Environmental History of Water: Global Views on Community Water Supply and Sanitation

642 Pages·2007·17.962 MB·English

by  Petri S. Juuti, Tapio S. Katko, Heikki S. Vuorinen

Environmental History of Water
i
ii
Environmental History of Water
- Global views on
community water supply and
sanitation
Petri S. Juuti, Tapio S. Katko and Heikki S.
Vuorinen
iii
Published by IWA Publishing, Alliance House, 12 Caxton Street, London SW1H 0QS, UK
Telephone: [phone]; Fax: [phone]; Email: [email protected]
Web: www.iwapublishing.com
First published 2007
© 2007 IWA Publishing
Layout: Riikka Rajala
Cover: Katri Wallenius
Printed by TJ International, Cornwall, UK
Apart from any fair dealing for the purposes of research or private study, or criticism or review, as permitted under the UK Copyright,
Designs and Patents Act (1998), no part of this publication may be reproduced, stored or transmitted in any form or by any means,
without the prior permission in writing of the publisher, or, in the case of photographic reproduction, in accordance with the terms
of licences issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency in the UK, or in accordance with the terms of licenses issued by the appropriate
reproduction rights organization outside the UK. Enquiries concerning reproduction outside the terms stated here should be sent to
IWA Publishing at the address printed above.
Th e publisher makes no representation, express or implied, with regard to the accuracy of the information contained in this book and
cannot accept any legal responsibility or liability for errors or omissions that may be made.
Disclaimer
Th e information provided and the opinions given in this publication are not necessarily those of IWA and should not be acted upon
without independent consideration and professional advice. IWA and the Author will not accept responsibility for any loss or damage
suff ered by any person acting or refraining from acting upon any material contained in this publication.
British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data
A CIP catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library
Library of Congress Cataloging- in-Publication Data
A catalog record for this book is available from the Library of Congress
ISBN: 1-84339-110-4
ISBN13: 978-1-84339-110-4
iv
CONTENTS
1 FOREWORD
Johannes Haarhoff ................................................................................................................................................... 1
2 “WATER IS THE BEGINNING OF ALL”: GLOBAL WATER SERVICES AND CHALLENGES
Petri S. Juuti, Tapio S. Katko & Heikki S. Vuorinen.............................................................................................. 3
PART I: EARLY SYSTEMS AND INNOVATIONS .............................................................................. 9
3 INTRODUCTION: EARLY CULTURES AND WATER
Petri S. Juuti, Tapio S. Katko & Heikki S. Vuorinen....................................................................................... 11
4 FIRST INNOVATIONS OF WATER SUPPLY AND SANITATION
Petri S. Juuti ........................................................................................................................................................... 17
5 WATER AND HEALTH IN ANTIQUITY: EUROPE’S LEGACY
Heikki S. Vuorinen .................................................................................................................................................. 45
6 WATER SUPPLY IN THE LATE ROMAN ARMY
Ilkka Syvänne ........................................................................................................................................................... 69
7 CONCLUSIONS
Petri S. Juuti, Tapio S. Katko & Heikki S. Vuorinen ...................................................................................... 93
PART II: PERIOD OF SLOW DEVELOPMENT ........................................................................................... 97
8 INTRODUCTION
Petri S. Juuti, Tapio S. Katko & Heikki S. Vuorinen ..................................................................................... 99
9 THE EMERGENCE OF THE IDEA OF WATER-BORNE DISEASES
Heikki S. Vuorinen............................................................................................................................................... 103
10 BIRTH AND EXPANSION OF PUBLIC WATER SUPPLY AND SANITATION
IN FINLAND UNTIL WORLD WAR II
Petri S. Juuti & Tapio S. Katko ............................................................................................................................117
11 COLONIAL MANAGEMENT OF A SCARCE RESOURCE: ISSUES IN WATER
ALLOTMENT IN 19TH CENTURY GIBRALTAR
Lawrence A. Sawchuk & Janet Padiak ............................................................................................................131
v
12 COPING WITH DISEASE IN THE FRENCH EMPIRE:
THE PROVISION OF WATERWORKS IN SAINT-LOUIS-DU-SENEGAL, 1860–1914
Kalala J. Ngalamulume ....................................................................................................................................147
13 WATER SUPPLY IN THE CAPE SETTLEMENT FROM THE MID-17TH
TO THE MID-19TH CENTURIES
Petri S. Juuti, Harri R.J. Mäki & Kevin Wall .............................................................................................165
14 DEVELOPMENT OF THE SUPPLY AND ACQUISITION OF WATER
IN SOUTH AFRICAN TOWNS IN 1850-1920
Harri R.J. Mäki .................................................................................................................................................... 173
15 WATER, LIFELINE OF THE CITY OF GHAYL BA WAZIR, YEMEN
Ingrid Hehmeyer ..................................................................................................................................................197
16 HISTORY AND PRESENT CONDITION OF URBAN WATER SUPPLY SYSTEM OF
TASHKENT CITY, UZBEKISTAN
Dilshod R. Bazarov, Jusipbek S. Kazbekov & Shavkat A. Rakhmatullaev ........................................... 213
17 PHILADELPHIA WATER INFRASTRUCTURE 1700-1910
Arthur Holst ..........................................................................................................................................................221
18 PRIVATISATION OF WATER SERVICES IN HISTORICAL CONTEXT, MID-1800S TO 2004
Petri S. Juuti, Tapio S. Katko & Jarmo J. Hukka ...........................................................................................235
19 CONCLUSIONS
Petri S. Juuti, Tapio S. Katko & Heikki S. Vuorinen ...................................................................................259
PART III: MODERN URBAN INFRASTRUCTURE .................................................................................263
20 INTRODUCTION
Petri S. Juuti, Tapio S. Katko & Heikki S. Vuorinen ..................................................................................265
21 HISTORY OF WATER SUPPLY AND SANITATION IN KENYA, 1895 – 2002
Ezekiel Nyangeri Nyanchaga & Kenneth S. Ombongi ..........................................................................271
22 THE HISTORY OF WATER CONSERVATION AND DEVELOPMENT IN THE MWAMASHIMBA
AREA IN THE BUHUNGUKIRA CHIEFDOM AND IN RUNERE VILLAGE, TANZANIA
Jan-Olof Drangert ..............................................................................................................................................321
23 PROVISION AND MANAGEMENT OF WATER SERVICES IN LAGOS, NIGERIA, 1915-2000
Ayodeji Olukoju....................................................................................................................................................343
vi
24 EXPANDING RURAL WATER SUPPLIES IN HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE:
SIX CASES FROM FINLAND AND SOUTH AFRICA
Petri S. Juuti, Tapio S. Katko, Harri R. Mäki & Hilja K. Toivio .................................................355
25 SISTER TOWNS OF INDUSTRY: WATER SUPPLY AND SANITATION IN MISKOLC
AND TAMPERE FROM THE LATE 1800S TO THE 2000S
Petri S. Juuti & Viktor Pál ............................................................................................................................381
26 WATER SUPPLY AND SANITATION IN RIGA: DEVELOPMENT, PRESENT, AND FUTURE
Gunta Springe & Talis Juhna ................................................................................................................401
27 WATER AND ENVIRONMENT IN ONE INDIGENOUS REGION OF MEXICO
Patricia Avila García ...........................................................................................................................................411
28 THE HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT OF WATER AND SANITATION
IN BRAZIL AND ARGENTINA
José Esteban Castro & Leo Heller ...............................................................................................................429
29 THE GEOPOLITICS OF THIRST IN CHILE
–NEW WATER CODE IN OPPOSITION TO OLD INDIAN WAYS
Isabel Maria Madaleno ........................................................................................................................................447
30 CASE OF TOKYO, JAPAN
Yurina Otaki .........................................................................................................................................................463
31 HEALTHY WATER FROM AN INDIGENOUS MAORI PERSPECTIVE
Ngāhuia Dixon ..................................................................................................................................................475
32 THE MEDICAL IDENTIFICATION OF NEW HEALTH HAZARDS TRANSMITTED BY WATER
Heikki S. Vuorinen ...............................................................................................................................................489
33 CONCLUSIONS
Petri S. Juuti, Tapio S. Katko & Heikki S. Vuorinen .....................................................................................501
vii
PART IV: FUTURE CHALLENGES IN WATER SUPPLY
AND SANITATION SERVICES AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH ...........................................507
34 INTRODUCTION
Petri S. Juuti, Tapio S. Katko & Heikki S. Vuorinen ..........................................................................................509
35 AGING AMERICAN URBAN WATER INFRASTRUCTURE
Laurel E. Phoenix ...............................................................................................................................................511
36 FROM WATER RESTRICTIONS TO WATER DEMAND MANAGEMENT:
RAND WATER AND WATER SHORTAGES ON THE SOUTH AFRICAN
URBAN LANDSCAPE (1983-2003)
Johann W. N. Tempelhoff ................................................................................................................................531
37 WATER AND NEPAL – AN IMPRESSION
Sanna-Leena Rautanen ....................................................................................................................................563
38 IMPROVEMENT OF THE LIVES OF SLUM DWELLERS - SAFE WATER
AND SANITATION FOR THE FUTURE CITIES OF THE FOURTH WORLD
Jarmo J. Hukka & Osmo T. Seppälä ...............................................................................................................575
39 CONCLUSIONS:
DOES HISTORY MATTER? PRESENT WATER GOVERNANCE CHALLENGES
AND FUTURE IMPLICATIONS
Petri S. Juuti, Tapio S. Katko & Heikki S. Vuorinen .....................................................................................589
EPILOGUE: LOCAL SOLUTIONS BASED ON LOCAL CONDITIONS
Petri S. Juuti, Tapio S. Katko & Heikki S. Vuorinen ....................................................................................................593
ABOUT AUTHORS ...............................................................................................................................................599
INDEX OF PERSONS ..........................................................................................................................................609
INDEX BY PLACES .............................................................................................................................................613
INDEX BY SUBJECT ...........................................................................................................................................621
viii
ix