Environmental Colloids and Particles: Behaviour, Separation and Characterisation, Volume 10

694 Pages·2006·41.258 MB·English

by  Jacques Buffle, Herman P. van Leeuwen(eds.)

Environmental Colloids and Particles
Behaviour, Separation and Characterisation
E nvironmental Colloids and P ar ticles : Behaviour, Separation and(cid:13)(cid:10)Characterisatio n E dited by K . J . Wilkins on and J . R. L ead
 2007 IUPA C. ISBN: 0-470-02432-1
IUPAC SERIES ON ANALYTICAL AND PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY
OF ENVIRONMENTAL SYSTEMS
Series Editors
Jacques Buffle, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
Herman P. van Leeuwen, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The
Netherlands
Series publishedwithin the framework of the activities of the IUPAC Commission on
Fundamental Environmental Chemistry, Divisionof Chemistry and the Environment.
INTERNATIONAL UNION OF PURE AND APPLIED CHEMISTRY (IUPAC)
Secretariat, PO Box 13757, 104 T. W. Alexander Drive, Building 19,
Research TrianglePark, NC 27709-3757,USA
Previously published volumes (Lewis Publishers):
Environmental Particles Vol. 1 (1992) ISBN 0-87371-589-6
Editedby Jacques Buffle and Herman P. van Leeuwen
Environmental Particles Vol. 2 (1993) ISBN 0-87371-895-X
Editedby Jacques Buffle and Herman P. van Leeuwen
Previously Published volumes (John Wiley & Sons, Ltd):
Metal Speciation and Bioavailabilityin Aquatic Systems Vol. 3 (1995)
ISBN 0-471-95830-1
Editedby Andre´ Tessier and David R. Turner
Structure and Surface Reactions of Soil Particles Vol. 4 (1998)
ISBN 0-471-95936-7
Editedby Pan M. Huang, NicolaSenesi and Jacques Buffle
Atmospheric Particles Vol. 5 (1998)
ISBN 0-471-95935-9
Editedby Roy M. Harrison and Rene´ van Grieken
In Situ Monitoring of Aquatic Systems Vol. 6 (2000)
ISBN 0-471-48979-4
Editedby Jacques Buffle and George Horvai
The Biogeochemistry of Iron in Seawater Vol. 7 (2001)
ISBN 0-471-49068-7
Editedby David R. Turner and Keith A. Hunter
Interactions between Soil Particles and Microorganisms Vol. 8 (2002)
ISBN 0-471-60790-8
Editedby Pan M. Huang, Jean-Marc Bollag and Nicola Senesi
Physicochemical Kinetics and Transport at Biointerfaces Vol. 9 (2004)
ISBN 0-471-49845-9
Editedby Herman P. van Leeuwen and Wolfgang Ko¨ster
Forthcoming titles:
Biophysical Chemistry of Fractal Structures and Processes
in Environmental Systems Vol. 11 (2007)
ISBN 0-470-01474-1
Editedby Nicola Senesi and Kevin J. Wilkinson
IUPAC Series on Analytical and Physical Chemistry
of Environmental Systems. Volume 10
Environmental Colloids
and Particles
Behaviour, Separation and
Characterisation
Edited by
KEVIN J. WILKINSON
University ofMontreal, Montreal, Canada
JAMIE R. LEAD
The University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
Copyright2007IUPAC
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Wilkinson,KevinJ.
Environmentalcolloidsandparticles:behaviour,separation,and
characterisation/KevinJ.Wilkinson,JamieR.Lead.
p.cm.
Includesindex
ISBN-13:978-0-470-02432-4
ISBN-10:0-470-02432-1
1. Colloids.2. Waterchemistry.3. Nanoparticles–Environmental
aspects.ILead,JamieR.II.Title.
QD549.W4462006
541(cid:1).345–dc22
2006020351
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ISBN-10:0-470-02432-1(HB)
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Contents
List of Contributors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ix
Series Preface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xi
Preface. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xiii
1 Environmental Colloids and Particles: Current Knowledge and Future
Developments. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
JamieR. Leadand KevinJ. Wilkinson . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2 Colloidal Properties of Submicron Particles in Natural Waters . . . . . . . 17
Montserrat Filella . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3 Colloid–Trace Element Interactions in Aquatic Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
FredericJ. Doucet, JamieR. Lead and PeterH. Santschi. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4 Ultrafiltration and its Applications to Sampling and Characterisation of
Aquatic Colloids. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159
LaodongGuo and Peter H.Santschi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5 Characterisation of Aquatic Colloids and Macromolecules by Field-flow
Fractionation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223
Martin Hassello¨v, Frank vonderKammer and Ronald Beckett . . . . . . . . . .
6 Modern Electrophoretic Techniques for the Characterisation of Natural
Organic Matter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 277
Philippe Schmitt-Kopplin and JensJunkers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
7 Electrophoresis of Soft Colloids: Basic Principles and Applications. . . . . 315
Je´roˆmeF. L.Duval . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
8 Strategies and Advances in the Characterisation of Environmental
Colloids by Electron Microscopy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 345
DenisMavrocordatos, Didier Perret and Gary G. Leppard . . . . . . . . . . . . .
9 Force Microscopy and Force Measurements of Environmental Colloids. . 405
Eric Balnois, GeorgPapastavrou, and KevinJ. Wilkinson . . . . . . . . . . . . .
10 Laser Scanning Microscopy for Microbial Flocs and Particles . . . . . . . . 469
JohnR. Lawrence and ThomasR. Neu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
11 Study of Environmental Systems by Means of Fluorescence Correlation
Spectroscopy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 507
NicolasFatin-Rouge and JacquesBuffle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
12 Laser-induced Breakdown Detection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 555
Jae-ilKim andClemensWalther . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
13 Probing Environmental Colloids and Particles with X-rays . . . . . . . . . . 613
Jean-Franc¸oisGaillard . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 667
Kevin J. Wilkinson received a Ph.D. in Environmental Chem-
istry from the National Water Research Institute of the Univer-
sity of Quebec (INRS-Eau) in 1993. After his Ph.D., he joined
the research group of Prof. Jacques Buffle at the University
of Geneva, where he began to examine some of the important
biophysical properties of environmental biopolymers and col-
loids. Following the establishment of his own research group
in 1994, he focused his research on to relating the structure of
environmental colloids to their function in addition to initiat-
ing a research programme designed to develop a fundamental
understandingofthechemicalmechanismsoftracemetalbioavailability.In2005,hewas
appointed Associate Professor of Chemistry at the University of Montreal. His teach-
ing includes (bio)analytical and environmental chemistry. His current research interests
include: (i) improving our understanding of the role(s) of microorganisms on the bio-
physicochemistry of trace elements and colloids; (ii) development and optimisation of
novel analytical techniques for quantifying bioavailability and colloidal/aggregate struc-
ture; (iii) characterising environmental biopolymers; and (iv) determining the role of
diffusion in complex environmental media (biofilms, flocs, sediments). He is currently
a member of the editorial boards of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry and Envi-
ronmental Chemistry and a titular member of the IUPAC Chemistry and Environment
Division.
Jamie R. Lead is an aquatic chemist who received his first
degreeinEnvironmentalSciencefromtheUniversityofSussex,
U.K. He obtained his Ph.D. in 1994 from Lancaster University,
U.K.,investigatinglanthanideandactinidespeciationinrelation
to humic substances from aquatic and terrestrial systems.
He subsequently undertook postdoctoral research at Lancaster
University, working on colloid-metal interactions using field-
flowfractionation,andattheUniversityofGeneva,Switzerland
applying fluorescence correlation spectroscopy to quantify the
diffusion coefficients of organic colloids and nanoparticles. He
subsequently took up an academic position in the School of Geography, Earth and
Environmental Sciences at the University of Birmingham, U.K. (2000), where he was
made a Senior Lecturer in Water Chemistry (2004) and is currently a Reader in Aquatic
Chemistry. His major current research interests are: (i) the development and application
of new analytical and fractionation techniques in the area of metal speciation and colloid
structure; (ii) quantifying the structure of aquatic colloids and nanoparticles and the
relationship structure has to their role in trace pollutant fate and behaviour; and (iii)
the fate and behaviour of manufactured nanoparticles in the aquatic environment. He has
published extensively in the area of colloid structure and the interactions of colloids with
metals. He heads a current knowledge transfer network on aquatic colloids (AQUANET)
and on manufacture nanoparticles (NANONET), and as such, has organised and chaired
several recent international conferences and workshops in these areas.
List of Contributors
Eric Balnois
Laboratoire Polyme`res,Proprie´te´s aux InterfacesetComposites (L2PIC),Universite´ de
Bretagne Sud, rue de St Maude´,BP 92116, F-56321 LorientCedex,France
Ronald Beckett
Water Studies Centre,School ofChemistry, Monash University (ClaytonCampus),
Melbourne, Victoria 3800, Australia
Jacques Buffle
Analytical and Biophysical Environmental Chemistry (CABE),Departmentof Inorganic,
Analytical and Applied Chemistry, University of Geneva,30quai Ernest Ansermet,
CH-1211Geneva4, Switzerland
Frederic J. Doucet
University ofNottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Loughborough LE125RD, UK
Je´roˆme F. L. Duval
Environmentand Mineralogy Laboratory, UMRINPL-CNRS7569, ResearchCenter
Franc¸ois Fiessinger, 15avenue duCharmois, BP 40, F-54501 Vandoeuvre-le`s-Nancy
cedex,France
Nicolas Fatin-Rouge
Laboratoire de ChimiedesMate´riaux etInterfaces,16route deGray, F-25030Besanc¸on
cedex,France
Montserrat Filella
Analytical and Biophysical Environmental Chemistry (CABE),Departmentof Inorganic,
Analytical and Applied Chemistry, University of Geneva,30quai Ernest-Ansermet,
CH-1211Geneva4, Switzerland
Jean-Franc¸ois Gaillard
Departments of Civiland Environmental Engineering, NorthwesternUniversity, 2145
Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL 60208-1309, USA
Laodong Guo
Department ofMarine Science,University of Southern Mississippi, 1020 Balch
Boulevard, Stennis Space Center,MS39529, USA
Martin Hassello¨v
Department ofChemistry, Go¨teborg University, S-41296 Gothenburg, Sweden
Jens Junkers (deceased)
GSF–National ResearchCenterfor Environmentand Health, Institute for Ecological
Chemistry, MolecularBioGeoanalysis, Ingolsta¨dter Landstraße 1, D-85764 Neuherberg,
Germany
x LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS
Jae-Il Kim
Institut fu¨r NukleareEntsorgung, Forschungszentrum Karlsruhe, PO 3640, D-76021
Karlsruhe, Germany
John R. Lawrence
National Water ResearchInstitute, 11 Innovation Boulevard, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan,
Canada, S7N 3H5
Jamie R. Lead
Division of Environmental Health andRisk Management,School of Geography, Earth
and Environmental Sciences,University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B152TT, UK
Gary G. Leppard
National Water ResearchInstitute, 867 LakeshoreRoad, PO Box 5050, Burlington,
Ontario, CanadaL7R 4A6
Denis Mavrocordatos (deceased)
SwissFederalInstitute forEnvironmentalScienceandTechnology,EAWAGUrban Water
Management, 133 U¨berlandstrasse, CH-8600Du¨bendorf, Switzerland
Thomas R. Neu
Departmentof RiverEcology, UFZ Centrefor Environmental ResearchLeipzig-Halle,
Bru¨ckstrasse 3a, D-39114Magdeburg, Germany
Georg Papastavrou
Laboratory of Colloid and Surface Chemistry (LCSC),Department ofInorganic,
Analytical and Applied Chemistry,University of Geneva,SciencesII,30 quai Ernest
Ansermet, CH-1211Geneva4, Switzerland
Didier Perret
Section ofChemistry, University of Geneva,30 quai Ernest Ansermet,CH-1211Geneva
4, Switzerland
Peter H. Santschi
Departments of Marine Sciencesand Oceanography, Laboratory for Oceanographic and
Environmental Research,TexasA&M University at Galveston, 5007AvenueU,
Galveston, TX 77551, USA
Philippe Schmitt-Kopplin
GSF–National ResearchCenterfor Environmentand Health, Institute for Ecological
Chemistry, MolecularBioGeoanalysis, Ingolsta¨dter Landstraße 1, D-85764 Neuherberg,
Germany
Frank von der Kammer
Institute for Geological Sciences,Environmental Geosciences,Vienna University, A-1090
Vienna, Austria
Clemens Walther
Institut fu¨r NukleareEntsorgung, Forschungszentrum Karlsruhe, PO 3640, D-76021
Karlsruhe, Germany
Kevin J. Wilkinson
Departmentof Chemistry, University of Montreal, CP 6128, Succ.centre-Ville, Montreal,
Canada, H3C 3J7
Series Preface
ThemainpurposeoftheIUPACSeriesonAnalyticalandPhysicalChemistryofEnviron-
mental Systems is to make chemists, biologists, physicists and other scientists aware of
themostimportantbiophysicochemicalconditionsandprocessesthatdefinethebehaviour
of environmental systems. The various volumes of the Series thus emphasise the funda-
mental concepts of environmental processes, taking into account specific aspects such as
physical and chemical heterogeneity, and interaction with the biota. Another major goal
of the series is to discuss the analytical tools that are available, or should be developed,
to study these processes. Indeed, there still seems to be a great need for methodology
developed specifically for the field of analytical/physical chemistry of the environment.
This volume in the series focuses on the nature and properties of aquatic colloids and,
in particular, the various recentinstrumental techniques which canbe used for their char-
acterisation. It can be seen to follow the first two volumes of the series (Environmental
Particles, vols. 1 and 2, 1992–93). It is noteworthy that the techniques of surface, col-
loid, polymer and gel characterisation, as well as the related scientific information that
the techniques provide, have largely improved over the past 10–15 years. It is thus an
opportunemomenttoperformacriticalassessmentoftheircapabilitiesforenvironmental
applications.
ThisvolumewasrealisedwithintheframeworkoftheactivitiesoftheIUPACDivision
of Chemistry and the Environment. We thank IUPAC for its administrative and financial
support and assistance with this project. With their help, it was possible to organize a
discussion meeting of the full team of chapter authors in Birmingham (U.K.) in 2004
which was an essential step in the preparation and harmonisation of the various chapters
in this book.
The Series is well received and is growing prosperously. A new volume on the fractal
properties of soil particles will be published soon. As with all books in this series, it will
present critical reviews reflecting the current state-of-the-art and provide guidelines for
future research in the field.
Jacques Buffle and Herman P. van Leeuwen
Series Editors
Preface
In spite of decades of research, the precise role of colloids and nanoparticles in environ-
mental systems is still poorly understood. For example, in soils and sediments, colloid-
facilitatedtransportisawell-known,thoughrarelyquantified,process.Thebioavailability
of pollutants is likely to be strongly modified by interactions with colloids, though few
studiesareabletodiscriminatebetweenadsorptionandthedirecteffectsofthecolloidon
theorganism.Recentindicationssuggestthattheintroductionofengineerednanoparticles
into the environment may be cause for concern due to their toxicity and potential ability
to influence contaminant and, perhaps, pathogen behaviour. Unfortunately, a majority of
research papers describe qualitatively or semi-quantitatively the above phenomena, using
parameters such as partition coefficients that cannot be generalised across environmen-
tal media. In addition, although it is commonly accepted that the fate of trace elements
dependstoa largeextentontheir adsorptionto colloidalphases,valuesof 0–100% bind-
ing are typically reported. While such large variations can often be attributed to the trace
element that has been examined or the nature of the medium in which it occurred, a
large variability is often introduced by the analytical technique used to make the deter-
mination and (unfortunately) the experience of the research group. Therefore, this book
was written in order to (i) identify some of the common problems still needing study in
colloid research (Chapter 1); (ii) summarise our current understanding of environmental
colloidsandtheirreactions(Chapters 2and3);and(iii)carefullyandcriticallydescribea
numberofimportanttechniquestocharacterisecolloidalphysicalandchemicalproperties
(Chapters 4–13). In this volume, the focus has been placed on modern and novel appli-
cations of techniques that have not been previously examined in detail or on techniques
that have seen vast methodological improvements over the past 10 years. Furthermore,
as is often the case for colloidal researchers, the characterisation techniques have been
approximately divided into those looking at whole samples (Chapters 4–7) and those
examining properties of a given sample fraction (Chapters 8–13).
This book is the result of the efforts of a number of authors, collaborators and stu-
dents.Itcameaboutfromtheinitiative of ProfessorD.Turner,following hisorganisation
of a European research conference on aquatic colloids. The International Union of Pure
and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) then provided much of the structure and funding which
allowed this project to come to fruition. The role of the Series Editors, Professors H. P.
van Leeuwen and J. Buffle is also greatly appreciated. In addition, the Technical Edi-
tor, Professor R. M. Town, is acknowledged for her thoroughness and her extremely
impressive turnaround times on each of the chapters. Finally, on a tragic note, we must
announcethatduringthepreparationofthisbook, twoofouryoungchapterauthorswere
lostprematurely.ThecontributionsofJensJunkers(Chapter 6)andDenisMavrocordatos
(Chapter 8) to their respective chapters were greatly appreciated. Their future contribu-
tionstothecharacterisationofcolloidalsystemsandtoscience,ingeneral,willbegreatly
missed. Both were young scientists who succeeded in leaving their mark in the field of