Table Of Content(cid:58) (cid:44) (cid:42) (cid:54) (cid:53) (cid:43) (cid:3) (cid:44) (cid:43) (cid:48) (cid:59) (cid:48) (cid:54) (cid:53)
ENVIRONMENTAL
CONTAMINANTS
IN BIOTA
Interpreting Tissue Concentrations
84054_C000.indd i 1/14/2011 2:15:10 PM
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S E C O N D E D I T I O N
ENVIRONMENTAL
CONTAMINANTS
IN BIOTA
Interpreting Tissue Concentrations
Edited by
W. Nelson Beyer
James P. Meador
Boca Raton London New York
CRC Press is an imprint of the
Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business
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CRC Press
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Contents
Editors ..............................................................................................................................................vii
Authors ..............................................................................................................................................ix
Reviewers .......................................................................................................................................xiii
Introduction ......................................................................................................................................1
W. Nelson Beyer and James P. Meador
Chapter 1 History of Wildlife Toxicology and the Interpretation of Contaminant
Concentrations in Tissues .............................................................................................9
Barnett A. Rattner, Anton M. Scheuhammer, and John E. Elliott
Chapter 2 DDT and Other Organohalogen Pesticides in Aquatic Organisms ............................47
Nancy Beckvar and Guilherme R. Lotufo
Chapter 3 Dioxins, PCBs, and PBDEs in Aquatic Organisms .................................................103
Richard J. Wenning, Linda Martello, and Anne Prusak-Daniel
Chapter 4 Methylmercury in Freshwater Fish: Recent Advances in Assessing Toxicity
of Environmentally Relevant Exposures ..................................................................169
Mark B. Sandheinrich and James G. Wiener
Chapter 5 Selenium Accumulation and Toxicity in Freshwater Fishes ....................................193
David K. DeForest and William J. Adams
Chapter 6 Trace Metals in Aquatic Invertebrates .....................................................................231
Philip S. Rainbow and Samuel N. Luoma
Chapter 7 Organotins in Aquatic Biota: Occurrence in Tissue and
Toxicological Signifi cance ...............................................................................255
James P. Meador
Chapter 8 Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients and Aquatic Organisms ...................................287
Christian G. Daughton and Bryan W. Brooks
Chapter 9 Organic Contaminants in Marine Mammals: Concepts in Exposure,
Toxicity, and Management .......................................................................................349
Lisa L. Loseto and Peter S. Ross
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vi Contents
Chapter 10 Select Elements and Potential Adverse Effects in Cetaceans and Pinnipeds ..........377
Todd O’Hara, Takashi Kunito, Victoria Woshner, and Shinsuke Tanabe
Chapter 11 Toxicological Signifi cance of Pesticide Residues in Aquatic Animals ....................409
Michael J. Lydy, Jason B. Belden, Jing You, and Amanda D. Harwood
Chapter 12 DDT, DDD, and DDE in Birds .................................................................................425
Lawrence J. Blus
Chapter 13 Cyclodiene and Other Organochlorine Pesticides in Birds ......................................447
John E. Elliott and Christine A. Bishop
Chapter 14 Effects of Polychlorinated Biphenyls, Dibenzo-p-Dioxins and
Dibenzofurans, and Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers in Wild Birds ......................477
Megan L. Harris and John E. Elliott
Chapter 15 Toxicological Implications of PCBs, PCDDs, and PCDFs in Mammals .................531
Matthew Zwiernik, Frouke Vermeulen, and Steven Bursian
Chapter 16 Lead in Birds ............................................................................................................563
J. Christian Franson and Deborah J. Pain
Chapter 17 Lead in Mammals ....................................................................................................595
Wei-Chun Ma
Chapter 18 Mercury in Nonmarine Birds and Mammals ...........................................................609
Richard F. Shore, M. Glória Pereira, Lee A. Walker, and David R. Thompson
Chapter 19 Cadmium in Small Mammals ..................................................................................627
John A. Cooke
Chapter 20 Cadmium in Birds ....................................................................................................645
Mark Wayland and Anton M. Scheuhammer
Chapter 21 Selenium in Birds .....................................................................................................669
Harry M. Ohlendorf and Gary H. Heinz
Chapter 22 Radionuclides in Biota .............................................................................................703
Bradley E. Sample and Cameron Irvine
Index ..............................................................................................................................................733
Editors
Dr. W. Nelson Beyer is an ecotoxicologist at the Patuxent Wildlife Research Center, in the U.S.
Geological Survey. He earned a doctorate in terrestrial ecology from Cornell University in 1976,
studying the natural history of slugs, and remains curious about all manner of living things. With
help from colleagues in the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, he has examined contaminated sites,
studying phytotoxic injury to the chestnut oak forest adjacent to the Palmerton zinc smelters in
Pennsylvania, lead poisoning of swans and other waterfowl in the Coeur d’Alene River Basin in
Idaho, and zinc poisoning of wild birds at the Tri-State Mining District in Oklahoma, Kansas, and
Missouri. Many of his studies have documented the movement of environmental contaminants from
soil and sediments into wildlife and through food chains, often showing how ingestion of soil or
sediment is the most important route of exposure of lead and related metals to wildlife. Recently
he has turned his eye toward sediment ingestion by bottom-feeding fi sh. He believes in using tissue
residues as a means to emphasize injury to animals, basic to wildlife toxicology. His work is usu-
ally conducted to support Natural Resource Damage Assessments. He balances his down-to-earth
approach to wildlife toxicology, however, with an inordinate fondness for clouds. His daily cycling
inspires him, and his wife, Mary, keeps his laboratory running.
vii
viii Editors
Dr. James P. Meador is an environmental toxicologist with the National Marine Fisheries Service in
Seattle, WA, U.S., which is part of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA).
Jim has a Ph.D. in aquatic toxicology from the University of Washington and has more than 30 years
experience in the fi eld. He has been with NOAA for 20 years and has previously worked at the
Scripps Institution of Oceanography and the Naval Oceans Systems Center in San Diego. For many
years he has studied the environmental factors that control the bioavailability of contaminants and
their role in bioaccumulation with the goal of developing relationships for predicting tissue concen-
trations, especially for aquatic species in the fi eld. This work was supplemented with toxicokinetic
studies that are useful for predicting bioaccumulation and highlighting species-specifi c differences
in toxic responses. Gradually, these studies evolved to include analysis of toxic effects as a function
of bioaccumulated tissue concentrations. In 2007, Jim organized and chaired a Pellston workshop,
sponsored by the Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, to review the tissue residue
approach for toxicity assessment. His current research is focused on alterations to growth and ener-
getics in fi sh resulting from low-dose exposure to a variety of environmental contaminants. Jim has
been married for 30 years to Susan, a recently retired NOAA statistician, who keeps him busy in
the garden and serves as his buddy on their tropical-therapy SCUBA diving trips. He is also an avid
bicycle rider/commuter and logs far more miles on his bike than on his car.
Authors
William J. Adams Steven Bursian
Rio Tinto Department of Animal Science
Lake Point, UT Michigan State University
East Lansing, MI
Nancy Beckvar
National Oceanic and Atmospheric John A. Cooke
Administration School of Biological and Conservation Sciences
Offi ce of Response and Restoration University of KwaZulu-Natal
Assessment and Restoration Division Durban, South Africa
Seattle, WA
Christian G. Daughton
Jason B. Belden U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Department of Zoology Offi ce of Research and Development
Oklahoma State University Environmental Sciences Division
Stillwater, OK National Exposure Research Laboratory
Las Vegas, NV
W. Nelson Beyer
U.S. Geological Survey David K. DeForest
Patuxent Wildlife Research Center Windward Environmental
Laurel, MD Seattle, WA
Christine A. Bishop John E. Elliott
Environment Canada Environment Canada
Science and Technology Branch Science and Technology Branch
Pacifi c Wildlife Research Centre Pacifi c Wildlife Research Centre
Delta, Canada Delta, Canada
Lawrence J. Blus (retired) J. Christian Franson
U.S. Geological Survey U.S. Geological Survey
Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem National Wildlife Health Center
Science Center Madison, WI
Corvallis, OR
Amanda D. Harwood
Bryan W. Brooks Fisheries and Illinois Aquaculture Center
Department of Environmental Science Department of Zoology
Center for Reservoir and Aquatic Southern Illinois University
Systems Research Carbondale, IL
Baylor University
Waco, TX Megan L. Harris
Lorax Environmental
Bonshaw, Canada
ix
