathan,
Michael Greenberg, and Joseph Seneca for their interest in my research
and for providing me with fresh ideas about how to approach the topic.
I acknowledge friends and colleagues who read the chapters or
commented on presentations of parts of the manuscript: Tim Balint,
Michael Bechtel, Julian Bernauer, David Blair, Ken Coats, Michael
Dobbins, Stephan Heichel, Carin Holroyd, Christina Kannenberg,
Nerina Muzurović, Janine Reinhard, Raphaela Schlicht, Sophie Schmi(cid:308) ,
Thomas Sommerer, and Eva Vögtle. I would further like to express my
gratitude to the Environmental Law Center of the International Union
for Conservation of Nature at Bonn, Germany, and the following col-
leagues and students who provided me with research assistance: Zekie
Aliosman, Ingrid-Heidi Boszoki, Elina Brutschin, Alexander Dietrich,
Adelina Dobreva, Dominic Fritz, Héctor Manuel Garcia Lozada, Ann-
Kathrin Heß, Eva Hübner, Szilvia Kéfer, Ivo Krizic, Romina Laumann,
Audriuas Paura, and Brit Tammiste. I thank Christina Kannenberg for
proofreading as well as Tim Roll and Dorothea Winter for supporting