Environmental Physiology of Fishes

721 Pages·1980·29.16 MB·English

by  M. A. Ali (auth.), M. A. Ali (eds.)

Environmental Physiology
of Fishes
NATO ADVANCED STUDY INSTITUTES SERIES
A series of edited volumes comprising multifaceted studies of contem-
porary scientific issues by some of the best scientific minds in the world,
assembled in cooperation with NATO Scientific Affairs Division.
Series A: Life Sciences
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edited by Rene-Guy Busnel and James F. Fish
Volume 29 -Genome Organization and Expression in Plants
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edited by Francis E. Johnston, Alex 1'. Roche, and Charles Susanne
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Volume 33 - Photoreception and Sensory Transduction in Aneural Organisms
edited by Francesco Lenci and Giuliano Colombetti
Volume 34 - Lasers in Biology and Medicine
edited by F. Hillenkamp, R. Pratesi, and C. A. Sacchi
Volume 35- Environmental Physiology of Fishes
edited by M. A. Ali
This series is published by an international board of publishers in con-
junction with NATO Scientific Affairs Division
A Life Sciences Plenum Publishing Corporation
B Physics London and New York
C Mathematical and D. Reidel Publishing Company
Physical Sciences Dordrecht, Boston and London
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E Applied Sciences Alphen aan den Rijn, The Netherlands, and
Germantown U.S.A.
Environmental Physiology
of Fishes
Edited by
M.A. Ali
Departement de Biologie
Universite de Montreal
Montreal, Quebec, Canada
Springer Science+Business Media, LLC
Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data
Nato Advanced Study Institute on Environmental Physiology of Fishes, Bishop's University,
1979.
Environmental physiology of fishes.
(N ATO advanced study in sti tu tes series: Series A, Life sciences; v. 35)
"Lectures presented at the 1979 NATO Advanced Study Institute on Environmental
Physiology of Fishes, held at Bishop's University, Lennoxville, Quebec, Canada, August 12-
25, 1979."
"Co-sponsored by The Universite de Montreal"
Includes indexes.
1. Fishes-Physiology -Congresses. 2. Adaptation (Physiology)-Congresses. l. Ali,
Mohamed Ather, 1932- Il. Universitc de Montreal. III. Title. IV. Series.
QL639.l.N35 1979 597'.01 80-22156
Lectures presented at the 1979 NATO Advanced Study Institute on Environmental
Physiology of Fishes, hcld at Bishop's Univcrsity, Lennoxville, Quebec, Canada,
August 12-25, 1979.
Co-sponsored by the Universite de Montreal
Director: M. A. Ali, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
Advisory Committee: J.H.S. Blaxter, Oban, Scotland
F.E.J. Fry, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
K. F. Liem, Cambridge, Massachusetts
© 1980 Springer Science+Business Media New York
Originally pub1ished by P1enurn Press, New York in 1980.
Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1s t edition 1980
ISBN 978-1-4899-3661-5 ISBN 978-1-4899-3659-2 (eBook)
DOI 10.1007/978-1-4899-3659-2
AI l righ ts reserved
No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted,
in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, microfilming,
recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the Publisher
PREFACE
A very good piece of work, I assure you, and a merry.
-Now, good Peter Quince, call forth your actors by the scroll.
-Masters, spread yourselves.
A Midsummer Night's Dream. Act 1, Sc. 2
This volume is the outcome of a NATO Advanced Study Institute held
in August 1979 at Bishop's University, Lennoxville, Quebec, Canada. About
130 participants from all the countries of the aJiiance as well as India and
Japan attended this event which lasted two weeks. Seventeen of these
participants had been invited to present reviews of chosen topics, usually in
their specialty. This book is constituted mainly of these presentations,
which were prepared as chapters. In addition, six of the participants, whose
seminars were found to complement the main chapters, were coopted by the
invited lectures/authors to provide additional chapters. Although a lecture
was given on electric fields, a chapter on this matter is unfortunately absent
due to the lack of preparation time.
One may say that Environmental Physiology of Fishes as a discipline
originated in Canada. Having been involved as a teacher and worker in this
field since 19 54, it was but natural that I was tempted to organise an ASI
and get a volume out on the matter. I was encouraged by discussions with
colleagues and the acceptance on the part of a large number of eminent
colleagues to attend the ASI, deliver lectures and write chapters. It was felt
that participants made up of a heterogenous group varying from pre-
doctorate students to workers nearing retirement, on the one hand and,
workers interested in the entire animal, e.g. organs, tissues, even cells,
chemicals factors, physical factors, behaviour, rhythms etc., on the other
would have nothing but to gain much from the company of one another, were
they to spend two weeks working, eating and playing together. I am glad to
say that this proved to be correct judging by the constant discussions which
took place at aU times, the friendships which were made and the post-ASI
contacts which were established. I feel that more than the impact the
volume may have on the field, the interaction between -younger and older
workers and among workers from so many different fields wi11 prove to be
v
vi PREFACE
more advantageous for the advancement of this field of endeavour in the
next ten or even twenty years.
Fishes form the largest class of vertebrates and occupy a very wide
variety of habitats, some even non-aquatic. In every aspect of their
physiology they demonstrate a larger repertoire of adaptive features, more
than any other class of animal with the possible exception of the
crustaceans. My hope is to have this volume reflect these numerous
physiological adaptations in them, with the different environmental factors
and variations. I asked the authors to prepare critical, or general reviews,
and encouraged them to be as provocative and speculative as they wanted.
This book was planned to be reasonable in length and yet cover as much of
the field as possible. Obviously not all fields could be covered due to the
paucity of space, time or lecturers/authors. In a volume of this sort a
certain amount of overlap or repetition is unavoidable. I have tried to keep
it to a minimum but may not have entirely succeeded since I am certainly
not expert in all aspects of the physiology of fishes. As the director of the
ASI, I attended every lecture and seminar and, as the editor I have read
every chapter in this volume carefully. This has considerably broadened my
knowledge and I am grateful for having had this opportunity and hope that
the reader will find the effort worthwhile.
It appears also desirable to explain briefly the process by which the
lecturers/authors are selected for the ASI and the ensuing volume. Being a
NA TO-ASI, lecturers have to be drawn from as many member countries of
the alliance as possible. In most cases, travel costs have also to be taken
into consideration. Other factors which are not insignificant are lecturing
and writing ability of the person, his (or her) ability to deal with a
heterogenous group scientifically and socially over a two-week period.
Taking all these points into consideration a list is drawn up with the help of
the advisory committee and correspondence begins - often as early as two
years before the ASI is to take place and chapters are to be submitted. In
spite of such early arrangements some persons found it unavoidable to
withdraw their presence a few months before the event. In this case they
have usually been replaced but if the withdrawel was just a few weeks
before the ASI it was virtually impossible to ask someone else to take their
place. The presentations at the ASI are followed by discussions and towards
the end a meeting of the authors and the editor takes place. At this meeting
matters are discussed openly and suggestions are made to fill the lacunes in
the volume by inviting one or two or more of the other participants,
generally those whose seminars were found to fill such a need, to contribute
chapters on subjects and lines established by the consensus. After this, of
course, matters are between the editor and the individual author.
I am grateful to Dr. Mario di Lullo of the NATO-Scientific Affairs
Division and his predecessor Dr. Tilo Kester for the advice and encourage-
ment they gave during the planning and organising of this ASI. I thank Dr.
Rene J.A. Levesque, vice-rector for research of my University and Prof.
Jean-Guy Pilon, chairman of my department, for the material and moral
PREFACE vii
support they provided, in the organisation of the ASI and the preparation of
this volume.
It would have been impossible to conduct the ASI without the kind
support and cooperation of Monsieur J.L. Gregoire, vice-principal and his
assistant Mrs. LiJJian Garrard and Mr. Ivan Saunders, directors of buildings
and grounds of Bishop's University. I am grateful to them for everything
they did to make my task Jess arduous and our stay enjoyable. I thank also
the members of my advisory committee for their help in the choice of
lecturers and participants. I am grateful .to my coJJeague Dr. Mary Ann
KJyne for aU the assistance she so wiJJingJy gave in the organising and
running of the ASI as weJJ as the editing of the volume. My librarian, Miss
Margaret Pertwee returned from her second retirement to help in the
preparation of the volume, particularly the bibliographies and indices and I
wish to record my thanks to her for that.
I thank MesdemoiseJJes MarieJJe ChevrefiJs and Jocelyne Trudeau for
preparing the camera ready manuscript with a Xerox word processing
system.
Montreal
March 1980
Contents
General Introduction . . . . . . . . 3
M.A. Ali
Oxygen as an Environmental Factor of Fishes 7
G. F .. Holeton
Morphometry of Gas Exchange Organs in Relation to their
Respiratory Function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
George M. Hughes
Air Ventilation in Teleosts: Biochemical and Evolutionary
Aspects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . · 57
Karel F. Liem
Osmotic and Ionic Regulation by Freshwater and Marine
Fishes: A Status Report · · · · · · · · · · · · 93
D. H. Evans
123
Regulation of the Acid-Base Status in Fishes · · · · · · · ·
Norbert Heisler
Effects of High Pressure on Ion Transport and Osmoregulation 163
A. Pequeux
Les Hormones dans !'Osmoregulation des Poissons (Hormones in
Osmoregulation of Fishes) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 01
Brahim Lahlou
Components of the Hematological Response of Fishes to
Environmental Temperature Change: A Review . . . . . 241
Arthur H. Houston
Aquisition of Energy by Teleosts: Adaptive Mechanisms and
Evolutionary Patterns . . . . . . . . . . • . . . . 2 99
Karel F. Liem
A Model of Suction Feeding in Teleostean Fishes with some
Implications for Ventilation . . . . . . . . . . . . 335
J. W. M. Osse and Mees MUller
ix
X CONTENTS
Chem.ical Stimuli: Role in the Behavior of Fishes · · . . . . . 353
Logi J6nsson
The Effect of Hydrostatic Pressure on Fishes · · · · · · · · · 369
J. H. S. Blaxter
Surface Morphology of the Acoustico-Lateralis Sensory Organs
387
in Teleosts: Functional and Evolutionary Aspects · · · · · ·
Tor Dale
Acoustic Detection by Fishes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 03
A. N. Popper and S. Coombs
Vision in Fishes: Ecological Adaptations . . . . . . . . . . . . 431
J. N. Lythgoe
Visual Communication in Fishes . . . . . . . . . . . . 447
Joseph S. Levine, Phillip S. Lobel and E. F. MacNichol
Pineal Photosensitivity in Fishes 477
T. Tamura and I. Hanyu
Role of Temperature in the Environmental Physiology of
Fishes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 97
William W. Reynolds and M. E. Casterlin
Effects of Temperature on the Maximum Swimming Speed of
Fishes · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · . · · · · · · · · 519
C. S. Wardle
Photoperiodic and Endogenous Control of the Annual Repro-
ductive Cycle in Teleost Fishes . . . . . . . . . . . 533
Bertha Baggerman
569
Fish Reproduction and Stress
Shelby D. Gerking
Migratory Performance and Environmental Evidence of Orien-
tation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 589
F.-W. Tesch
Biological Rhythms: Their Adaptive Significance . . . . . . . . 613
Horst 0. Schwassmann
The Pineal Organ and Circadian Rhythms of Fishes . . . . . . . 631
Martin Kavaliers
On Pitfa11s in Quantitative Measurements in Physiology . . . . . 64 7
Sigfus Bjornsson