Environmental Engineering Principles and Practices (Water Supply Engineering)

593 Pages·2017·16.721 MB·English

by  N. S. Varandani

ENVIRONMENTAL ENVIRONMENTAL
ENGINEERING
ENGINEERING
PRINCIPLES AND PRACTICES Water Supply Engineering
N. S. VARANDANI PRINCIPLES AND PRACTICES
Pearson introduces the first edition of Environmental Engineering: Principles and Practices. Water Supply Engineering
Using a simple and student-friendly approach, this text provides collective and definitive
information on various aspects of Environmental Engineering including quantity and
quality of water, house drainage, environmental microbiology, air pollution and solid
waste management. E
N
FEATURES
V
(cid:127) Extensive coverage of basic to advanced water treatment methods with design
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criteria and equations
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(cid:127) Includes design of water treatment plant for 20 MLD
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(cid:127) Detailed elucidation of noise and control strategies R
(cid:127) Exclusive chapter on Environmental Impact Assessment and Audit with a case IN
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study CM
(cid:127) Over 400 review questions and exercises I
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Prof. N. S. Varandani is the Principal Research Scientist at Gujarat Energy Research TI
and Management Institute, Gandhinagar, Gujarat. He has taught different subjects ICN
of environmental engineering at the Department of Environmental Engineering, EE
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www.pearson.co.in
Online resources available at A
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Size:155x240mm Spine: 21mm ISBN: 9789332581951 Title Sub Title Edition Authors / Editors Name With CD Red Band Territory line URL Price mQuest
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prelims.indd 1 3/6/2017 3:31:34 PM
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e
nVIRonmentAl
e
ngIneeRIng
P P
RIncIPles And RActIces
V –I
olUme
N. S. Varandani
Principal Research Scientist
Gujarat Energy Research and Management Institute
Gandhinagar
Gujarat
Former Professor of Environmental Engineering
Lalbhai Dalpatbhai College of Engineering
Ahmedabad
Gujarat
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To God, The Almighty
Day and Night, we
All Play in the Lap of
Mother – The Earth with the
Blessings of
Air – The Guru and
Water – The Father
Copyright © 2017 Pearson India Education Services Pvt. Ltd
Published by Pearson India Education Services Pvt. Ltd, CIN: U72200TN2005PTC057128, formerly
known as TutorVista Global Pvt. Ltd, licensee of Pearson Education in South Asia.
No part of this eBook may be used or reproduced in any manner whatsoever without the publisher’s
prior written consent.
This eBook may or may not include all assets that were part of the print version. The publisher
reserves the right to remove any material in this eBook at any time.
ISBN 978-93-325-8195-1
eISBN 978-93-325-8749-6
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www.pearson.co.in, Email: [email protected]
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B C
rief ontents
Preface xv
About the Author xviii
1 Environment and Its Components 1
2 Environmental Microbiology 21
3 Quantity of Water 65
4 Quality of Water 97
5 Wastewaters: Types, Effects and Characteristics 111
6 Industrial Wastes: Origin, Characteristics and Treatment 173
7 Air Pollution: Sources and Effects 249
8 Air Pollution: Pollutant Control System 265
9 Solid Waste Management: Generation, Collection and
Transportation 321
10 Solid Waste Management: Processing, Treatment and Landfilling 351
11 Noise: Sources and Control 385
12 House Drainage 419
13 Environmental Impact Assessment and Audit 441
14 Water Treatment Systems 475
Bibliography 569
Index 571
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C
ontents
Preface xv
About the Author xviii
1 Environment and Its Components 1
1.1 Introduction: Background and Definitions 1
1.1.1 Definitions 1
1.2 The Human Environment 2
1.2.1 Man, Environment and Religion 4
1.2.2 Man and Environment: The Interactions 4
1.2.3 The Anthropocene 4
1.3 Elements of Environment 8
1.4 Components of Environment 9
1.4.1 Components of Environment as per British Scientists 9
1.4.2 Components of Environment as per the American Scientists 9
1.4.3 Components of Environment: American Approach 10
1.4.4 Socio-sphere 18
Review Questions 19
2 Environmental Microbiology 21
2.1 Introduction 21
2.1.1 Microbiology 22
2.1.2 The Cell 23
2.1.3 What are Microorganisms? 35
2.2 The Biological Kingdoms 36
2.2.1 Groups of Microorganisms 37
2.3 Types of Microorganisms 38
2.3.1 Bacteria 38
2.3.2 The Bacterial Growth Pattern 42
2.3.3 Mathematics of Growth 46
2.3.4 Algae 49
2.3.5 Rotifers 52
2.3.6 Lower Crustaceans 53
2.3.7 Worms (Vermes) 53
2.3.8 Fungi 54
2.3.9 Viruses 55
2.4 Waterborne Enteric Diseases 56
2.4.1 Indicators of Fecal Pollution 57
2.4.2 Bacterial Indicators of Excretal/Fecal Pollution 57
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viii Contents
2.4.3 Coliform Test 59
2.4.4 Characteristics of Indicator Organisms 59
2.4.5 Tests 60
2.5 Role of Microorganisms 60
Review Questions 61
3 Quantity of Water 65
3.1 Introduction 65
3.2 Water as a Resource 65
3.2.1 The Water Uses 66
3.3 Sources of Water 67
3.4 Water Resources of India: Availabilty and Distribution 68
3.4.1 Availability 68
3.4.2 Surface Water Resources 68
3.4.3 Ground Water Resources 69
3.4.4 Distribution of Water Resources 69
3.4.5 Water Scarcity 70
3.4.6 I mportant Terms Related to Ground Water
and Surface Water 70
3.5 Assessment of Water Requirements 72
3.5.1 The Water Demand 72
3.5.2 Water Quantity Estimation for City or Town 77
3.5.3 Design Period 80
3.5.4 Population Forecast for Water Estimation 81
3.5.5 Industrial Water Use and Economy 92
Review Questions 95
4 Quality of Water 97
4.1 Introduction 97
4.1.1 Water Quality Parameters 97
4.2 Raw Water Characteristics 99
4.3 Impurities in Water 101
4.3.1 Sources and Impacts of Water Impurities 101
4.4 What is Pure Water? 105
4.5 The Drinking Water 105
4.6 Water Use in Industry 107
4.6.1 Water Quantity 107
4.6.2 Water Quality for Industrial Use 107
4.6.3 Water Quality for Boilers and Cooling Towers 107
4.6.4 Industrial Process Water Quality 108
Review Questions 110
5 Wastewaters: Types, Effects and Characteristics 111
5.1 Introduction 111
5.2 The Wastewater 111
5.3 Types of Wastewater 112
5.3.1 Domestic Wastewater 112
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Contents ix
5.3.2 Industrial Wastewater 113
5.3.3 Municipal Wastewater 113
5.4 Types of Industrial Wastewaters 114
5.5 The Difference Between Industrial and Domestic Wastewaters 115
5.6 W hy is it Necessary to Treat Wastewater? 116
5.7 Effects of Industrial Wastewater Discharges 116
5.7.1 Effects on Receiving Waters 116
5.7.2 E ffects on Operation and Performance of Public Owned
Treatment Works (POTW) and Industrial Wastewater Treatment
System (IWTS) 118
5.7.3 Effects on the Collection System 119
5.8 Wastewater Characteristics 120
5.8.1 Classification of Wastewater Characteristics 121
5.9 Measurement of Organic Content of Wastewater 143
5.9.1 Estimating the Organic Content of Wastewater 143
5.9.2 Biochemical Oxygen Demand 144
5.9.3 Chemical Oxygen Demand 167
5.9.4 Total Organic Carbon (TOC) Test 168
5.10 Relationship among BOD, COD and TOC 169
5.11 Total Oxygen Demand (TOD) 170
5.12 Theoretical Oxygen Demand (Th.O.D) 170
5.13 Biological vs Physico–Chemical Analysis 170
5.14 Microbiological Characteristics 170
Review Questions 170
6 Industrial Wastes: Origin, Characteristics and Treatment 173
6.1 General Classification of Industries 173
6.2 Classification of Industrial Wastewaters 174
6.2.1 Major Types of Wastewaters 175
6.2.2 Continuous and Intermittent Wastewater Discharges 175
6.2.3 Industrial Effluent Treatment 176
6.3 Discharge of Effluents into Various Environmental Sinks 176
6.3.1 Discharge Limits 176
6.3.2 The Environmental Sinks 179
6.3.3 Alternative Routes of Industrial Waste Treatment and Disposal 186
6.4 Tannery Industry 187
6.4.1 Introduction 187
6.4.2 Process Description 188
6.4.3 The Production Process 189
6.4.4 Wastewater Sources, Quantity and Characteristics 196
6.4.5 Treatment of Tannery Effluents 202
6.5 Dairy Industry 207
6.5.1 Introduction 207
6.5.2 The Indian Scenario 208
6.5.3 The Manufacturing Process 209
6.5.4 Sources and Characteristics of Wastewaters 214
6.5.5 Volume of Wastewaters 217
6.5.6 Treatment of Dairy Wastewaters 218
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