Environmental Law

465 Pages·2013·14.932 MB·English

by  Nancy K. Kubasek, Gary S. Silverman

Eighth Edition
E l
nvironmEntal aw
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Eighth Edition
E l
nvironmEntal aw
Nancy K. Kubasek, J.D.
Department of Legal Studies,
Bowling Green State University
Gary S. Silverman, D. Env.
Department of Public Health Sciences,
University of North Carolina, Charlotte
Chapters 6 and 8

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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Kubasek, Nancy.
   Environmental law / Nancy K. Kubasek, Gary S. Silverman.—8th ed.
       p. cm.
   Includes bibliographical references and index.
   ISBN-13: 978-0-13-307528-1 (alk. paper)
   ISBN-10: 0-13-307528-1 (alk. paper)
  1. Environmental law—United States.  2. Environmental protection—United States.  I. Silverman,
Gary.  II. Title.
KF3775.K83 2013
344.7304’6—dc23
2012038162
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
ISBN 10: 0-13-307528-1
ISBN 13: 978-0-13-307528-1
BRIEF CONTENTS
Preface xv
Part I An Introduction to the Law 1
Chapter 1 The American Legal System: The Source
of Environmental Law 3
Chapter 2 The Litigation Process and Other Tools for Resolving
Environmental Disputes 47
Chapter 3 Administrative Law and Its Impact
on the Environment 79
Part II The Environmental Laws 115
Chapter 4 An Introduction to Environmental Law and Policy 117
Chapter 5 Air-Quality Control 153
Chapter 6 Water-Quality Control 196
Chapter 7 Controlling Toxic Substances 240
Chapter 8 Waste Management and Hazardous Releases 270
Chapter 9 Energy 310
Chapter 10 Natural Resources 349
Chapter 11 International Environmental Law 379
Appendix Abbreviations and Acronyms 421
Index 427
v
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CONTENTS
Preface xv
Part 1 An Introduction to the Law 1
Chapter 1 ThE AmErICAn LEgAL SySTEm: ThE SourCE
of EnvIronmEnTAL LAw 3
Sources of Law 3
The Legislative Branch as a Source of Statutory Law 3
■ BOX 7
The Judicial Branch as a Source of Case Law 9
The Executive Branch as a Source of Law 11
Administrative Agencies as a Source of Law 12
Classifications of Law 13
Case and Statutory Law 13
Public and Private Law 13
Criminal Law and Civil Law 13
Constitutional Principles Underlying the American Legal System 25
Federalism 26
Federal Preemption 27
The Commerce Clause 27
The Fourth Amendment 31
The Fifth and Fourteenth Amendments 31
A Constitutional Right to Environmental Protection? 38
Questions for Review and Discussion 40 • For Further
Reading 41 • On the Internet 42
Case Study 42 • Endnotes 43
Chapter 2 ThE LITIgATIon ProCESS And oThEr TooLS for
rESoLvIng EnvIronmEnTAL dISPuTES 47
The Adversarial System 47
An Introduction to the Adversary System 47
The Federal Court System 48
The State Court System 51
Choice of Courts 51
Primary Actors in the Legal System 54
The Attorney 54
The Judge 55
The Jury 56
vii
viii Contents
Steps in Civil Litigation 57
The Threshold Issues 57
Pretrial 62
The Trial 66
Appellate Procedure 68
Alternatives to Civil Litigation 70
Arbitration 71
Mediation 72
Questions for Review and Discussion 75 • Case Study 75
For Further Reading 76 • On the Internet 77
Endnotes 78
Chapter 3 AdmInISTrATIvE LAw And ITS ImPACT
on ThE EnvIronmEnT 79
Senior Executive Service (SES) and Executive Branch (EX) 80
Creation of Administrative Agencies 80
Functions of Administrative Agencies 81
Rule Making 81
Adjudication 86
Penalties for Noncompliance 88
Administrative Activities 90
Limitations on Agency Powers 91
Statutory Limitations 91
Institutional Limitations 91
Important Agencies Affecting the Environment 95
Executive versus Independent Agencies 95
Hybrid Agencies 96
The Environmental Protection Agency 96
Interagency Cooperation 103
The Department of the Interior and Its Agencies 105
The Department of Agriculture and Its Agencies 108
The Department of Labor and Its Agencies 108
Environmental Agencies 108
Questions for Review and Discussion 109 • For Further
Reading 109 • On the Internet 110 • Case Study 111
Endnotes 112
Contents ix
Part 2 The Environmental Laws 115
Chapter 4 An InTroduCTIon To EnvIronmEnTAL LAw
And PoLICy 117
The Need for Regulation 117
Tragedy of the Commons 118
Free-Rider Problem 118
Pollution as an Externality 119
Environmental Ethic 119
Alternative Ways to Control Pollution 120
Tort Law 120
Subsidies, Emissions Charges, and Marketable Emissions Permits 122
Green Taxes 123
Direct Regulation 124
Evolution of Our Environmental Policy 125
The Origins of Our Environmental Policy 125
The 1970s: The Environmental Decade 126
The 1980s 126
The Early 1990s 127
The Middle to Late 1990s 128
Increasing Use of “Market Forces” 130
ISO 14000 131
The Beginning of the Twenty-First Century 132
National Environmental Policy Act 135
Council on Environmental Quality 135
■ BOX 136
Environmental Impact Statement 136
■ BOX: EPA Rating Definitions 140
■ BOX: Cases and Controversies 141
Alternatives to the EIS 142
Effectiveness of NEPA 144
Pollution Prevention Act of 1990 144
Green Initiatives 146
■ BOX: Setting Up a Pollution Prevention Program 147
Questions for Review and Discussion 148 • For Further
Reading 148 • On the Internet 149
Case Study 149 • Endnotes 150