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ENVIRONMENTAL HAZARDS
AND NEURODEVELOPMENT
Where Ecology and
Well-Being Connect
ENVIRONMENTAL HAZARDS
AND NEURODEVELOPMENT
Where Ecology and
Well-Being Connect
Edited by
Cindy Croft
CRC Press Apple Academic Press, Inc
Taylor & Francis Group 3333 Mistwell Crescent
6000 Broken Sound Parkway NW, Suite 300 Oakville, ON L6L 0A2
Boca Raton, FL 33487-2742 Canada
© 2015 by Apple Academic Press, Inc.
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business
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Version Date: 20150106
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ABOUT THE EDITOR
CINDY CROFT
Cindy Croft, MA in Education, is Director of the Center for Inclusive
Child Care, Concordia University, St. Paul, Minnesota. She teaches for the
Center for Early Education and Development at the University of Minne-
sota and in the early childhood program at Concordia University. She has
authored two books, The Six Keys: Promoting Children’s Mental Health
and Children and Challenging Behavior: Making Inclusion Work, and she
provides training and consultation to educators of children with various
disabilities. She is a member of the National Association for the Educa-
tion of Young Children, the Early Childhood and School-Age Trainers As-
sociation, the Minnesota Association for Children's Mental Health, and
the Minnesota Association for Infant and Early Childhood Mental Health
Division.
CONTENTS
Acknowledgment and How to Cite ..................................................xi
List of Contributors .......................................................................xiii
Introduction ....................................................................................xix
Part I: Overview
1. America's Children and the Environment: Neurodevelopmental
Disorders (Excerpt from the Third Edition) ............................................3
United States Environmental Protection Agency
2. A Strategy for Comparing the Contributions of Environmental
Chemicals and Other Risk Factors to Neurodevelopment
of Children .................................................................................................41
David C. Bellinger
3. Decoding Neurodevelopment: Findings on Environmental
Exposures and Synaptic Plasticity ..........................................................65
Angela Spivey
4. Seven-Year Neurodevelopmental Scores and Prenatal Exposure
to Chlorpyrifos, a Common Agricultural Pesticide .............................. 77
Virginia Rauh, Srikesh Arunajadai, Megan Horton,
Frederica Perera, Lori Hoepner, Dana B. Barr, and Robin Whyatt
5. Fetal and Neonatal Endocrine Disruptors ............................................ 97
Tolga Ünüvar and Atilla Büyükgebiz
Part II: Autism
6. A Research Strategy to Discover the Environmental Causes
of Autism and Neurodevelopmental Disabilities ..................................119
Philip J. Landrigan, Luca Lambertini, and Linda S. Birnbaum
7. A Key Role for an Impaired Detoxifi cation Mechanism
in the Etiology and Severity of Autism Spectrum Disorders ..............127
Altaf Alabdali, Laila Al-Ayadhi, and Afaf El-Ansary
viii Contents
8. Assessment of Infantile Mineral Imbalances in Autism Spectrum
Disorders (ASDs) ....................................................................................153
Hiroshi Yasuda and Toyoharu Tsutsui
9. Urinary Porphyrin Excretion in Neurotypical
and Autistic Children .............................................................................175
James S. Woods, Sarah E. Armel, Denise I. Fulton, Jason Allen, Kristine Wessels,
P. Lynne Simmonds, Doreen Granpeesheh, Elizabeth Mumper,
J. Jeffrey Bradstreet, Diana Echeverria, Nicholas J. Heyer, and James P. K. Rooney
10. B-Lymphocytes from a Population of Children with
Autism Spectrum Disorder and Their Unaffected Siblings
Exhibit Hypersensitivity to Thimerosal ...............................................197
Martyn A. Sharpe, Taylor L. Gist, and David S. Baskin
Part III: ADHD, Learning Disabilities, and Other Neurodevelopmental
Disorders
11. Attention Defi cit/Hyperactivity Disorder: A Focused Overview
for Children’s Environmental Health Researchers .............................223
Andréa Aguiar, Paul A. Eubig, and Susan L. Schantz
12. Urinary Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon Metabolites
and Attention/Defi cit Hyperactivity Disorder, Learning Disability,
and Special Education in U.S. Children Aged 6 To 15 ........................247
Z. Abid, A. Roy, J. B. Herbstman, and A. S. Ettinger
13. Serum Perfl uorinated Compound Concentration
and Attention Defi cit/Hyperactivity Disorder in Children
5–18 Years of Age ....................................................................................265
Cheryl R. Stein and David A. Savitz
14. In Utero and Childhood Polybrominated Diphenyl Ether (PBDE)
Exposures and Neurodevelopment in the CHAMACOS Study .........285
Brenda Eskenazi, Jonathan Chevrier, Stephen A. Rauch, Katherine Kogut,
Kim G. Harley, Caroline Johnson, Celina Trujillo, Andreas Sjödin, and Asa Bradman
Part IV: Conclusion
15. Taking Action on Developmental Toxicity: Scientists’ Duties
to Protect Children ................................................................................307
Kristin Shrader-Frechette
Author Notes ....................................................................................................339
Index .................................................................................................................343
ACKNOWLEDGMENT AND
HOW TO CITE
The editor and publisher thank each of the authors who contributed to this
book, whether by granting their permission individually or by releasing
their research as open source articles or under a license that permits free
use, provided that attribution is made. The chapters in this book were pre-
viously published in various places in various formats. To cite the work
contained in this book and to view the individual permissions, please refer
to the citation at the beginning of each chapter. Each chapter was read
individually and carefully selected by the editor; the result is a book that
provides a nuanced study of the effects of the environment on children's
development. The chapters included examine the following topics:
• Chapter 1 provides a comprehensive overview of the connections between
neurodevelopmental disorders and the environment, which forms the foun-
dation of the chapters that follow. Please note that as of August 2014, the
CDC most recently estimates a higher percentage of children who have
been identified with autism spectrum disorder (ASD), now currently about
1 in 68. (http://www.cdc.gov/ncbddd/autism/facts.html)
• Although the connection between environmental toxins and neurodevelop-
ment is well-established, Chapter 2 describes the need of researchers for a
method that more accurately accesses the prevalence and impact of various
risk factors.
• Chapter 3 looks at “why?” environmental exposure has such an impact on
the brain’s development.
• Chapter 4 provides an inclusive look at the way a particular pesticide con-
tributes to a range of neurodevelopmental issues.
• Chapter 5 provides a description of how endocrine disrupters are some of
the most dangerous environmental toxins, contributing to a range of neuro-
developmental conditions.
• Belief in the connection between autism and the environment has become
a part of our culture. Chapter 6 argues that researchers need defined strate-
gies for sorting through the extreme claims often made by advocacy groups.
• The most recent edition of the DSM defines autism as a spectrum disorder,
with degrees of severity. Chapter 7 investigates the etiological mechanism
that contributes to where a child falls on the spectrum.
