Environmental Compliance and Sustainability-Global Challenges and Perspectives

549 Pages·2019·89.956 MB·\549

by  Daniel T. Rogers (Author)

Environmental Compliance
and Sustainability

Environmental Compliance
and Sustainability
Global Challenges and Perspectives
Daniel T. Rogers
CRC Press
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To Danielle, my wife, my friend, my companion

Contents
Preface.............................................................................................................................................xix
Acknowledgments ...........................................................................................................................xxi
Author ..........................................................................................................................................xxiii
Acronyms, Elements, Symbols, Molecules, and Units of Measure ...............................................xxv
Chapter 1 Compliance and Sustainability Overview and Themes ...............................................1
1.1 Introduction .......................................................................................................1
1.2 Major Themes of This Book ..............................................................................1
1.2.1 Theme 1: Pollution and Its Behavior in Nature ....................................2
1.2.2 Theme 2: Land Use and Where Cities Are Built .................................5
1.2.3 Theme 3: History of Environmental Regulations ................................5
1.2.4 Theme 4: Complexity and Effectiveness of Environmental
Regulations ...........................................................................................6
1.2.5 Theme 5: Environmental Regulations and Pollution of the World ......7
1.2.6 Theme 6: Maintaining Compliance with Environmental
Regulations ...........................................................................................8
1.2.7 Theme 7: Sustainability at the Global, National, Local, and
Individual Level ...................................................................................9
1.2.8 Theme 8: Building a Model for Sustainability ...................................12
1.3 Summary and Implementation ........................................................................13
References ..................................................................................................................14
PART ONE Pollution and Its Behavior
Chapter 2 Pollution .....................................................................................................................17
2.1 Introduction .....................................................................................................17
2.2 Toxicity of Pollution ........................................................................................19
2.3 Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCS) ............................................................21
2.3.1 Light Non-Aqueous Phase Liquids (LNAPLs) ...................................21
2.3.2 Dense Non-Aqueous Phase Liquids (DNAPLs) .................................24
2.3.3 Trihalomethanes (THMs) ...................................................................25
2.4 Polynuclear Aromatic Hydrocarbons ..............................................................25
2.5 Polychlorinated Biphenyls ...............................................................................26
2.6 Semi-Volatile Organic Compounds (SVOCS) .................................................28
2.6.1 Phthalates ...........................................................................................29
2.6.2 Phenol .................................................................................................30
2.6.3 Amines ...............................................................................................31
2.6.4 Esters ..................................................................................................31
2.7 Heavy Metals ...................................................................................................31
2.8 Other Contaminants ........................................................................................33
2.8.1 Pesticides and Herbicides ...................................................................33
2.8.2 Dioxins ...............................................................................................35
2.8.3 Fertilizers ...........................................................................................35
2.8.4 Cyanide...............................................................................................36
vii
viii Contents
2.8.5 Asbestos .............................................................................................36
2.8.6 Acids and Bases ..................................................................................37
2.8.7 Radioactive Compounds .....................................................................38
2.8.8 Greenhouse Gases ..............................................................................39
2.8.9 Carbon Dioxide ..................................................................................41
2.8.10 Carbon Monoxide ...............................................................................43
2.8.11 Ozone..................................................................................................44
2.8.12 Sulfur Dioxide ....................................................................................44
2.8.13 Particulate Matter ...............................................................................45
2.8.14 Bacteria, Parasites, and Viruses .........................................................47
2.8.15 Invasive Species .................................................................................48
2.8.16 Polyfluoroalkyl Substances ................................................................50
2.8.17 Emerging Contaminants.....................................................................51
2.9 Summary and Conclusion ...............................................................................53
References ..................................................................................................................54
Chapter 3 The Behavior of Pollution in Nature ..........................................................................59
3.1 Introduction .....................................................................................................59
3.2 Releases of Pollution into the Environment ....................................................59
3.3 Principles of Pollutant Fate and Transport ......................................................61
3.3.1 Basic Pollutant Transport Concepts ...................................................62
3.3.2 Basic Pollutant Degradation Concepts ...............................................66
3.3.2.1 Biotic Degradation ..............................................................67
3.3.2.2 Abiotic Degradation ............................................................67
3.3.3 Transport and Fate of Pollutants in Soil .............................................68
3.3.4 Transport and Fate of Pollutants in Surface Water ............................70
3.3.5 Transport and Fate of Pollutants in Groundwater ..............................72
3.3.5.1 Karst Topography ...............................................................75
3.3.6 Transport and Fate of Pollutants in the Atmosphere ..........................75
3.4 Fate and Transport of Pollutants ......................................................................79
3.4.1 VOCs ..................................................................................................79
3.4.2 PAHs ...................................................................................................83
3.4.3 PCBs ...................................................................................................84
3.4.4 SVOCs ................................................................................................84
3.4.5 Heavy Metals ......................................................................................85
3.4.6 Other Pollutants ..................................................................................85
3.4.6.1 Pesticides and Herbicides ...................................................85
3.4.6.2 Dioxins ................................................................................86
3.4.6.3 Fertilizers ............................................................................86
3.4.6.4 Cyanide ...............................................................................86
3.4.6.5 Asbestos ..............................................................................86
3.4.6.6 Acids and Bases ..................................................................87
3.4.6.7 Radioactive Compounds .....................................................87
3.4.6.8 Greenhouse Gases ..............................................................87
3.4.6.9 Carbon Dioxide ...................................................................87
3.4.6.10 Carbon Monoxide ...............................................................88
3.4.6.11 Ozone ..................................................................................88
3.4.6.12 Sulfur Dioxide ....................................................................88
3.4.6.13 Particulate Matter ...............................................................88
3.4.6.14 Bacteria, Parasites, and Viruses .........................................88
Contents ix
3.4.6.15 Invasive Species ..................................................................89
3.4.6.16 Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS) ....................................89
3.4.6.17 Emerging Contaminants .....................................................89
3.5 Summary and Conclusion ...............................................................................89
References ..................................................................................................................89
Chapter 4 Geologic Vulnerability ...............................................................................................93
4.1 Introduction .....................................................................................................93
4.2 Subsurface Vulnerability and Vulnerability Map Development .....................94
4.3 Methods ...........................................................................................................95
4.4 Map Building Example....................................................................................99
4.5 Demonstrating the Significance of Vulnerability Mapping ..........................104
4.5.1 Site 1 – Low Vulnerability Site ........................................................105
4.5.2 Site 2 – High Vulnerability Site .......................................................108
4.5.3 Site Comparison Analysis ................................................................113
4.6 Summary and Conclusion .............................................................................114
References ................................................................................................................115
Chapter 5 Pollution Risk Factors ..............................................................................................119
5.1 Introduction ...................................................................................................119
5.2 Surface Risk Factor .......................................................................................119
5.3 Groundwater Pollution Risk Factor ...............................................................123
5.4 Soil Pollution Risk Factor ..............................................................................131
5.5 Air Pollution Risk Factor ...............................................................................141
5.6 Discussion and Implications ..........................................................................145
5.7 Summary and Conclusion .............................................................................150
Note ..........................................................................................................................150
References ................................................................................................................150
PART TWO Environmental Regulations
Chapter 6 Environmental Regulations and Pollution of the United States ...............................155
6.1 Introduction ...................................................................................................155
6.2 Geography and Climate .................................................................................156
6.3 Overview of Environmental Regulations of the United States .....................158
6.4 The Birth of the Environmental Movement and Regulations in the
United States ..................................................................................................160
6.5 Formation of National Policy and the Environmental Protection Agency.........162
6.6 Environmental Laws of the United States .....................................................163
6.6.1 Rivers and Harbors Act of 1899 .......................................................164
6.6.2 Insecticide Act, Feed, Drug, and Cosmetic Act, and Federal
Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act ....................................165
6.6.2.1 The Insecticide Act of 1910 ..............................................165
6.6.2.2 The Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act ..................................165
6.6.2.3 The Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act of 1947 ......166
6.6.3 National Environmental Protection Act ...........................................167
6.6.4 Occupational Safety and Health Act ................................................168