Table Of ContentEnvironmental
Dynamics oj
Pesticides
Environmental Science Research
Editorial Board
Alexander Hollaender
Oak Ridge National Laboratory
Oak Ridge, Tennessee
and
University of Tennessee, Knoxville
Ronald F. Probstein
Massachusetts Institute of Technology
Cambridge, Massachusetts
E. S. Starkman
General Motors Technical Center
Warren, Michigan
Bruce L. Welch
Friends Medical Science Research Center, Inc.
and
The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine
Baltimore, Maryland
Volume 1 - INDICATORS OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY
Edited by William A. Thomas. 1972
Volume 2 - POLLUTION: ENGINEERING AND SCIENTIFIC SOLUTIONS
Edited by Euval S. Barrekette. 1973
Volume 3 - ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION BY PESTICIDES
Edited by C. A. Edwards. 1973
Volume 4 - MASS SPECTROMETRY AND NMR SPECTROSCOPY IN
PESTICIDE CHEMISTRY
Edited by Rizwanul Haque and Francis J. Biros. 1974
Volume 5 - BEHAVIORAL TOXICOLOGY
Edited by Bernard Weiss and Victor G. Laties • 1975
Volume 6 - ENVIRONMENTAL DYNAMICS OF PESTICIDES
Edited by Rizwanul Haque and V. H. Freed. 1975
A Continuation Order Plan is available for this series. A continuation order will bring
delivery of each new volume immediately upon publication. Volumes are billed only upon
actual shipment. For further information please contact the publisher.
Environmental
0/
Dynamics
Pesticides
Ediledby
RIZWANUL HAQUE
Department of Agricultural Chemistry and
Environmental Health Sciences Center
Oregon State University
Corvallis, Oregon
currently
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Office of Pesticide Program
Washington, D.c'
andVRFREED
Department of Agricultural Chemistry and
Environmental Health Sciences Center
Oregon State University
Corvallis, Oregon
PLENUM PRESS· NEW YORK AND LONDON
Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data
Main entry under title:
Environmental dynamics of pesticides.
(Environmental science research; v. 6)
Proceedings of a symposium sponsored by the Division of Pesticide Olemistry,
American Olemical Society, held during the 13 7th National American Olemical
Society Meeting in Los Angeles, Apr. 1974.
Includes bibliographies, and index.
1. Pesticides-Environmental aspects-Congresses. I. Haque, Rizwanul, ed. II.
Freed, Virgil Haven, 1919- ed. III. American Chemical Society. Division of
Pesticide Olemistry.
QH545.P4E48 574.5'222 74-28273
ISBN-13: 978-1-4684-2864-3 e-ISBN-13: 978-1-4684-2862-9
DOl: 10.1007/978-1-4684-2862-9
Proceedings of a symposium on Environmental Dynamics of Pesticides
held during the 137th National American Olemical Society Meeting
in Los Angeles, California, April, 1974
© 1975 Plenum Press, New York
Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 1975
A Division of Plenum Publishing Corporation
227 Wcst 17th Street, New York, N. Y. 10011
United Kingdom edition published by Plenum Press, London
A Division of Plenum Publishing Company, Ltd.
4a Lower John Street, London WIR 3PD, England
All righ ts reserved
No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval "system, or transmitted,
in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, microfilming,
recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the Publisher
Preface
Pesticides have played a significant role in increasing food
production, and in view of growing worldwide food demand we can
expect the use of these chemicals to increase. However, some of
them have found their way into the biosphere and have been classi
fied as persistent toxic chemicals. This has resulted in serious
concern about environmental contamination. Since we are going to
continue using chemicals, we should learn more about such aspects
as their transport in the environment, the relationship of their
physical-chemical properties to transport, their persistence in the
biosphere, their partitioning in the biota, and toxicological and
epidemiological forecasting based on physical-chemical properties.
Environmental chemodynamics is the name given to a subject which
deals with some of the above topics, utilizing the principles of
such disciplines as chemistry, physics, systems analysis, modelling,
engineering, and medical and biological sciences.
To ensure the safety of the environment, we must know more
about the chemodynamical behavior of pesticides and related chemi
cals. The purpose of the symposium "Environmental Dynamics of Pes
ticides" was to explore the concept of chemodynamics as applied to
pesticides and thus may help in developing the emerging field of
environmental chemodynamics. The symposium was held during the
l37th National American Chemical Society Meeting at Los Angeles,
California, during April, 1974. The three sessions in the sym
posium were chai'red by Drs. V.H. Freed, D.G. Crosby, and R. Haque.
This volume of the proceedings contains papers on behavior of
chemicals in air, water, soil, and biota and includes such topics
as modelling in the environment; photochemical behavior; adsorption,
leaching, and breakdown; vapor loss; interaction with biological
macromolecules; and detoxication by biota. The contributors are
recognized experts in their fields and represent academia, industry,
and government laboratories. We thank all the contributors for
submitting their manuscripts. Without their interest and coopera
tion, it would have been impossible to complete this book. Each
author should be credited for his own contribution.
We are grateful to the Division of Pesticide Chemistry of the
American Chemical Society, its membership, and its officers for
v
vi PREFACE
sponsoring this symposium. The editing of the book has been sup
ported partly by grants ES-00040 and ES-00210 from the National
Institute of Environmental Health.
Thanks are due to Ms. Anna Moser and Ms. Connie Brown for
their excellent job of typing the entire book.
Corvallis, Oregon R. Haque
V.H. Freed
Contents
Environmental Dynamics of Pesticides: An Overview 1
V.H. Freed and R. Haque
Chemicals in the Air: The Atmospheric System and
Dispersal of Chemicals 5
R.L. Pitter and E.J. Baum
Determination of Pesticides and Their Transformation
Products in Air 17
James N. Seiber, James E. Woodrow, Talaat M.
Shafik, and Henry F. Enos
Dynamic Aspects of Pesticide Photodecomposition 45
K.W. Moilanen, D.G. Crosby, C.J. Soderquist,
and A.S. Wong
Vaporization of Chemicals 61
W.F. Spencer and M.M. Cliath
Modeling of Atmospheric Behavior: A Submodel of
the Dynamics of Pesticides 79
W. Brian Crews, John W. Brewer, and Timothy J.
Petersen
Role of Adsorption in Studying the Dynamics of
Pesticides in a Soil Environment 97
R. Haque
The Interpretation of Soil Leaching Experiments 115
John W. Hamaker
Principles of Pesticide Degradation in Soil 135
C.A.I. Goring, D.A. Laskowski, J.W. Hamaker,
and R.W. Meikle
Modeling of Pesticides in the Aqueous Environment 173
John P. Hassett and G. Fred Lee
vii
viii CONTENTS
Accumulation of Chemicals in the Hydrosphere 185
Rolf Hartung
Estimation of Soil Parathion Residues in the San
Joaquin Valley, California--A Simulation Study 199
Dennis P.H. Hsieh, Haji M. Jameel, Raymond
A. Fleck, Wendell W. Kilgore, Ming Y. Li,
and Ruth R. Painter
Partitioning and Uptake of Pesticides in Biological
Systems 217
Eugene E. Kenaga
International Dynamics of Pesticide Poisoning 275
J.E. Davies, S.A. Poznanski, R.F. Smith,
and V.H. Freed
Detoxication of Pesticides by Biota 289
M.A.Q. Khan, M.L. Gassman, and S.H. Ashrafi
Nonenzymic Effects of Pesticides on Membranes 331
R.D. O'Brien
Physiological Effects of Chlorinated Hydrocarbons
on Avian Species 343
David B. Peakall
Synthesis of the Symposium: Environmental Dynamics
of Pesticides 361
S.M. Lambert
List of Contributors 367
Index 373
ENVIRONMENTAL DYNAMICS OF PESTICIDES: AN OVERVIEW
V.H. Freed and R. Haque, Department of Agricultural
Chemistry and Environmental Health Sciences Center
Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331
Chemicals for many years have been an important means of con
trolling pests afflicting man, his animals, and food crops. Informed
opinion is a consensus that with the growing world food crisis,
chemicals for pest control will continue to be vital in production
of food. This does not minimize other non-chemical approaches, or
integrated pest control approaches, but rather recognize that pes
ticides remain in many instances our sole weapon of defense.
Beneficial though use of pesticides is, it is not without
attendant problems. One of these problems is that not all of the
chemicals will remain in the area of treatment. The physico-chemical
properties of the substance, together with environmental transport
processes result in a portion of the chemical released moving else
where in the environment. Indeed this has been one of the puzzling
and even troublesome questions of our time. Traces of certain of
the more persistent chemicals have been found well removed from areas
of treatment, that is quite common to find water bodies near to, but
not necessarily adjacent to treated areas contaminated with the
material. Instances of long distance; i.e., several hundred miles,
aerial transport have been reported.
The finding that pesticides were being transported from areas
of treatment confronts us with a number of challenging scientific
questions; among them:
1. What mechanisms are involved in this transport process,
and how may they be accurately described and quantitated.
2 V. H. FREED AND R. HAQUE
2. What amount or proportion of the material that has been
used is thus transported.
3. What is the fate and behavior of the material during the
transport process and upon arrival at the ultimate destination.
4. What, if any, are the biological consequences.
5. How to ensure that the analytical methods accurately iden
tify and measure the low level residues.
Biologists and chemists for many years have studied fate and
behavior of chemicals, but usually within a limited sphere and in
only one component of the environment. More recently, scientists
have essayed a broader more comprehensive study of these problems.
These efforts have evolved into a systematic, interdisciplinary
area of study that has come to be labeled chemodynamics. Concern
in this symposia with environmental dynamics of pesticides is il
lustrative of the interest and approaches being used today. The
field has three basic areas of concern; namely,
1. An understanding of and model of the environment and the
various interactions.
2. A detailed knowledge of the chemical structure and proper
ties of pesticides.
3. Interaction of the chemical and its properties with ele
ments of the environment as related to behavior, transport, and fate
of the chemical.
Recognizing that there are four components of the environment;
namely, atmosphere, lithosphere (soil), hydrosphere (water), and
biosphere (living organisms), that specific parameters measure the
properties of each component and that there is a dynamic equilibrium
among them, permits a modeling of the transport processes and the
distribution of the chemicals in the four components. Such distri
bution can be described with appropriate mathematical equations.
This symposium will concern itself with the behavior of pesti
cides in air, water, soil, and the biota. Rather specific attention
will be given to the transport processes, physico-chemical properties
of the compounds such as vapor pressures, solubilities, etc., that
influence behavior and the mechanisms of partitioning of the pesti
cide into a particular component of the environment. Additionally,
attention will be given to the fate of the chemicals as influenced
by photochemical reaction, microbiological attack, and other types
of reactions. What the symposium is attempting to do is rather new;
namely, a systematic holistic approach to the dynamics of pesticides.
